Frequency scaling of attenuation is the prediction of attenuation at a desired frequency from attenuation values at a base frequency. The attenuation at the base frequency is often known from prior measurements. Frequency scaling of attenuation is of interest because of the eventual need to exploit higher frequency bands. Most satellite communications traffic now use C-band (4-8 GHz) and Ku-band (12-18 GHz). The next approved, yet largely unused, frequency allocation for domestic use is in the K-band (18-27 GHz) to Ka-band (27-40 GHz). At these higher frequencies, however, earth-space radio links suffer atmospherically induced impairments as frequency increases. In particular, rain causes severe fading. Consequently, satellite systems in these higher bands are very susceptible to outages due to rain-induced fades. Reliable frequency scaling models are needed in system design to estimate the effect of these rain-induced fades. Between August 1990 and August 1992, V.P.I. & S.U.'s SATCOM Group performed extensive measurements of slant path attenuation using the 12, 20, and 30 GHz beacon signals (in the Ku/Ka-bands) of the European OLYMPUS experimental satellite. The experimental results are used to evaluate the usefulness of scaling models proposed by other researchers, both for instantaneous and statistical purposes. New models are presented for accurate scaling of attenuation within the Ku/Ka-bands. / Master of Science

Two algorithms for estimating the frequency and power of the carriers of 20 GHz and 30 GHz satellite signals are compared. Both algorithms operate on a prefiltered sequence generated by lowpass filtering followed by signal decimation for the purpose of sampling rate reduction. The lowpass filtering is accomplished via the overlap-add method of FIR filtering using the FFT. Carrier frequency prediction and tracking is accomplished with a Kalman predictor, for which the frequency drift process is modeled via polynomial extrapolation. The Kalman predictor operates on frequency measurements provided by one of two frequency estimators. One of the frequency estimation algorithms, a refinement of the DFT-automatic frequency control technique, uses the Chirp-Transform algorithm in its aim for the maximum likelihood estimate of frequency and power. The averaged periodogram is computed from the prefiltered sequence and is used to measure the frequency of the drifting frequency signal as well as its power. One of the disadvantages of this algorithm is the bias present in the estimation of power. The bias can be removed only with knowledge of the noise power. The algorithm has the advantage of being almost exclusively a convolution and therefore is accomplished with minimal computation via the FFT. An alternative parametric approach to frequency estimation is also investigated. In this approach the weighted least-squares modified Yule-Walker method of autoregressive model estimation is used on the prefiltered sequence to yield frequency estimates. Power estimation is accomplished next via modal decomposition of the estimated correlation sequence. The advantage of this approach is that for slowly varying frequency drift paths (24 hour cycle) the frequency estimates exhibit MSE approximately 3 dB less than the Chirp-Transform algorithm over a wide range of SNR. There are two disadvantages to the parametric algorithm. First the parametric algorithm estimates power with MSE approximately 2 dB greater than the nonparametric algorithm. Secondly the algorithm is more complicated than the nonparametric Chirp-Transform algorithm because it requires matrix inversions and the determination of the roots of a polynomial. For the digital beacon receiver problem investigated here both algorithms perform similarly in two important respects. First both algorithms can lock onto a carrier signal whose frequency is drifting at the rate of 5 Hertz per second in a noise environment corresponding to a 15 dB/Hz SNR. Secondly both algorithms can make unbiased frequency estimates of the carrier signal allowing the receiver to track the carrier at 7 dB/Hz SNR. Both algorithms attain the Cramer-Rao bound for estimation of constant frequency sinusoids. For a simulated satellite signal with maximum frequency drift of 5 Hertz per second the Kalman frequency predictor is able to reduce the problem to nearly that of the constant frequency case so that the resulting performance corresponds to the Cramer-Rao bound for estimation of constant frequency sinusoids. Where computational considerations are critical the nonparametric algorithm is preferred. In fact, unless the superior accuracy of the frequency prediction afforded by the parametric algorithm is paramount, the nonparametric algorithm is to be chosen. / Master of Science

The communication industry leverages technical advancements in various domains, such as semiconductors, optics, signal processing, and integrated circuits, leading to remarkable evolution over the last decades. This progress paves the way for ever-expanding networks and systems that demand more information capacity, which results in exponential data growth. Unique wireless concepts and technologies are emerging to enable next-generation communication. This dissertation explores the techniques and architectures to realize massive MIMO, extreme bandwidths through channel aggregation, TeraHertz band utilization, and the use of III-V technologies to enhance performance via heterogeneous integration, ultimately maintaining ubiquitous connectivity. The first chapter discusses the various recent research trends in communication technologies: the allocation of millimeter-wave frequencies to benefit from the broad available spectrum, 2D scalability to enhance system performance and overcome link budget requirements, MIMO, and channel aggregation concepts to extend data capacity, heterogeneous integration to exploit benefits of various technologies, transitioning to THz region to improve spectrum efficiencies and diversify applications. The key insight of this dissertation is that we implement distinct system/architecture-level solutions to achieve target data rates for the continuation of the advancements in communication technologies. The first project in this thesis presents a MIMO receiver array that utilizes a simplified single-wire interface for IF/LO signals that overcomes the high-frequency input/output distribution complexity for large-scale systems. Code-domain multiplexing is performed on the single-wire interface to preserve and transfer individual information of all channels. The four-channel receiver prototype that operates at 28GHz and achieves >20dB channel-to-channel isolation is presented. Digital beamforming and MIMO capability of the array have been demonstrated. The later chapter of this dissertation discusses the fundamental limitation of code-domain multiplexing, the trade-off between isolation and interface bandwidth, and explains our novel frequency-domain multiplexing approach. A harmonic rejection mixer has been used to generate the required multiple LO tones to de-multiplex individual channel signals simultaneously. A 60GHz four-element MIMO transmitter prototype is presented, and its functionalities are illus- trated. The prototype achieves >30dB channel-to-channel isolation for an overall bandwidth of 10GHz, supports 64QAM modulated signals, and is capable of performing MIMO beamforming. Next, benefiting from our research experience on FDM and HRM, we proposed a frequency- interleaving architecture for wideband channel aggregated systems. We divided the total IF band- width into four sub-channels and individually up/down-converted them to the baseband, alleviating the requirements of Analog-to-Digital/Digital-to-Analog Converters. HRM is utilized to generate multiple LO frequencies, as in the FDM-based transmitter work. The prototype system comprises two baseband channelizer ICs (TX/RX) and two mm-wave beamformer ICs (TX/RX), where channelizers perform FI aggregation and despread IF signals, and beamformers are responsible for beam steering and tapering. The four-channel transceiver chipset operates at 60GHz, provides >25dB isolation for an overall IF bandwidth of 8GHz, and supports 64QAM modulated signals. The next section of the dissertation presents a wideband sub-THz transceiver phased array system with SWI. We propose a D-band scalable 16-element transceiver system with novel front- end block designs to satisfy link budget requirements and enable high data rates and complex modulation data transfer. The prototype consists of one phased array transmitter and one phased array receiver. Simulated performance shows that the receiver system has ∼34dB gain, -30dBmIP1dB with a minimum 5.4dB NF. While, transmitter achieves ∼34dB gain with a 9dBm OP1dB. The last chapter looks beyond CMOS technology and presents front-end blocks at III-V technologies. Two circulator prototype designs with different architectures are implemented using GaN technology. Better linearity performance is targeted by leveraging heterogeneous integration, using GaN devices for the core and CMOS circuitry for clock generation. In addition, a future direction for THz systems, GaN-assisted beamformer architecture, is presented.

LOW power operation for wireless radio receivers has been gaining importance lately on account of the recent spurt of growth in the usage of ubiquitous embedded mobile devices. These devices are becoming relevant in all domains of human influence. In most cases battery life for these devices continue to be an us-age bottleneck as energy storage techniques have not kept pace with the growing demand of such mobile computing devices. Many applications of these radios have limitations on recharge cycle, i.e. the radio needs to last out of a battery for long duration. This will specially be true for sensor network applications and for im-plantable medical devices. The search for low power wireless receivers has become quite advanced with a plethora of techniques, ranging from circuit to architecture to system level approaches being formulated as part of standard design procedures. However the next level of optimization towards “Smart” receiver systems has been gaining credence and may prove to be the next challenge in receiver design and de-velopment. We aim to proceed further on this journey by proposing Power Scalable Wireless Receivers (PSRX) which have the capability to respond to instantaneous performance requirements to lower power even further. Traditionally low power receivers were designed for worst-case input conditions, namely low signal and high interference, leading to large dynamic range of operation which directly im-pacts the power consumption. We propose to take into account the variation in performance required out of the receiver, under varying Signal and Interference conditions, to trade-off power. We have analyzed, designed and implemented a Power Scalable Receiver tar-geted towards low data-rate receivers which can work for Zigbee or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) type standards. Each block of such a receiver system was evaluated for performance-power trade-offs leading to identification of tuning/control knobs at the circuit architecture level of the receiver blocks. Then we developed an usage algorithm for finding power optimal operational settings for the tuning knobs, while guaranteeing receiver reception performance in terms of Bit-Error-Rate (BER). We have proposed and demonstrated a novel signal measurement system to gen-erate digitized estimates of signal and interference strength in the received signal, called Received Signal Quality Indicator (RSQI). We achieve a RSQI average energy consumption of 8.1nJ with a peak energy consumption of 9.4nJ which is quite low compared to the packet reception energy consumption for low power receivers, and will be substantially lower than the energy savings which will be achieved from a power scalable receiver employing a RSQI. The full PSRX system was fabricated in UMC 130nm RF-CMOS process to test out our concepts and to formally quantify the power savings achieved by following the design methodology. The test chip occupied an area of 2.7mm2 with a peak power consumption of 5.5mW for the receiver chain and 18mW for the complete PSRX. We were able to meet the receiver performance requirements for Zigbee standard and achieved about 5X power savings for the range of input condition variations.

In order to improve the sensitivity of an optical receiver, the gain and the collection area of the photo-detectors within the receiver should be increased. Detectors with internal gain such as avalanche photodiodes (APD) are usually used to increase the sensitivity of the receiver. One problem with APDs is the sensitivity of their gain to their bias voltage, which makes them challenging to be fabricated in a standard CMOS process due to variations in their gain. However, when an APD is biased over its breakdown voltage, it is sensitive to a single photon, hence, referred to as a single photon avalanche diodes (SPAD). The SPADs are photon-counting detectors, which are less sensitive to their bias voltage, and can be integrated with rest of the electronic circuitry that form an optical receiver. An avalanche diode requires dedicated circuits to be operated in the SPAD mode. These circuits make the diode insensitive to an incident photon for a duration that is known as deadtime. Unfortunately, The collection area of the PD, APD, and SPADs are limited to their capacitance. Hence, a large photo-detector leads to a larger capacitance, which reduces the bandwidth of the receiver. In this thesis, a photon counting optical receiver based on an array of SPADs is proposed which increases the collection area with a low output capacitance. The avalanche diode and peripheral circuits which operate and readout-out the SPAD array are fabricated in the commercially available UMC 0.18 μm CMOS process. Initially, the avalanche diode is tested and characterised. A high performance circuit is then designed and tested which is able to achieve short deadtimes up to 4 ns. Once the photon counting operation of the SPAD is verified, a numerical model is developed to investigate the influence of several factors, including the deadtime, on the performance of the photon-counting detector in a communication link. Based on the simulation results, which show the advantages of an array over a single detector, a prototype detector array of 64 asynchronous SPADs is designed and tested. This array uses a high-speed readout mechanism which is inspired by the current steering digital-to-analogue converters. Bit error ratio tests (BERT) verify the photon counting capability of the proposed detector, and a bit error rate of 1E-3 has been achieved at data rate of 100 Mbps. In addition, the array of SPAD is compatible with a front-end of conventional optical receiver which uses a photodiode as a photo detector.

This thesis explores the use of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for visible light communications (VLC). The high sensitivity of SPADs can potentially enhance the performance of VLC receivers. However, a SPAD-based system has challenges that need to be addressed before it can be considered as a viable option for VLC. The first challenge is the susceptibility of SPAD-based receivers to variations in ambient light. The high sensitivity of SPADs is advantageous for signal detection, but also makes SPADs vulnerable to variations in ambient light. In this thesis, the performance of a SPAD-based receiver is investigated under changing lighting conditions. Analytical expressions to quantify performance are derived, and an experiment is conducted to gain further understanding of system performance. It is shown that a SPAD-based receiver is highly sensitive to illumination changes when on-off keying (OOK) is employed, and that pulse-position modulation (PPM) is a preferred modulation scheme as it is more robust. The second challenge is broadcasting to SPAD-based receivers with different capabilities. A traditional broadcasting scheme is time-sharing, whereby a transmitter sends data to receivers in an alternating manner. Broadcasting to SPAD-based receivers is challenging as receivers may have diverse capabilities. In this thesis, a new multiresolution modulation scheme is proposed, which can potentially improve system performance over the traditional timesharing approach. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed, and a proof-of-concept experiment is performed to demonstrate its viability.

Les réseaux à l'origine métropolitains, ont connu une tendance à rétrécir pour aujourd'hui se concentrer autour de l'être humain. Avec des équipements de plus en plus miniatures et les utilisateurs désireux de disposer en permanence des services qui leur sont accessibles à domicile, le réseau est envisagé plus petit, plus proche du corps. On assiste alors à l'émergence du réseau corporel, le Body Area Network (BAN), qui est constitué d'éléments situés sur le corps, à l'intérieur ou encore à une courte distance. Ce réseau à portée du corps génère de nouvelles problématiques, notamment celles de la puissance rayonnée par les équipements, leur taille, leur poids...Les applications et usages envisagés pour un tel réseau sont variés et couvrent plusieurs domaines d'activités, en l'occurrence le secteur du médical, du sport, et le multimédia. Ce réseau doit donc reposer sur une couche physique qui s'adapte aux contraintes de ces diverses applications, tout en favorisant des équipements de faible taille, faible complexité et de forte autonomie. La technologie Ultra Large Bande impulsionnelle (UWB-IR) est porteuse de nombreuses promesses pour satisfaire en partie les besoins des réseaux BAN, car autorisant des débits aussi bien réduits qu'élevés, et les architectures d'émission et réception utilisables pour cette technologie rendent possibles des équipements à faible complexité et faible coût, et dont la consommation énergétique est réduite.Ce travail de thèse a débuté alors qu'un processus de normalisation sur les BAN était en cours. L'objectif des travaux menés était de pouvoir contribuer en partie à ce processus de normalisation par la proposition d'une couche physique basée sur la radio impulsionnelle UWB (UWB-IR). Ainsi notre étude a porté sur le paramétrage de cette couche physique à partir de l'analyse des contraintes et requis techniques d'un réseau BAN. Les performances de cette couche physique ont ensuite été évaluées dans un contexte de canal UWB BAN et suivant le type d'architecture en réception, en particulier pour le récepteur non-cohérent. Enfin, une attention a été apportée sur la robustesse de la liaison en présence d'interférences bande étroite. Dans l'ensemble, ce travail a permis d'étudier et d'évaluer la pertinence d'une couche physique UWB-IR dans le contexte du réseau BAN / Absence de résumé en anglais

Les systèmes de navigation par satellites GNSS ne cessent d’évoluer et ils sont déjà utilisés dans de nombreuses applications. Avec la venue des nouveaux systèmes Galileo et BeiDou ainsi que la modernisation des systèmes GPS et GLONASS, de nouveaux satellites ainsi que de nombreuses nouvelles fréquences et de nouveaux signaux feront leur apparition dans les prochaines années et qui vont encore ouvrir la porte à d’innombrables nouvelles applications. L’évolution rapide de la téléphonie mobile nécessite une meilleure exploitation des systèmes de navigation et de positionnement dans les environnements urbains.Jusqu'à maintenant, les signaux de navigation GPS ne peuvent pas être bien captés dans les environnements urbains. Les niveaux des signaux y sont très faibles et il est presque impossible d’acquérir et de poursuivre les signaux de façon autonome à cause de l'importance des obstacles. De plus, le positionnement à l’intérieur et dans les environnements urbains sont aussi soumis aux problèmes de multi-trajets, de masquage, d’interférences et de brouillages. Dans ces conditions, il faut pouvoir traiter des signaux très dégradés ou très courts qui ne permettent pas au récepteur d’effectuer le processus de poursuite. Ainsi, cela nous conduit à la nécessité de repenser l'architecture du récepteur GNSS pour les applications modernes.Ce projet de thèse consiste à développer de nouvelles méthodes et architectures de récepteur GNSS de haute sensibilité et robuste aux dégradations des signaux tout en concevant de nouveaux algorithmes intégrés dans un récepteur GNSS hybride capable de fonctionner dans les environnements urbains profonds ou « intérieurs ».La méthodologie prévoit l’utilisation de la nouvelle approche de « détection collective (CD) » ou « acquisition collaborative ». L'approche collaborative qui traite tous les signaux multi-satellites ouvre une solution intéressante. De nombreuses techniques existent dans la littérature pour résoudre les problèmes de positionnement dans les environnements urbains, mais nous proposons la nouvelle approche de détection collective en raison de sa performance en tant que méthode de positionnement direct et méthode d'acquisition de haute sensibilité, par l'application de la détection vectorielle de tous les satellites visibles. En effet, la bonne combinaison des valeurs de corrélation de plusieurs satellites peut réduire le niveau de C/N0 requis des signaux satellites par les algorithmes standards de traitement (acquisition et poursuite) qui ne peuvent pas être acquis individuellement mais permettent de contribuer de manière constructive à une solution collective de positionnement pour chaque utilisateur. L’objectif est de détecter collaborativement les satellites. La combinaison de différents signaux GNSS peut considérablement augmenter la sensibilité d'acquisition du récepteur. Malgré les avantages de cette approche, elle présente également des inconvénients tels que la charge de calcul élevée en raison du grand nombre de points candidats dans le domaine position/biais d’horloge. Ainsi, le travail proposé dans cette thèse consiste à réduire la complexité du CD en optimisant la recherche de points candidats dans le domaine position/biais d’horloge. Enfin, l'objectif est d'appliquer l'approche de détection collective au positionnement GNSS coopératif pour la navigation moderne dans des environnements difficiles. Pour cela, des algorithmes d'exploitation optimale des ressources du récepteur en sélectionnant les meilleurs satellites ou la station de référence seront développés selon certains critères tels que le niveau du rapport signal sur bruit (C/N_0), l’angle d’élévation des satellites ainsi que la configuration géométrique des satellites visibles. L’objectif final est de proposer une nouvelle architecture de récepteur cognitif de haute sensibilité permettant de recevoir de façon optimale les nouveaux signaux GNSS. / GNSS satellite navigation systems are constantly evolving and have been already used in many applications. With the advent of the new systems Galileo and BeiDou as well as the modernization of GPS and GLONASS systems, new satellites and numerous new frequencies and signals will appear in the coming years and will open door to countless new applications that are currently impossible. The rapid evolution of mobile telephony and personal navigation devices (PND) requires better use of navigation systems in non-ideal environments, especially the need for positioning in deep urban area. On the one hand, users are waiting for a high positioning accuracy, because of the proximity to various points of interest. On the other hand, urban environment brings specific difficulties in receiving GNSS signals.GNSS navigation signals cannot be properly captured in urban and "indoor" environments. Signal levels are very low and it is almost impossible to acquire and track signals autonomously because of the strong attenuation of signals due to obstacles. In addition, indoor and urban positioning are also subject to multipath problems, masking, interference and jamming. Under these conditions, we must be able to process highly degraded or very short signals that do not allow the receiver to go through the tracking process. Thus, this leads us to the need to rethink the architecture of GNSS receiver for modern applications.This thesis project consists of developing new GNSS methods and architectures of high sensitivity and robustness to signal degradations and designing new algorithms integrated into a hybrid GNSS receiver capable of operating in deep urban environments.The methodology involves the use of the new concept of “Collective Detection (CD)”, also called “collaborative acquisition”. The collaborative approach that treats multi-satellite signals all together opens an interesting solution. Many techniques exist in the literature to solve the problems of positioning in urban environments, but we propose the new Collective Detection approach because of its performance as both a Direct Positioning method, providing a coarse position/clock-bias solution directly from acquisition, and High-Sensitivity acquisition method, by application of vector detection of all satellites in view. Indeed, the correct combination of the correlation values of several satellites can reduce the required Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N_0) level of the satellite signals which cannot be acquired individually by standard signal processing (acquisition and tracking) but make it possible to use them constructively to a positioning solution. The combination of different GNSS signals can considerably increase the acquisition sensitivity of the receiver. Despite the advantages of this approach, it also has drawbacks such as the high computational burden because of the large number of candidate points in the position/clock-bias domain. Thus, the work proposed in this thesis consists of reducing the complexity of the CD by optimizing the search for candidate points in position/clock-bias domain. Finally, the goal is to apply the CD approach to Cooperative GNSS Positioning for modern navigation in harsh environments. For that, algorithms for optimally exploiting receiver resources by selecting the best satellites or the reference station will be developed according to certain criteria such as the C/N_0 level, the elevation angle, and the geometric configuration of the visible satellites. The ultimate goal is to propose a design of a new smart receiver “High Sensitivity Cognitive GNSS Receiver (HS-CGR)” to optimally receive and process GNSS signals.

[pt] Esta tese apresenta novas estruturas e algoritmos adaptativos para detecção às cegas de sinais DS-CDMA. São investigados receptores cegos com restrições lineares baseados nas funções custo de mínima variância (CMV) e módulo constante (CCM). Algoritmos adaptativos do tipo Affine-Projection para estimação dos parâmetros do receptor são desenvolvidos e seu desempenho em estado estacionário é analisado. Também são apresentados algoritmos adaptativos para estimação às cegas do canal de comunicações. Em seguida, novas estruturas de canceladores de interferência são propostas. Primeiramente um cancelador de interferência paralelo (PIC) linear baseado na função custo CCM é proposto. Em seguida é desenvolvido um novo esquema não-supervisionado de cancelamento sucessivo de interferência (SIC), baseado no conceito de arbitragem paralela. Por fim, é apresentado um esquema híbrido (HIC) que combina a estrutura SIC com uma estrutura multi- estágio, resultando em melhores estimativas para detecção e desempenho uniforme para os usuários do sistema. / [en] This thesis presents new structures and adaptive algorithms for blind detection of DS-CDMA signals. Linearly constrained minimum variance (CMV) and constant modulus (CCM) receivers are investigated. Blind adaptive Affine- Projection like algorithms for receiver parameter estimation are derived and its steady-state performance is analyzed. Blind adaptive channel estimation algorithms are also presented. This work also proposes new interference cancellation structures. Firstly, a blind linear parallel interference canceller (PIC) based on the CCM cost function is proposed. Secondly, a new non-supervised serial interference canceller (SIC) based on the parallel arbitration concept is developed. Finally, an hybrid interference cancellation scheme (HIC) which combines SIC and multiple PIC stages is presented.

Este trabalho propõe novas topologias de circuitos e técnicas de projeto para filtros ativos e amplificadores de ganho programável (PGA) com operação em ultra baixa tensão (ULV) e ultra-baixa potência (ULP). Os receptores de RF do tipo Bluetooth de baixa energia (BLE), utilizados nos circuitos de internet das coisas (IoT), são as aplicações alvo dos circuitos propostos neste trabalho. Na faixa de ULV são utilizados filtros do tipo RC-ativo, uma vez que possuem uma maior linearidade em relação aos filtros do tipo gmC. A operação em ULP é alcançada neste trabalho utilizando uma nova topologia de amplificador operacional de transcondutância (OTA), com único estágio, que apresenta uma alta eficiência e reduzida sensibilidade às variações de processo, tensão e temperatura (PVT). O baixo ganho de tensão do amplificador de estágio único e os efeitos das cargas resistivas de realimentação são compensados usando um transcondutor negativo, robusto a variações em PVT, conectado às entradas do OTA. A faixa dinâmica dos circuitos é elevada usando topologias totalmente diferenciais e as taxas de rejeição de modo comum e de fonte de alimentação são melhoradas utilizando circuitos de realimentação de modo-comum. Para possibilitar a operação na faixa de ULV todos os circuitos usam apenas dois transistores empilhados e o nível de inversão do canal é elevado através da polarização direta do substrato. Neste trabalho são propostas também uma ferramenta de análise do ponto de operação do transistor, baseando-se na simulação elétrica, e algumas metodologias de projetos para circuitos operando em ULV. Os circuitos e metodologias desenvolvidos foram utilizados para o projeto de um filtro passa-faixa complexo RC-ativo de terceira ordem, um amplificador de ganho programável e um filtro biquadrático do tipo Tow-Thomas com ganho programável, compatíveis com receptores de RF do padrão BLE. Para a implementação do PGA, uma nova topologia de transconductor negativo programável foi desenvolvida para permitir a compensação ótima do amplificador operacional em todos os modos de ganho. Todos os circuitos foram projetados para operar com uma tensão de alimentação de 0,4 V e foram prototipados em processos de fabricação CMOS e BiCMOS de 180 nm e 130 nm, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais e de simulação pós-layout demonstram uma operação adequada em 0,4 V, uma ultra-baixa dissipação de potência, atingindo o mínimo de 10.9 ?W/polo, e a melhor figura-de-mérito (FoM) em relação aos outros filtros ativos e amplificadores disponíveis na literatura. / This thesis proposes novel circuit topologies and design techniques of ultra-low voltage (ULV) and ultra-low power (ULP) active-filters and programmable gain amplifiers (PGA) suitable for the Bluetooth low energy (BLE) RF receivers used in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The active-RC filters are preferred to the gm-C topologies at the ULV operation due to its improved linearity. However, the closed-loop operation increases the operational amplifier required voltage gain and its capacity to drive the resistive feedback load. In this work, the ULP dissipation is obtained by proposing a very efficient single-stage inverter-based operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and a proper forward bulk biasing to reduce the sensitivity to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. The low voltage gain and the resistive load effects on the single-stage OTA are completely compensated by using a PVT robust negative transconductor connected at the OTA inputs. The dynamic range is increased by using fully-differential topologies and common-mode feedback to improve the common-mode and power supply rejection rates. The operation at the ULV range is reached by using only two-stacked transistors in all the circuit implementations and bulk forward bias in some transistors to reduce the threshold voltage and to increase the channel inversion level. An operation point simulation-based tool and some design methodologies are also proposed in this work to design the ULV circuits. The proposed circuits were used to design a third-order active-RC complex band-pass filter (CxBPF), a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) and a Tow-Thomas biquad, with integrated programmable gain capability, suitable for BLE RF receivers. The PGA implementation uses a new programmable input negative transconductor to obtain the optimal closed-loop amplifier compensation in all the gain modes. The circuits were designed to operate at the power supply voltage of 0.4 V and are prototyped in 180 nm and 130 nm low-cost CMOS and BiCMOS process, respectively. The experimental and post-layout simulation results have demonstrated the proper ULV operation at 0.4 V, the ultra-low power dissipation down to 10.9 ?W/pole and the best figure-of-merit (FoM) among the state-of-the-art active-filters and amplifiers from the literature.