The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the academic performance of economically disadvantaged African-American students attending schools with distinct racial composition in selected inner-city Texas high schools based on the information available in the Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS) database. The degree to which certain schools’ racial compositions may impact the achievement of economically disadvantaged African-American students was explored. The study was conducted in order examine the academic performance of economically disadvantaged African-American student groups in three large, comprehensive high schools with distinct ratios of school racial compositions. The analyses of student performance data in these three educational settings over three years offers insight into whether school racial composition affects the academic achievement of economically disadvantaged African-American students. A quantitative, two factor factorial (with repeat on the last factor) design was used to answer the questions posed. A mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze school and student level differences between the percentage of minority students in a school and the academic outcomes. Specifically, the reading and mathematics TAKS scores of economically disadvantaged African-American students from three high schools with distinct ratios of school racial composition were compared and analyzed. The final sample included 428 African-American students. The first school had a racial composition of 80/20, with African-Americans being the minority. The second school had a balanced racial composition (defined as “30/30/30”), and the third school’s racial composition was 30/70, with African-Americans being the majority. The most important finding in this study is that the differences in the reading and math performance of economically disadvantage African-American high school students attending schools with different racial composition are statistically significant. The researcher observed an increase in the average academic performance of African- American students as the concentration of minority students in the schools was reduced. Although the effect of school racial composition was minimal, the findings indicate that (even after controlling the effects of schools and students’ demographic factors by holding these variables constant) reading and math TAKS scores were consistently higher in the 80/20 school than in the 30/30/30 school, followed by the 30/70 school.

No description available.

My dissertation examines the enrollment patterns of White children in traditional U.S. public schools in 2010. I link schools to their attendance boundaries to compare the percentage of White children living in a catchment area to the percentage of White children who attend the local neighborhood school. I find that just under a third of schools are roughly representative of their catchment area (29%), the plurality are underrepresented White (40%), and the remaining 31% are overrepresented White. Descriptive analyses determine that White underrepresentation is more common in urban schools. White underrepresented schools tend to be in poorer neighborhoods and have a higher-than-average share of students in poverty and students with limited English proficiency. I investigate whether there is a connection between White representation and school quality outcomes. I focus on four facets of school quality that I hypothesize might be responsive to White representation: 1) school funding metrics, 2) school-supporting nonprofit presence, 3) standardized test scores, and 4) Gifted and Talented programming. Overall, the findings here offer mixed support for the theory of “opportunity hoarding,” in which White underrepresented schools receive fewer resources. Taken together, descriptive analyses find that White underrepresentation is largely associated with negative outcomes. White underrepresented schools have less public and charitable funding than their peers. White underrepresented schools are lower performing academically than White overrepresented schools, although they are not clearly academically different from representative White schools. White underrepresented schools are not necessarily less likely to have a GAT program, but when they do have a GAT program, it disproportionately targets White students. Furthermore, multivariate analyses reveal that the bivariate relationships between White representation and school outcomes are not entirely explained by the percentage of White students in a school, nor other covariates. This suggests that there is a meaningful distinction between White representation and the percentage of White students in a school. In other words, White representation tells us something about a school, net of the presence of White students. However, this was not the case for every multivariate model in the study. I find a significant negative association between White representation and school funding. White underrepresented schools have significantly lower mean teacher salaries and per-pupil salary expenditures, net of the percentage of White students within the school. This could be evidence that disproportionately low White enrollment leads to diminished school resources or less experienced teachers. Alternately, it could be that White families are more adept than non-White families at avoiding under-resourced schools. I find no evidence of a connection between White representation and whether a school has a school-supporting nonprofit. Instead, the economic composition of the school appears to be a more important driver of school nonprofit presence and nonprofit revenue. I also find no connection between White representation and test scores. However, White representation appears to influence the racial composition of GAT programs. Schools that are less White than their neighborhoods tend to have GAT programs that are significantly Whiter than the schools. / Sociology

O estudo envolveu dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de estratégias de alimentação sobre o estresse oxidativo, consumo, metabólitos sanguineos, a evolução da produção e composição do leite de vacas de diferentes composições raciais durante o período de transição. Estudo 1:Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo e 24 vacas da raça Jersey foram distribuídas nos tratamentos controle - sem a adição de extratos vegetais (CON), adição de 10 gramas/dia de extrato de orégano (EO) e adição de 5,0 g/dia de extrato de chá verde (ECV).O fornecimento de extrato de orégano melhorou a eficiência alimentare a produção de leite em relação ao extrato de chá verde. A adição de extratos vegetais na dieta reduziu o radical livre(ROS) DCFE, contribuindo para redução do estresse oxidativo. Estudo 2:Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (duas composições raciais e dois planos nutricionais no pré parto) com seis repetiçõese medidas repetidas no tempo. Durante 21 dias pré parto, novilhas Girolando F1 (½ Holandês ½ Gir) e Holandês receberam a mesma dieta total misturada (TMR), variando somente a quantidade ofertada (plano nutricional): 1,69 ou1,89% do peso corporal(PC) de matéria seca No pós parto, os animais receberam dietas semelhantes formuladas conforme as recomendações do NRC (prevista para raça Holandês). O plano nutricional de 1,89% do PC aumentou a concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) no pré parto,a concentração de glicose no pós parto e o estresse oxidativo durante todo o período experimental em relação ao plano nutricional 1,69% do PC. Os animais da raça Girolando F1apresentaram os maior ECC durante todo o período experimental, menor ingestão de matéria seca no pré e pós parto e menor consumo de energia metabólica no pós parto;aumento da concentração de creatinina e AGNE no pré parto e maior concentração de glicose no pós parto; menor produção de leite, menor concentração de lactose em relação a animais Holandês.Diferenças metabólicas como as concentrações de AGNE, creatinina e glicose entre as composições raciais podem ter influenciado as variáveis indicativas de estresse oxidativo. O plano nutricional 1,89% do PC durante o período seconão deve ser oferecido, independentemente da composição racial. Animais Girolando F1 devem ser manejados de forma distinta de animais Holandês durante o período de transição, pois apresentam diferenças de consumo e metabolismo. / The study was performed based on two trialsand aimed of evaluating the effect of feeding strategies on oxidative stress, consumption, blood metabolites, milk production and milk composition of cows of different racial compositions during the transition period. Trial 1: we used a completely randomized design, with repeated measures along the time, where 24 Jersey cows were distributed in two diets: control - without the addition of plant extracts (CON), addition of 10 grams per day of oregano extract (OE) and addition of 5.0 grams per day of green tea extract (GTE). The supply of OE improvedfeed conversion during the postpartum period and milk production compared to GTE. The addition of plant extracts in the diet reduces the free radical (ROS) DCFE, contributing to the reduction of oxidative stress. Trial 2: A completely randomized experiment design was used, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two racial compositions and two nutritional plans in prepartum), with time-repeated measures (during days), with four treatments and six repetitions (heifers) in each treatment. For 21 day before of prepartum, nuluparous females Girolando F1 (½ Holstein ½ Gir) and Holstein received the same total mixed diet (TMR), varying only the amount offered (nutritional plan): 1.69 and 1.89% of (BW) of dry matter. In the postpartum the animals received the same basal diet formulated according to the recommendations of the NRC (predicted for Holstein) The nutritional plane of 1.89% showed a higher concentration of calcium and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the prepartum, higher concentration of glucose in the postpartum period and greater oxidative stress throughout the experimental period in relation to the nutritional plane 1,69% of the PC. The animals Girolando F1 had the highest ECC during the experimental period, lower intake of dry matter in the pre and postpartum, and lower metabolic energy consumption in the postpartum period; increased creatinine concentration and NEFA in prepartum and higher postpartum glucose concentration; lower milk yield, lower lactose concentration in relation to Hostein animals. Metabolic differences such as the concentrations of NEFA, creatinine and glucose among racial compositions may have influenced the variables indicative of oxidative stress. The nutritional plan 1.89%CP supply during the dry period should not be indicated. Girolando F1 animals should be handled differently from Holstein animals during the transition period, as they exhibit differences in intake and metabolism.

O estudo envolveu dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de estratégias de alimentação sobre o estresse oxidativo, consumo, metabólitos sanguineos, a evolução da produção e composição do leite de vacas de diferentes composições raciais durante o período de transição. Estudo 1:Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo e 24 vacas da raça Jersey foram distribuídas nos tratamentos controle - sem a adição de extratos vegetais (CON), adição de 10 gramas/dia de extrato de orégano (EO) e adição de 5,0 g/dia de extrato de chá verde (ECV).O fornecimento de extrato de orégano melhorou a eficiência alimentare a produção de leite em relação ao extrato de chá verde. A adição de extratos vegetais na dieta reduziu o radical livre(ROS) DCFE, contribuindo para redução do estresse oxidativo. Estudo 2:Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (duas composições raciais e dois planos nutricionais no pré parto) com seis repetiçõese medidas repetidas no tempo. Durante 21 dias pré parto, novilhas Girolando F1 (½ Holandês ½ Gir) e Holandês receberam a mesma dieta total misturada (TMR), variando somente a quantidade ofertada (plano nutricional): 1,69 ou1,89% do peso corporal(PC) de matéria seca No pós parto, os animais receberam dietas semelhantes formuladas conforme as recomendações do NRC (prevista para raça Holandês). O plano nutricional de 1,89% do PC aumentou a concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) no pré parto,a concentração de glicose no pós parto e o estresse oxidativo durante todo o período experimental em relação ao plano nutricional 1,69% do PC. Os animais da raça Girolando F1apresentaram os maior ECC durante todo o período experimental, menor ingestão de matéria seca no pré e pós parto e menor consumo de energia metabólica no pós parto;aumento da concentração de creatinina e AGNE no pré parto e maior concentração de glicose no pós parto; menor produção de leite, menor concentração de lactose em relação a animais Holandês.Diferenças metabólicas como as concentrações de AGNE, creatinina e glicose entre as composições raciais podem ter influenciado as variáveis indicativas de estresse oxidativo. O plano nutricional 1,89% do PC durante o período seconão deve ser oferecido, independentemente da composição racial. Animais Girolando F1 devem ser manejados de forma distinta de animais Holandês durante o período de transição, pois apresentam diferenças de consumo e metabolismo. / The study was performed based on two trialsand aimed of evaluating the effect of feeding strategies on oxidative stress, consumption, blood metabolites, milk production and milk composition of cows of different racial compositions during the transition period. Trial 1: we used a completely randomized design, with repeated measures along the time, where 24 Jersey cows were distributed in two diets: control - without the addition of plant extracts (CON), addition of 10 grams per day of oregano extract (OE) and addition of 5.0 grams per day of green tea extract (GTE). The supply of OE improvedfeed conversion during the postpartum period and milk production compared to GTE. The addition of plant extracts in the diet reduces the free radical (ROS) DCFE, contributing to the reduction of oxidative stress. Trial 2: A completely randomized experiment design was used, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two racial compositions and two nutritional plans in prepartum), with time-repeated measures (during days), with four treatments and six repetitions (heifers) in each treatment. For 21 day before of prepartum, nuluparous females Girolando F1 (½ Holstein ½ Gir) and Holstein received the same total mixed diet (TMR), varying only the amount offered (nutritional plan): 1.69 and 1.89% of (BW) of dry matter. In the postpartum the animals received the same basal diet formulated according to the recommendations of the NRC (predicted for Holstein) The nutritional plane of 1.89% showed a higher concentration of calcium and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the prepartum, higher concentration of glucose in the postpartum period and greater oxidative stress throughout the experimental period in relation to the nutritional plane 1,69% of the PC. The animals Girolando F1 had the highest ECC during the experimental period, lower intake of dry matter in the pre and postpartum, and lower metabolic energy consumption in the postpartum period; increased creatinine concentration and NEFA in prepartum and higher postpartum glucose concentration; lower milk yield, lower lactose concentration in relation to Hostein animals. Metabolic differences such as the concentrations of NEFA, creatinine and glucose among racial compositions may have influenced the variables indicative of oxidative stress. The nutritional plan 1.89%CP supply during the dry period should not be indicated. Girolando F1 animals should be handled differently from Holstein animals during the transition period, as they exhibit differences in intake and metabolism.

O estudo envolveu dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de estratégias de alimentação sobre o estresse oxidativo, consumo, metabólitos sanguineos, a evolução da produção e composição do leite de vacas de diferentes composições raciais durante o período de transição. Estudo 1:Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo e 24 vacas da raça Jersey foram distribuídas nos tratamentos controle - sem a adição de extratos vegetais (CON), adição de 10 gramas/dia de extrato de orégano (EO) e adição de 5,0 g/dia de extrato de chá verde (ECV).O fornecimento de extrato de orégano melhorou a eficiência alimentare a produção de leite em relação ao extrato de chá verde. A adição de extratos vegetais na dieta reduziu o radical livre(ROS) DCFE, contribuindo para redução do estresse oxidativo. Estudo 2:Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (duas composições raciais e dois planos nutricionais no pré parto) com seis repetiçõese medidas repetidas no tempo. Durante 21 dias pré parto, novilhas Girolando F1 (½ Holandês ½ Gir) e Holandês receberam a mesma dieta total misturada (TMR), variando somente a quantidade ofertada (plano nutricional): 1,69 ou1,89% do peso corporal(PC) de matéria seca No pós parto, os animais receberam dietas semelhantes formuladas conforme as recomendações do NRC (prevista para raça Holandês). O plano nutricional de 1,89% do PC aumentou a concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) no pré parto,a concentração de glicose no pós parto e o estresse oxidativo durante todo o período experimental em relação ao plano nutricional 1,69% do PC. Os animais da raça Girolando F1apresentaram os maior ECC durante todo o período experimental, menor ingestão de matéria seca no pré e pós parto e menor consumo de energia metabólica no pós parto;aumento da concentração de creatinina e AGNE no pré parto e maior concentração de glicose no pós parto; menor produção de leite, menor concentração de lactose em relação a animais Holandês.Diferenças metabólicas como as concentrações de AGNE, creatinina e glicose entre as composições raciais podem ter influenciado as variáveis indicativas de estresse oxidativo. O plano nutricional 1,89% do PC durante o período seconão deve ser oferecido, independentemente da composição racial. Animais Girolando F1 devem ser manejados de forma distinta de animais Holandês durante o período de transição, pois apresentam diferenças de consumo e metabolismo. / The study was performed based on two trialsand aimed of evaluating the effect of feeding strategies on oxidative stress, consumption, blood metabolites, milk production and milk composition of cows of different racial compositions during the transition period. Trial 1: we used a completely randomized design, with repeated measures along the time, where 24 Jersey cows were distributed in two diets: control - without the addition of plant extracts (CON), addition of 10 grams per day of oregano extract (OE) and addition of 5.0 grams per day of green tea extract (GTE). The supply of OE improvedfeed conversion during the postpartum period and milk production compared to GTE. The addition of plant extracts in the diet reduces the free radical (ROS) DCFE, contributing to the reduction of oxidative stress. Trial 2: A completely randomized experiment design was used, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two racial compositions and two nutritional plans in prepartum), with time-repeated measures (during days), with four treatments and six repetitions (heifers) in each treatment. For 21 day before of prepartum, nuluparous females Girolando F1 (½ Holstein ½ Gir) and Holstein received the same total mixed diet (TMR), varying only the amount offered (nutritional plan): 1.69 and 1.89% of (BW) of dry matter. In the postpartum the animals received the same basal diet formulated according to the recommendations of the NRC (predicted for Holstein) The nutritional plane of 1.89% showed a higher concentration of calcium and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the prepartum, higher concentration of glucose in the postpartum period and greater oxidative stress throughout the experimental period in relation to the nutritional plane 1,69% of the PC. The animals Girolando F1 had the highest ECC during the experimental period, lower intake of dry matter in the pre and postpartum, and lower metabolic energy consumption in the postpartum period; increased creatinine concentration and NEFA in prepartum and higher postpartum glucose concentration; lower milk yield, lower lactose concentration in relation to Hostein animals. Metabolic differences such as the concentrations of NEFA, creatinine and glucose among racial compositions may have influenced the variables indicative of oxidative stress. The nutritional plan 1.89%CP supply during the dry period should not be indicated. Girolando F1 animals should be handled differently from Holstein animals during the transition period, as they exhibit differences in intake and metabolism.

No description available.

This study evaluated the relative association of socioeconomic, minority group and housing characteristics of census tracts with the racial composition of residential areas within one southwestern city between 1950 and 1980. The unit of analysis was the census tract; the data were taken from the U.S. Census of Population and Housing 1950-1980 for the Fort Worth, Texas SMSAs. The Index of Dissimilarity compared racial segregation in the Fort Worth urbanized area for blacks with all others (1950-1980) and for Spanish and non-black minorities with all others (1960-1980). The data show little change in the extent of residential segregation over 30 years. The multiple regression showed that the degree of segregation in census tracts became increasingly predictable based on past minority concentration in the same neighborhood. Lagged social status and minority group variables significantly predicted the percent of the population that was black or Spanish in census tracts ten years later. Beta weights for percent black or percent Spanish were always the strongest in each tract regression and largely determined the level of segregation that existed in tracts ten years later. This paper asserts that social status characteristics must approach more equal levels between minority and majority groups before integrated neighborhoods can reasonably be expected. Yet many of these variables are still highly associated with black and Spanish areas. Rising income and improved housing in black census tracts give some basis for believing that in time these variables will narrow sufficiently to give more choice in residential housing. Although Spanish tracts are only about 65% as segregated as black census tracts and although the association of the variables with Spanish residential areas are never as strong as with black census tracts, still, with increased Spanish immigration in recent years and the downward trend found in social status factors within areas of Spanish concentration, Spanish residential areas may face increasing risks of greater segregation. It is recommended that emphasis on educational attainment and occupational training be continued, possibly augmented with civic programs designed to facilitate movement away from dynamic clustering.