L’efficacité de l’aide au développement est aujourd’hui largement débattue au sein de la communauté des donateurs et dans la littérature académique (Rajan and Subramanian, 2008). Le contexte institutionnel des pays récipiendaires est au cœur de ce débat puisqu’il conditionnerait l’efficacité de l’aide en termes de croissance économique (Dalgaard and Hansen (2001), Collier and Dollar (2002) and Burnside and Dollar, 2004). L’aide serait efficace dans les pays pauvres et bien gouvernés. L’objet de ce travail de recherche est d’expliquer l’apparition de critères institutionnels dans l’allocation de l’aide au développement et de déterminer leurs effets en matière d’efficacité de l’aide. Il vise donc à appréhender le rôle joué par la gouvernance dans les pays receveurs (pays en développement) et dans les pays donateurs (pays de l’OCDE essentiellement) à la fois dans l’allocation et dans l’efficacité de l’aide au développement. Ce travail tente donc de répondre à plusieurs interrogations : (1) la reconnaissance de la nature institutionnelle de l’aide est-elle appropriée ? (2) l’aide est-elle- intrinsèquement politique ? (3) quelles sont les implications économiques de l’aide allouée selon des critères institutionnels ? / The recognition that political institutions matter is relatively recent and is the result of several interacting factors. The purpose of our research is to explain how foreign aid is related to governance issues both in recipient countries (developing countries) and in donor countries. Development aid is provided by: bilateral donors (29 DAC3 donors and 19 non-DAC donors), multilateral donors and private donors (e.g. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). Foreign aid differs according to the intended purposes: reforming national policies (economic policies or other types) and political institutions, and providing humanitarian assistance. The focus of our dissertation is on the emergence of non-strictly economic criteria (mainly institutional criteria) within the donor community as well as their impact on aid allocation and effectiveness. Therefore, we will address several questions: (1) Is the recognition of the institutional nature of aid appropriate?(2) Is aid political? (3) What are the economic implications of political aid (or aid based on institutional performance) ?

Adopting a Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) approach to official bilateral development assistance could result in more effective development planning that yields lasting results in developing countries. A Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development Assistance (FSSDA) based on SSD and customised to the needs of a development agency offers guidance in planning for development towards sustainability. This it does by directing donor and recipient planners in generating holistic perspectives, setting the goal of development as an attractive and sustainable society, and providing a flexible decision-making framework to guide strategic planning. Development assistance donor agencies face several difficulties in ensuring aid effectiveness. The FSSDA offers support in addressing these challenges by: positioning the creation of sustainable societies as the fundamental goal of development; allowing progress against imminent sustainability threats while minimizing the risk of unforeseen negative impacts; balancing economic, environmental and social considerations; and providing a fairer basis for aid conditionality.

The refugee crisis in the world, specifically after 2015, which came as a result of the repercussions of the war in Syria and the absence of the right political vision in Iraq and Libya. This migration has led to increased pressures on many countries in the European Union, as a result of the influx of more immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa. The purpose of this research for the bachelor's degree in POLITICAL SCIENCE, is to reveal the impact of the political integration process on solving the refugee crisis that plagued Europe in 2015, with a close focus on the asylum policy adopted by the EU during the refugee crisis in 2015.   The method used in this research is a qualitative case study in order to get an in depth understanding of the selected case and with the help of the data material obtained from the sources used. Through the method, materials and theoretical and empirical analysis, the purpose and questions posed within the research were answered. In this thesis, two theories were used in the research topic, namely, the theory of integration and the constructivist theory in international relations.  The results were as follows. Europe was seeking for solidarity among their countries in solving the refugee crisis that occurred in 2015. Further that solidarity could provide solutions that contribute to the distribution of burdens among the countries of the European Union. Solidarity means establishing compatible solutions among the countries of the Union. The result also showed that the 2013 Dublin III Regulation and European Asylum Policy need to be reformed because they do not work effectively during times of crisis and exceptional events.