Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1989. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster 1975. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-266).

No description available.

Birding, the act of observing birds in the outdoors, is a form of nature recreation and traditionally considered ecologically benign. Unfortunately, birders, in the pursuit of interactions with wild birds, can have negative impacts on birds and critical bird habitat. Often, competition for space or resources can create conflict among recreational users and bird conservation initiatives. People involved in maintaining birding recreation as well as ecological conservation include stakeholders such as birders, birding guides, and natural resource managers. Comparisons of negative impact perceptions were investigated among birder specialization categories, and between birders and other stakeholders. This study is a comparative analysis of how birding's negative impacts are perceived by the people involved in recreation and conservation. Further examination of the recreational specialization theory as an indicator for birders? perceptions of birding's negative impacts was also conducted. The purpose of such comparisons is to gain an understanding of different stakeholder needs to better serve and utilize the resources available. Justification for the study came from a series of structured interviews. Preliminary interviews with birding stakeholders identified perceived negative impacts from birding and conservation strategies to address those impacts. Separate on-site surveys, tailored for each of the three stakeholder groups, were conducted to assess stakeholder perceptions of birding's negative impacts to the ecology of the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail. Survey results indicate that as birders progress in increased specialization, they more often perceive birding's negative ecological impacts. This means that the most intense birders recognize negative ecological impacts from birding more frequently than birders with less experience, investment, or lifestyle tendencies. Additional results indicate that birders, in general, perceive negative ecological impacts less frequently than bird managers and birding guides. These results are indicative of experience or education as a means to facilitate increased ecological awareness. Finally, all stakeholders supported education and outreach strategies for bird and bird habitat conservation. This study has provided scientific data analysis of birding's perceived negative impacts, as well as strategies for bird conservation. This work provides needed data on the human dimension of natural resource use conflicts for natural resource managers, who require better understanding of their constituents to accomplish recreational and conservation conflict management.

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Some Provincial Forests in southern Manitoba have become popular public recreational areas, yet little planning for that type of land use has been done. In Manitoba, all Provincial Forests have heretofore been managed with a specific forestry objective in mind, that is, the full utilization of the forest resource on a sustained-yield basis for the purpose of producing forestry products. Regulation of all other uses and activities, such as preserving wildlife habitat, watersheds, and wilderness recreation, is subsumed under a multi-use management approach. However, since multi-use is not clearly defined and has no guidelines for specific existing activities, most of these other uses and activities cannot be effectively administered. One of these other uses and activities is recreation. It is the focus of the study. During the 1970s and '80s recreational activities in some Provincial Forests increased dramatically, yet no recreation-oriented development strategy was devised to accommodate these activities. Clearly, Provincial Forests cannot continue to be adequately managed under the present forestry management mandate. The entire use-spectrum must be taken into account. A comprehensive and responsible recreational management strategy is vital in order to guide and direct growing recreational demands and protect the interests of all forest users. In this report, the Belair Provincial Forest is used as an example. A set of management guidelines for recreational use has been developed that could be applied to recreational management in Provincial Forests generally.

Some Provincial Forests in southern Manitoba have become popular public recreational areas, yet little planning for that type of land use has been done. In Manitoba, all Provincial Forests have heretofore been managed with a specific forestry objective in mind, that is, the full utilization of the forest resource on a sustained-yield basis for the purpose of producing forestry products. Regulation of all other uses and activities, such as preserving wildlife habitat, watersheds, and wilderness recreation, is subsumed under a multi-use management approach. However, since multi-use is not clearly defined and has no guidelines for specific existing activities, most of these other uses and activities cannot be effectively administered. One of these other uses and activities is recreation. It is the focus of the study. During the 1970s and '80s recreational activities in some Provincial Forests increased dramatically, yet no recreation-oriented development strategy was devised to accommodate these activities. Clearly, Provincial Forests cannot continue to be adequately managed under the present forestry management mandate. The entire use-spectrum must be taken into account. A comprehensive and responsible recreational management strategy is vital in order to guide and direct growing recreational demands and protect the interests of all forest users. In this report, the Belair Provincial Forest is used as an example. A set of management guidelines for recreational use has been developed that could be applied to recreational management in Provincial Forests generally.

A number of questionnaires formed the core of the research reported here. Thirteen studies were carried out in order to find out why people run. The main samples used consisted of marathon and half marathon runners. The main reasons found for starting to run were to improve physical fitness, to improve health or feel better and in order to run in a marathon/half marathon. The perceived benefits reported by runners were examined. These were found to be, in descending order of the benefits derived: improved physical health; increased well being; increased self insight; increased self discipline and improved self confidence. The runners' stated reasons for their involvement in running were also assessed. Factor analysis revealed that running shares many of the motives which underlie other leisure activities. The motivational categories identified were, in order of importance: Challenge; Health/Fitness; Well Being; Addiction; Status and Social. These categories are very similar to those proposed by Maslow (1970). The results reported here show that it necessary for running research, and exercise research in general, to be placed within a much wider context than it is at present. Two main costs were noted by runners. Firstly, a small but significant number of runners reported that running had a detrimental effect on their family and social lives. A comparison of the perceptions of runners with those of their non-running partners showed that runners may underestimate these negative effects. Secondly, a large number of runners reported injuries as a result of their running. Class and gender differences were examined. Blue collar workers were more influenced by the extrinsic satisfiers provided by running than were white collar runners but they were not any less motivated by the intrinsic satisfiers. Running appeared to be more important to the female runners sampled and it brought them greater improvements in well being.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-112).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Rochester. Margaret Warner School of Education and Human Development, 2005. / Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-156).