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Graduation date: 1970

Thesis (M.L. Arch.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-92). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-132).

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to compare the time-frequency characteristic, using non-linearly scaled wavelets, the amplitude and the timing of the electromyography (EMG) signal, as well as the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of the lower limb of female and male elite soccer players performing an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre. Methods. Fifteen female and 15 male elite soccer players performed a series of the cutting manoeuvre during which EMG of eight muscles of the right leg, 3D kinematics of the hip, knee and ankle, as well as ground reaction forces were recorded. To create an unanticipated condition, the participants executed one of three tasks, which were signalled to them with an illuminated target board. All variables were compared between genders by means of one-way ANOVAs. Results. Female participants performed the cutting task with greater knee valgus and ankle pronation angles, as well as smaller hip internal rotation and ankle external rotation angles, than did the male group. Women also displayed different muscle activation patterns, such as an earlier semitendinosus (ST) onset, greater peak rectus femoris (RF) activity, greater lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and tibialis anterior (TA) activity at initial contact (IC) and greater LG activity during the entire motion. Furthermore, men executed the cutting manoeuvre with higher frequency components for the quadriceps and higher frequencies at IC for the biceps femoris (BF). These higher frequencies dominated the signal earlier in time for the BF and later for the TA in women. Conclusion. Gender differences in lower limb kinematics were observed, possibly exposing the female anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to higher strain. Women also exhibited neuromuscular control strategies that may assist in explaining the gender bias in ACL injury rates. The frequency at which one contracts a muscle to sustain joint stability may be of greater importance than the amount of muscle activity. Key Words. Anterior cruciate ligament, Knee Injury, Gender, Wavelet, Neuromuscular Control, Kinematics.

The introduction of the new Canadian Sport Policy in 2002 included Enhanced Interaction as one of its four goals. This study examines how interaction between governments and civil society has evolved from the 1990s to the present to determine how the Canadian Sport Policy has influenced multilevel governance in sport. Using both semi-structured interviews and a document analysis, this study looked at sport policies from the governments of Canada, Quebec and Ontario and the cities of Montreal and Toronto to identify the nature of their interactions with each other and civil society. Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to examine these interactions and their effects on policy change, the findings revealed that although multilevel governance was long considered a priority for the success of Canadian sport, it was not until the introduction of the Canadian Sport Policy that interaction on a multilevel was formalized. Recommendations are also offered to further enhance multilevel governance in Canadian sport and improve policy implementation.

Outdoor recreation facilities and services are provided by both the public and private sectors. The literature of recreation generally overemphasizes the role played by the public sector. However it is not fair to assert that the public sector has a greater role to play in meeting the recreational needs of the public. To date, it can only be stated that more attention has been paid to it. This study is descriptive in nature and explores two general topics. First, three studies, two in the United States and one, among private campground operators in British Columbia, review the basic management characteristics and problems of the private recreation sector. A business enterprise operated solely as a campground will seldom earn a profit for the operator. A multiple recreation enterprise, offering boat rentals, fishing, groceries, children's playgrounds as well as camping facilities is more likely to be profitable. The majority of private recreation facilities cluster around public recreation facilities and around other private facilities. This complementary-competitive relationship between the public and private sector must be understood if properly planned and coordinated recreation developments are to make effective use of outdoor recreation resources. The private sector is characterized by unused capacity and to attract more customers, private recreation entrepreneurs need capital to upgrade their facilities. The monopolistic-competition nature of the outdoor recreation market makes it necessary for private operators to differentiate their enterprise from their competitors. But, given the economic uncertainties of private recreation enterprises, expansion plans may require provincial government assistance, such as loan programs and technical advice and integration within a comprehensive recreation plan. The second theme relates to the need to establish a rationale for a division of labor in the provision of recreation facilities between the various levels of government and between government and private enterprise. The market is large enough that no one sector alone could ever satisfy the demand. Within the scope of outdoor recreation, government assumes three roles--promotional, regulatory and developmental. All can affect the private recreation sector. Unfortunately government often fails to recognize this and public recreation policies and programs often produce conflicting and unanticipated effects on the private sector. It is necessary for these government departments responsible for outdoor recreation to assume a leadership role for coordination of all aspects of outdoor recreation. Recreation plans must be comprehensive and include the supply of recreation facilities by the private sector. An analysis of the departmental structures of government of the United States, Canada and British Columbia reveals that outdoor recreation has been genera 11y assigned to resource management agencies such as parks, forestry and agriculture. The resource management agencies lack the legislative authority, finances, and personnel necessary to competently undertake a responsibility for coordination of all aspects of outdoor recreation. These agencies have confined their activities to their traditional areas of competency and therefore large gaps appear in government performance of comprehensive recreation planning and management. The private recreation sector often falls within these gaps. It would appear that a new institutional vehicle is necessary that is not functionally handicapped by preoccupation with policy for the management of public lands. It should then be possible to realize that outdoor recreation has other dimensions beyond the confines of public facilities and requires the establishment of guidelines to clarify the respective roles of government and private business. A survey of private campground operators in British Columbia indicates a readiness to accept government leadership. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The basic question facing recreation planners is: how much and what kinds of recreation opportunities should public agencies provide? This thesis attempts to answer this question by examining recreation theory in order to determine just what it is that public recreation is expected to accomplish. Early recreation theories, while they provided an answer in the form of nationwide standards, were found to be too simplistic. More recent theories, particularly those based on humanistic philosophy or "recreational need", are too open ended to give any qualitative or quantitative guidance to the public recreation planner. In order for it to be worthwhile for society generally to provide recreation opportunities, society generally must benefit. For this reason, theories based on the individual (humanistic theories) are unsatisfactory as a sole basis for recreation planning. It appears that it is not possible to take a purely positivistic approach to recreation planning at the present time because too little is known about what recreation (or its absence) does to an individual to be able to determine how much is enough. It is concluded that until such time as the necessary information on the effects of recreation is forthcoming, normative approaches employing community values will be necessary. In the first part of the thesis a recreation planning model is developed. The model begins with community values, as expressed through public participation, in the form of goals. The goals are then converted via objectives into facilities and programs. The recreation opportunities thus provided produce personal satisfactions and social benefits. The latter are compared with the original goals to determine the effectiveness of the recreation program (program evaluation). In Part II the Planning Model is compared with current recreation planning practice, as exemplified by the Vancouver (B.C.) Master Plan for Parks and Recreation. The following significant differences are noted: 1) the model is devoted to fulfilling long-term goals while the Master Plan emphasizes meeting demand for facilities and programs 2) the model relies on citizen input for direction while the Master Plan places greater emphasis on professional judgment 3) The Model requires a commitment to program evaluation and ongoing planing while the Master Planning process is oriented toward the production of a single end product. These differences imply that implementation of the Planning Model will require a significant amount of effort on the part of the community in terms of choosing the right planning techniques, committing sufficient resources, and developing the necessary political will power. It is hoped that recreation planners will find the Model sufficiently compelling Intellectually to go to the effort that its implementation will entail. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

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