No description available.

The kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of chlorine atoms with fluoromethane (CH3F) and fluoromethane-d3(CD3F) were tested experimentally. The relative rate method was applied by using CH4 as the reference compound for fluoromethane (CH3F) and CH4 and CH3F as the reference compound for fluoromethane-d3(CD3F). The rate constants for H-abstraction from CH3F and D-abstraction from CD3F were measured at room temperature and a total pressure of 920 Torr using Ar as a diluent. The rate constants are described by the expressions: kH= (3.50±0.52) x 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and kD=(5.0±0.51) x 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The kinetic isotope effect, equal to the ratio kH/kD, was found to be 7.0±1.2 at room temperature.

Biotransformation and biodegradation rate constants were determined for naphthalene, lindane, and phenol in water samples from three different sources. Rate constants produced from monitoring disappearance of the parent chemical (biotransformation) were compared to those obtained from mineralization of the chemical (ultimate biodegradation) by ¹⁴CO₂ evolution as well as acidification of the residual ¹⁴C-labeled compound (primary biodegradation). Rate constants were statistically different for the three chemicals. The water source affected the rate constants. When biomass measurements of the waters were considered and second-order rate constants were derived, there was no statistical evidence that this parameter gave a reliable rate constant statistic that could be useful in predicting the fate of any of naphthalene, lindane, and phenol in these waters.

No description available.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-03-15T14:04:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Renato Berutti Neto.pdf: 4059567 bytes, checksum: 6f8cfef981af15e4298a546d0c7563dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-15T14:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Renato Berutti Neto.pdf: 4059567 bytes, checksum: 6f8cfef981af15e4298a546d0c7563dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil. / This work has been performed at the Laboratory of Chemical Kinetics, located in the Chemistry Department of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, for the study of unimolecular reactions of formamide in gas phase and on the ground state: (1) CHONH2? CO + NH3 (2) CHONH2? H2 + HNCO and (3) CHONH2? HCO + NH2. Theoretical calculations including geometry optimizations and frequencies, have been performed at CASSCF level, with corrections at MRMP2 level for the electronic energy. The cc-pVDZ, cc and cc-pVTZ basis sets as well as the aug-cc-pVDZ have been used for comparative purposes. The unimolecular reactions were differently treated, depending on the specific topology of the potential energy surface. For the decompositions, corresponding saddle points have been located and the lowest energy paths have been calculated with the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) method. The dissociation reaction has been described in terms of a scanning on the potential curve considering partial geometry optimizations of the fragments NH2 and HCO, keeping the CN distances frozen, those assumed as the internal reaction coordinate. Ab initio calculations were performed with the package GAMESS. The results show that the best description of the molecule has been obtained at CAS(10,9)/CCT level, yielding minimum deviations for the calculated molecular properties in relation to the experimental data available in the literature. The critical energies for the reactions of the decomposition have been determined, being (1): 77.60 kcal / mol and (2): 73.56 kcal / mol, both at level MRMP2/CAS(10,9)/CCT. For these results, it has been observed that the corrections MRMP2 are very important, bringing data calculated values very close to the literature values. From the analysis of the reaction pathways, it can be inferred that the dynamics of decomposition CHONH2 ? CO + NH3 is initiated by the torsional movement along the axis molecular by slightly rotating the fragment HCO in relation to the NH2, while the distance CN extends and the HC distance increases, with decreasing of HCN angle; the hydrogen atom bonds to the nitrogen atom and, with progressive increase of the distance CN, the fragments NH3 and CO are formed, achieving relaxed geometries. The decomposition CHONH2? HNCO + H2, by its turn, is initiated by increasing the distance HC at the HCO fragment, and further hydrogen abstraction of the atom at the NH2 fragment to form H2, which progressively separates from the HNCO, after the saddle point, generating the two products of this reaction. Dissociation is interpreted as the stretching of the CN bond, which promotes the separation of the NH2 and HCO fragments, whose geometries are relaxed along the curve of potential. The dissociation limit, determined at level MRMP2/CAS(10,9)/CCT is 91.52 kcal/mol. The canonical variational constant were calculated in the range of 300 - 2000K, being the values, in s-1, obtained at 1600K: (1) k = 5.62 x 103, (2) k = 1.07 x 103 and (3) k = 3.45. It follows that the channel (1) is privileged at a temperature of 1600K, and the decompositions are faster than the dissociation. / O presente trabalho foi realizado no Laborat?rio de Cin?tica, situado no Departamento de Qu?mica da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, visando o estudo das Rea??es Unimoleculares da Formamida em Fase Gasosa e no Estado Fundamental: (1) CHONH2? CO + NH3, (2) CHONH2? HNCO + H2 e (3) CHONH2? HCO + NH2. C?lculos te?ricos, incluindo otimiza??es de geometria e frequ?ncias, foram procedidos em n?vel CASSCF com corre??es em n?vel MRMP2 para a energia eletr?nica. Bases cc-pVDZ e cc-pVTZ, assim como aug-ccpVDZ foram utilizados para fins comparativos. As rea??es unimoleculares foram tratadas diferentemente, dependendo da topologia espec?fica da superf?cie de energia potencial. Para as decomposi??es, pontos de sela correspondentes foram localizados e caminhos de menor energia foram calculados com o m?todo da coordenada de rea??o intr?nseca (IRC). A rea??o de dissocia??o foi descrita a partir do levantamento da curva de potencial considerando otimiza??es parciais de geometria dos fragmentos NH2 e HCO, mantendo fixas as dist?ncias CN, coordenada interna esta, assumida como a coordenada de rea??o. Os c?lculos ab initio foram realizados com o pacote GAMESS. Os resultados mostram que a melhor descri??o da mol?cula de formamida foi obtida em n?vel CAS(10,9)/CCT, promovendo menores desvios das propriedades moleculares calculadas em rela??o as experimentais dispon?veis na literatura. As energias cr?ticas para as rea??es de decomposi??o foram determinadas, sendo (1): 77,60kcal/mol e (2): 73,56 kcal/mol, ambas em n?vel MRMP2/CAS(10,9)/CCT. Para esses resultados, observou-se que as corre??es MRMP2 foram muito importantes, trazendo esses dados calculados a valores muito pr?ximos aos recomendados na literatura. A partir da an?lise dos caminhos de rea??o, pode-se inferir que a din?mica da decomposi??o CHONH2? CO + NH3 ? iniciada pelo movimento de tor??o ao longo do eixo molecular, fazendo girar levemente o fragmento NH2 em rela??o ao HCO, ao mesmo tempo em que o eixo CN se alonga e a dist?ncia HC aumenta, com a diminui??o do ?ngulo HCN, o ?tomo de hidrog?nio se liga ao nitrog?nio e, a partir do aumento progressivo da dist?ncia CN, os fragmentos NH3 e CO se formam, tendo lentamente suas geometrias relaxadas. J? a decomposi??o CHONH2? HNCO + H2 ? iniciada pelo aumento da dist?ncia HC no radical HCO e posterior abstra??o de um dos ?tomos de hidrog?nio do fragmento NH2 para a forma??o de H2, que se distancia progressivamente, ap?s a regi?o do ponto de sela, do fragmento HNCO, gerando os dois produtos desta rea??o. A dissocia??o, interpretada como o estiramento da liga??o CN, promove a separa??o dos fragmentos NH2 e HCO, cujas geometrias s?o otimizadas ao longo da curva de potencial. O limite de dissocia??o, calculado em n?vel MRMP2/CAS(10,9)/CCT foi determinado como 91,52 kcal/mol. As constantes variacionais can?nicas foram calculadas na faixa de 300 - 2000K com o programa kcvt, sendo os valores, em s-1, obtidos a 1600K: (1) k = 5,62 x 103, (2) k = 1,07 x 103 e (3) k = 3,45. Conclui-se que o canal (1) ? privilegiado na temperatura de 1600K, e que as decomposi??es s?o mais r?pidas que a dissocia??o.

The paradigm of drug discovery have been to find the strongest possible binder to the target by high-throughput screening (HTS) but high affinity interactions are related to low kinetic off rates and thus result in severe side-effects and non-approved drugs. Lead molecules working in a transient manner (KD > µM) will allow for rapid off rates and possibly less side-effects. In this study the peak profile method applied to weak affinity chromatography (WAC) was evaluated as a simple way to provide the kinetics of the interaction and thereby allowing for high-throughput determinations. In the peak profile formula all band-broadening effects except the stationary mass transfer is subtracted which simplifies the calculations for the kinetics of the interaction tremendously. The technique was evaluated by screening of 3 different benzamidines at 3 linear flow-rates using zonal chromatography and human α-thrombin as immobilized target protein. The kinetics of the interaction could unfortunately not be determined. This was possibly due to the flow-rates not being high enough as indicated by a low critical ratio (η < 1). Higher flow-rates would increase the contribution to band-broadening due to kinetic effects but would also require more precise estimation of peak variance.

NR 20140805

Four potential new monomers were prepared, all of which were structural analogues of BisGMA (2,2-bis(4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxyprop-1-oxy) phenyl)propane). The synthesis of these tetrafunctional dimethacrylate monomers was based on structural modifications of Bis-GMA in the core and the side chain and required a two-step reaction. The first step was propoxylation or ethoxylation of the bisphenols and the second step was the methacrylation of the resulting products. The core structures are designated by Bis-A for isopropylidene and 6F for hexafluoropropyl. The side chain structures were designated on the basis of the pendant side chains in the glycidyl moiety as -OH, -H, and -CH3 from the epichlorohydrin, ethyleneoxide, and propyleneoxide reaction products with the bisphenols, respectively. Bis-GMA was commercially obtained and used as a standard for comparison of the experimental monomers. All the monomers were prepared by the following general procedure of propoxylation or ethoxylation of the biphenols followed by methacrylation. They were characterized by NMR, FTIR, DSC and Cone and Plate Viscometry. All the experimental monomers exhibited lower viscosities and glass transition temperatures than the control, which was attributed to the elimination of the hydrogen bonding. The monomers were photopolymerized in a differential scanning calorimetry modified with an optics assembly (DPA 7; Double Beam Photocalorimetric Accessory) to study the photo-induced crosslinking reactions. The influence of monomer structure, temperature, light intensity, and initiator concentration on the photopolymerization kinetics of ethoxylated and propoxylated dimethacrylates was investigated by isothermal DSC. The DSC curves showed a rapid increase in rate due to the Trommsdorff effect, and then a decline due to the decrease of monomer concentration and the autodeceleration effect. The monomers with lower viscosities and glass transition temperatures exhibited higher conversions of the double bonds. The final extent of conversion increased with curing temperature, light intensity and initiator concentration. The radiation intensity exponent varied from 0.68 (BisGMA) to 0.74 for the ethoxylated 6F system. The initiator exponent were varied from 0.34 (for BisGMA) to 0.44 for the propoxylated BisA system. The ratio of the reaction rate constant (kt/kp) was calculated for PropBisAdm from both steady-state and non steady-state conditions. The effect of dilution on photopolymerization kinetics of BisGMA/triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) mixtures was also studied by isothermal photo-DSC. Dilution with TEGDMA significantly reduced the viscosity and glass transition temperatures of the mixtures due to the increase in the flexibility. The extent of polymerization increased with increasing TEGDMA and curing temperature. The calculation of ratio of rate constants (kt/kp) was also determined and the significance was discussed herein. / Master of Science

In this thesis a reduced dimensionality quantum scattering model is applied to the study of polyatomic reactions of type X + CH4 <--> XH + CH3. Two dimensional quantum scattering of the symmetric hydrogen exchange reaction CH3+CH4 <--> CH4+CH3 is performed on an 18-parameter double-Morse analytical function derived from ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//MP2/cc-pVTZ level of theory. Spectator mode motion is approximately treated via inclusion of curvilinear or rectilinear projected zero-point energies in the potential surface. The close-coupled equations are solved using R-matrix propagation. The state-to-state probabilities and integral and differential cross sections show the reaction to be primarily vibrationally adiabatic and backwards scattered. Quantum properties such as heavy-light-heavy oscillating reactivity and resonance features significantly influence the reaction dynamics. Deuterium substitution at the primary site is the dominant kinetic isotope effect. Thermal rate constants are in excellent agreement with experiment. The method is also applied to the study of electronically nonadiabatic transitions in the CH3 + HCl <--> CH4 + Cl(2PJ) reaction. Electrovibrational basis sets are used to construct the close-coupled equations, which are solved via Rmatrix propagation using a system of three potential energy surfaces coupled by spin-orbit interaction. Ground and excited electronic surfaces are developed using a 29-parameter double-Morse function with ab initio data at the CCSD(T)/ccpV( Q+d)Z-dk//MP2/cc-pV(T+d)Z-dk level of theory, and with basis set extrapolated data, both corrected via curvilinear projected spectator zero-point energies. Coupling surfaces are developed by fitting MCSCF/cc-pV(T+d)Z-dk ab initio spin orbit constants to 8-parameter functions. Scattering calculations are performed for the ground adiabatic and coupled surface models, and reaction probabilities, thermal rate constants and integral and differential cross sections are presented. Thermal rate constants on the basis set extrapolated surface are in excellent agreement with experiment. Characterisation of electronically nonadiabatic nonreactive and reactive transitions indicate the close correlation between vibrational excitation and nonadiabatic transition. A model for comparing the nonadiabatic cross section branching ratio to experiment is discussed.

Estudos do mecanismo de reações unimoleculares, das moléculas de acetato de metila e etila, induzidas por absorção multifotônica e de reações bimoleculares com os radicais OH e Cl, usando cálculos ab initio e de funcional de densidade foram realizados neste trabalho. A análise dos cálculos das barreiras de energia e das constantes de velocidade microcanônicas das reações unimoleculares com o formalismo da teoria RRKM, permitiu prever algumas reações cujos produtos não foram determinados experimentalmente. Além disso, semelhanças das geometrias e dos valores de energia de algumas estruturas entre diferentes superfícies de energia, analisadas com cálculos de IRC, permitiram a explicação da viabilidade de determinada via de reação em detrimento de outra. Em outro método, relatado por Forst(1), na determinação das constantes de velocidade variacionais, comparadas com a variação da energia de Gibbs, verificou-se constantes de velocidade microcanônicas menores e a localização dos estados de transição em comprimentos de ligação, também, menores. Nas reações com o radical OH e Cl, a via predominante de reação é o ataque aos hidrogênios do grupo ligado diretamente ao oxigênio da molécula, responsável pelo valor da constante final de mais de 93% nas reações com OH e 99% nas reações com Cl, a 298K, em concordância com os resultados experimentais, em detrimento do ataque ao grupo CH3 da porção carboxilato da molécula. Nas reações com OH, os valores de constante de velocidade calculados mais próximos dos valores experimentais foram obtidos a partir dos resultados com os funcionais mPW1B95-41, para o acetato de metila, e mPW1B95-44, para o acetato de etila, enquanto que nas reações com Cl foram obtidos com o os métodos CCSD(T)//B3LYP para o acetato de metila e CCSD(T)//MP2 para o acetato de etila. Os valores de constante de velocidade da reação com cloro são cerca de dez vezes maiores que aquelas para as reações com radicais OH. As reações com OH e Cl ocorrem em uma única etapa, sem estabilização do intermediário e sem efeito de tunelamento significante. Por sua vez, cálculos da constante de velocidade, pelo método da relação estrutura reatividade (SAR), sobreestimam a reatividade dos hidrogênios dos grupos CH3 na porção carboxilato, em ambos os acetatos, e na porção etóxido do acetato de etila. Este método falha ao descrever a participação de cada grupo na reação com Cl, pois prevê que a reação no grupo CH3 da porção alcóxido passa a ser predominante sobre a reação ao grupo CH2 nas reações do acetato de etila, oposto aos nossos cálculos onde a reação com o grupo CH2 é a predominante. Outra falha do método é na previsão de mesma reatividade para ambos os grupos CH3 no acetato de metila, pois por nossos cálculos a reação ocorre predominantemente no grupo CH3 na porção alcóxido da molécula. / Computational studies on methyl and ethyl acetates molecules using ab initio and density functional calculations exploring the unimolecular mechanism, induced by multiphoton absorption, and the bimolecular reactions with OH and Cl radicals, have been performed in this work. Analysis of the calculated energy barriers and rate constants of unimolecular reactions with the RRKM microcanonical theory, predicts the occurrence of some reactions whose products were not determined experimentally. Furthermore, similarities on geometrical and energetic of some structures between different energy surfaces, analyzed with IRC calculations, allowed the explanation of the viability of a particular reaction pathway over another. Forst\'s method, used to determine variational rate constants, when compared with the variation of Gibbs energy, generates microcanonical rate constants with smaller values and location of transition states in smaller bond lengths. With OH and Cl, the predominant reaction route is the attack on the hydrogens of the group bonded directly to oxygen in the molecule, responsible for more than 93% of the final constant value in reactions with OH and 99% in reactions with Cl , at 298 K, in agreement with the experimental results, while the attack to the CH3 group in the carboxylate portion of the molecule is the less likely to occur. In reactions with OH, the values of the rate constant calculated closer to the experimental values were obtained from the results with functional mPW1B95-41, for methyl acetate, and mPW1B95-44 for ethyl acetate, whereas in reactions with Cl, were obtained with the CCSD(T)//B3LYP method for the methyl acetate and the CCSD(T)//MP2 method for ethyl acetate. The rate constant for the reaction with chlorine are about ten times larger than those for reactions with OH radicals. Reactions with OH and Cl occur in a single step, without stabilization of the intermediary and without significant tunneling effect. The rate constant obtained by the structure-reactivity relationship (SAR) overestimates the reactivity of the hydrogens of the CH3 groups at the carboxylate portion, in both acetates, and at the ethoxide portion of ethyl acetate. This method fails to describe the participation of each group in the reaction with Cl, predicting that the reaction on the CH3 portion of the alkoxide becomes predominant over the reaction on the CH2 group of ethyl acetate, relative to our calculations where the reaction with the CH2 group is predominant. Another flaw by providing the same reactivity for both the CH3 in methyl acetate, is in disagreement with our calculations which indicate that the reaction occurs predominantly in the CH3 group at the alkoxide portion of the molecule.