Esta pesquisa enfoca as dinâmicas econômicas, sócio-ambientais e políticas de organização, construção da identidade coletiva e empoderamento de trabalhadores em associações de reciclagem, levando-se em conta suas relações com diversos agentes externos. A escolha desse objeto do estudo prende-se a dois aspectos principais: - à caracterização dessa atividade como uma ocupação em estruturação e processo de reconhecimento, representando uma possibilidade de sustentabilidade e autonomia para setores da população de baixa renda em países em desenvolvimento; - a uma situação peculiar de relação entre Estado e sociedade, na qual as associações de catadores/recicladores interagem simultaneamente com órgãos dos governos municipais respectivos, do governo estadual e com entidades não-governamentais, como setores da Igreja Católica e ONGs nacionais e internacionais. Através da análise comparativa das características de três associações de reciclagem na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, verificam-se resultados diferenciados no que diz respeito a processos internos de organização do trabalho e de participação nas decisões, bem como em relação às percepções, motivações e expectativas dos catadores/recicladores quanto a sua ocupação. / This research focuses on the economic, socio-environmental and political dynamics related to organization, construction of collective identity and empowerment of workers in recycling cooperatives, taking into account their relationships with several external agents. The choice of this object relies on two main aspects: - the characterization of this activity as an occupation being structured and recognized, representing a possibility of sustainability and autonomy for sectors of low income people in developing countries; - a peculiar kind of State-civil society relation, in which recycling cooperatives interact simultaneously with local and regional public entities, and non-governmental organizations, like catholic institutions or other NGOs. Through a comparative analysis of characteristics of three recycling cooperatives in Porto Alegre Metropolitan Region, distinct results were found, concerning internal processes of work organization and decision-making participation, as well as the perceptions, motivations and expectations of the recycling workers towards their occupation.

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T10:17:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_RosemeiredosSantos_M.pdf: 1496479 bytes, checksum: b8bf05066c4483752cebde2f006e95c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: E bem conhecido o amplo uso de materiais poliméricos e o proporcional impacto que eles causam quando são descartados no meio ambiente, especialmente os "commodities" como Polipropileno (PP) e Polietileno (PE). Isso tem preocupado os cientistas, que cada vez mais procuram desenvolver tecnologias para o reaproveitamento desses materiais. Uma das técnicas existentes e o reprocessamento por meio de extrusoras e injetoras, cujos processos, no entanto, tendem a degradar o material, levando a alteração em suas propriedades mecânicas e reológicas. Tendo em vista o contexto apresentado, foi desenvolvido um estudo no qual se avaliou a influencia da velocidade de rotação da rosca no processo de extrusão do polipropileno (PP) virgem e material reciclado, proveniente do setup durante a produção de canudos para refrigerante e rebarbas da fabricação de fraldas descartáveis, absorventes em que existe uma pequena quantidade de polietileno (PE). Observou-se sob quatro diferentes rotações, a saber: 40, 80, 120 e 160 rpm e um mesmo perfil de temperatura ao longo de uma extrusora monorosca. Apos o processo de extrusão, realizado sob as condições citadas acima, injetaram-se corpos de prova para analise de propriedades mecânicas, reológicas e térmicas. Constatou-se que as diferentes rotações estudadas provocaram alterações na deformação máxima de ruptura na tração, sendo que para o material reciclado, a rotação de 160 rpm apresentou a maior alteração dentre as demais rotações estudadas / Abstract: It's well known the broad use of polymeric materials and the proportional impact they cause when discarded in the environment, especially the "commodities" known as polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE). This has worried scientists, who search to develop technology to recycle these materials. One of these techniques is the reprocessing by extrusion and injection molding, the processes, however, tend to degrade the material, leading to alteration in their mechanical and rheological properties. Considering the context presented, it was developed a study where we evaluated the influence of rotation speed of the screw in the extrusion of virgin polypropylene (PP) and material recycled obtained from soda straws and disposable diapers's burrs, where there are a small amount of polyethylene (PE). It was observed four different speeds, namely 40, 80, 120 and 160 rpm carried out in one temperature profile along a single screw extruder. After the extrusion process, conducted under the above conditions were injected samples for analysis of mechanical, rheological and thermal properties. It was found that the different rotations cause changes in rupture maximum tensile strain. The recycled material processed at 160 rpm has presented the greatest change among the studied rotations / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular (UHMWPE) é um plástico de engenharia que tem várias aplicações atualmente, mormente em áreas específicas da indústria e da medicina. O UHMWPE pode ser utilizado ainda em outras aplicações: defensas portuárias; guias de corrente; revestimentos de caçambas, silos e calhas; engrenagens; buchas; guias de correias e próteses cirúrgicas. Esta gama de aplicações se deve ao fato das excelentes características técnicas que este material possui, como: alta resistência a abrasão, elevada resistência ao impacto, anti-aderência, atóxico, excelente resistência química, baixo peso específico, fácil usinagem e alta resistência a fadiga. Os tipos de polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular (UHMWPE) utilizados neste trabalho foram o UTEC 3041 e UTEC 6541 da Braskem. A reciclabilidade do UHMWPE ganhou interesse, porque a utilização desta matéria-prima na última década cresceu mais de 600%, tornando-se um dos plásticos de engenharia mais utilizados para obtenção de peças usinadas depois da poliamida. Com o crescimento na utilização deste polímero na confecção de peças para maquinários, o seu desperdício tem sido muito grande, porque o resto deste material é desprezado, geralmente não sendo reaproveitado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo reciclar o UHMWPE UTEC 3041 e estudar as propriedades deste material virgem e reciclado e comparar os resultados entre si e com o UHMWPE UTEC 6541, e com estes materiais submetidos a diferentes doses de radiação. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os materiais plásticos possuem papel importante na transformação do estilo de vida das pessoas e é cada vez mais utilizado na produção e consumo pela população mundial. O material plástico tornou possível o fenômeno do crescimento de produtos descartáveis. Como conseqüência desta conjuntura, a reciclagem desses materiais torna-se opção obrigatória da sociedade moderna. A economia proporcionada pela reutilização dos materiais reciclados é vantajosa não apenas em consideração à reutilização dos recursos naturais envolvidos nestes produtos, mas principalmente pelo beneficio proporcionado no que tange a preservação das questões ambientais. Dentro do grande universo dos plásticos e embalagens plásticas disponíveis no mercado atual, no decorrer deste trabalho, foi realizada a reciclagem mecânica das embalagens pós-consumo, produzidas a partir do polímero PET, e mais especificamente às garrafas utilizadas na embalagem de bebidas em geral como, por exemplo, bebidas carbonatadas, água mineral, isotônicos e similares. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a reciclagem do PET de origem pós-consumo, e avaliar os efeitos provocados pela ação de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante, nas propriedades deste polímero reciclado, tendo como referência o PET virgem. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que os efeitos provocados pela ação da radiação ionizante a partir de feixe de elétrons proveniente de aceleradores de elétrons e, raios gama emitidos por fonte de 60Co, promoveram a predominância das reações de cisão aleatória da cadeia principal do PET, com conseqüente queda da massa molar do polímero. Fato este comprovado pelos ensaios de índice de fluidez e viscosidade intrínseca. Também foi realizada a análise térmica por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) comprovando a diminuição da massa molar do PET irradiado. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: David de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:03:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vedroni_JoseWilson_M.pdf: 4373066 bytes, checksum: 71b191b108a627ae96907308f1d21aea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Estudo de caso sobre aplicação do RCD (Resíduos de Construção e Demolição), da cidade de Piracicaba São Paulo. Estes resíduos que são popularmente chamados de entulhos são os descartes dos resíduos da construção civil, da demolição de habitações, áreas comerciais e industriais. Estima-se que a cidade de São Paulo gera cerca de dezessete mil toneladas destes resíduos diariamente, representando no Brasil de 41-70 % dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Estes resíduos, quando não reutilizados e não gerenciados, acabam acarretando impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população, degradando o aspecto visual das cidades, provocando enchentes com o entupimento das tubulações de águas pluviais e com o assoreamento dos rios e córregos. O Conselho do Meio Ambiente, baixou uma resolução denominada RESOLUÇÃO CONAMA 307, de 5 de julho de 2002, em que determina a responsabilidade de todos os Municípios e o Distrito Federal, proibindo o descarte do RCD em lixões, bota-foras ou em aterros sanitários exigindo a elaboração de um plano de gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos incluindo os de construção e principalmente sua reciclagem e utilização. Este trabalho que é de cunho ambiental, faz uma abordagem sobre estes resíduos, uma breve revisão bibliográfica sobre sua dimensão e aplicação em projetos afins, estuda suas características físicas, mecânicas e químicas para verificação de possíveis contaminantes e propõe um modelo para a sua reciclagem e utilização de forma sustentável nas reabilitações dos pavimentos construídos pelas equipes de manutenção do SEMAE (Serviço Municipal de Água e Esgoto de Piracicaba), após intervenções nas redes de água que abastecem e na que realiza o esgotamento sanitário para a população. Desta forma este estudo de caso, pretende contribuir, como mais um procedimento que os órgãos públicos e privados, possam utilizar como meio de resolver este grave problema, que é dar uma solução segura para a utilização destes resíduos / Abstract: Case study on the application of RCD (Residues of Construction and Demolition) in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo. These residues, popularly known as dumps, are waste from civil construction, from demolition of houses, commercial and industrial areas. It is estimated that the city of São Paulo produces approximately seventeen thousand tons of this type of residues daily. In Brazil, this accounts for 41-70 % of solid urban waste. If not reused or managed, this waste ultimately causes a negative impact on the environment and on the health of the population; it degrades urban looks and causes floods because it clogs rainwater piping. It also aggrades rivers and streams. The Environment Council has issued a resolution, named CONAMA Resolution no. 30, dated 5 July, 2002, which determines the accountability of all Cities and the Federal District for waste, and forbids waste disposal in dumps or sanitary landfills. An integrated waste management plan must be developed including construction waste and particularly waste recycling and utilization. This paper is of an environmental nature. It provides an approach to these residues, a brief review of the bibliography about its dimension and application in similar projects, it reviews its physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics to detect possible contaminants. The paper also proposes a model for sustainable waste recycling and reuse in pavement recovery carried out by maintenance teams from SEMAE (Municipal Service of Water and Sewer from Piracicaba), after intervention in water supply and sewage networks that serve the population. In this manner this case study intends to be one more tool that public and private agencies can use as a means to solve these serious problem by providing a safe solution to use these residues / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Recycling of common plastics is a practical way to limit the amount of waste that ends up in landfills, and eventually contributes to various forms of pollution. However, statistics indicate that it is not currently a normalized, prioritized behavior. A pilot study indicated that relying only on preexisting frameworks such as the Elaboration Likelihood Model to understand consumer perceptions simply does not encompass the scope of the topic. Consumer experiences with green messages, especially in the current climate of a saturated advertising market are incredibly complex. Understanding these experiences is also currently being impeded by inconsistencies in how researchers in this field operationalize (or fail to operationalize) terms that are essential to applying results. This study takes an important step in bridging the gap between these terminological inconsistencies, as well as contextualizing results for modern consumers. This study also posits that research needs to examine the foundation of these perceptions: language and meaning. A mixed-method survey was ergo used to garner information concerning how consumers define recycling, what personal and social factors influence decisions to recycle, and what design factors make a message encouraging recycling effective. Results indicate that conceptions of recycling and convenience are underdeveloped, and message design should focus on trustworthy statistics. Future researchers in this field can then apply these initial conclusions of how language is being used to future, discourse focused studies. Future advertisers and marketers can also more effectively position their products, then connect their intended audiences to that product.

Noble gas and halogen data from a suite of Icelandic samples are presented. Iceland combines hotspot volcanism, a spreading ridge and abundant subglacially erupted samples. This combination allows for samples that erupted under high enough pressures to retain a measurable mantle volatile content, and also display signatures representing interaction between ocean island basalt (OIB) and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle sources.Erupted samples used to determine the mantle’s halogen and noble gas content have undergone a degassing process that can alter their volatile composition. An existing disequilibrium degassing model is developed with the modified model taking into account the evolution of the major volatiles over a multi-stage process and the different conditions present during magma ascent and quenching. The modified model allows substantially lower elemental noble gas ratios to be reached under disequilibrium conditions than allowed by the original model. Initial CO2 concentrations, pressure, diffusivity, ascent rate and degree of disequilibrium are shown to be critical parameters for this model. Final degassed noble gas concentrations are most affected by the surface quenching stage of an eruption, whereas noble gas elemental ratios can be primarily determined during magma ascent. In applying this model to MORB and OIB sample suites, the 3He/22Ne ratio of the MORB source mantle is constrained to be lower than 4.4, similar to estimates for the OIB source mantle. Additionally the most straightforward match between the degassing model and OIB helium and neon data suggest the OIB source mantle has 3He concentrations similar to or lower than the MORB source mantle. This finding requires a model for the OIB source mantle in which a high 3He/4He component is added to a helium-poor protolith.Noble gas studies are hampered by the large, isotopically atmospheric component typically found in Icelandic subglacial samples, which can swamp other signatures. Detailed analysis of a volatile rich sample from SW Iceland shows evidence for more than one ‘contaminant’ component and that two component fits used incorrectly can produce misleadingly precise source mantle noble gas ratios. Multi component best fits to noble gas elemental ratios find that four components are present in samples from this region. These components are unfractionated air, fractionated air and a mantle component which shows some variation due to degassing. Combining the disequilibrium degassing model with component resolution allows limits to be placed on the source mantle composition for this sample. The light noble gas source composition is compatible with mixing between a solar (‘direct nebula’) component and a MORB-like component. This direct nebula signature is at odds with an implanted signature seen in both Ne and Kr for the convecting mantle, and shows that both accretionary volatile origins must have contributed during the Earth’s formation. The heavy noble gases show an elemental abundance pattern which is distinct from air and solar patterns, and trends towards seawater. This confirms the presence of a recycled volatile signature in Iceland’s mantle but it is not possible to further constrain the origin of this signature.The Icelandic halogen data shows no evidence for significant fractionation during degassing or melt generation. Source estimates for the Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios for Iceland’s plume are found to be (1.56±0.03) x 10-3 and (3.1±0.3) x 10-5, compatible with estimates for the MORB source mantle. Halogen source concentrations in central Iceland are found to be approximately three times higher than estimates for the convecting mantle and correlate with the regions of Iceland that show high 3He/4He ratios and high source water contents. This may indicate a recycled halogen signature associated with Iceland’s proposed mantle plume.

The considerable volume of chromium-bearing wastes generated during the process of leather tanning, exacerbated by the potential for trivalent chromium in the wastes to be oxidised to the toxic hexavalent state, has created a major waste disposal dilemma for the tanning industry. While methods are available for the safe and effective treatment of residual chrome-tanning liquors, little has been done to address the issue of the chrome-bearing solid wastes. Given the increasingly stringent environmental compliance standards facing tanneries, unless an appropriate treatment process is developed in the immediate future, the continued use of chromium as a tanning agent could be compromised. Recent investigations have demonstrated the potential of heated alkaline conditions for dechroming these solid wastes. This study expanded upon these considerations and examined the feasibility of utilising the highly alkaline tannery waste effluents as cost-effective, substitute alkaline media. The three effluents considered in this study, classed as lime sulphide liquors, were shown to be capable of dechroming wet blue shavings, with resultant separation of the solid wastes into a protein and a concentrated chromium product. The solubilised protein product contained low chromium concentrations which comply with legal discharge limits. The precipitated chromium product offers opportunity for reutilisation in the tannery. A novel industrial-scale treatment process, based on these investigations, indicated the process to be capable of treating the quantity of shavings produced on a daily basis by a medium to large scale tannery. Application of this method for the dechroming of other chrome-tanned solid wastes was also shown to be feasible.

Power consumption of CMOS digital logic designs has increased rapidly for the last several years. It has become an important issue, not only in battery-powered applications, but also in high-performance digital designs because of packaging and cooling requirements. At multi-GHz clock rates in use today, charging and discharging CMOS gates and wires, especially in clocks with their relatively large capacitances, leads to significant power consumption. Recovering and recycling the stored charge or energy about to be lost when these nodes are discharged to ground is a potentially good strategy that must be explored for use in future energy-efficient design methodologies. This dissertation investigates a number of novel clock energy recycling techniques to improve the overall power dissipation of high-performance logic circuits. If efficient recycling energy of the clock network can be demonstrated, it might be used in many high-performance chip designs, to lower power and save energy. A number of chip prototypes were designed and constructed to demonstrate that this energy can be successfully recycled or recovered in different ways: • Recycling clock network energy by supplying a secondary DC-DC power converter: the output of this power converter can be used to supply another region of the chip, thereby avoiding the need to draw additional energy from the primary supply. One test chip demonstrates energy in the final clock load can be recycled, while another demonstrates that clock distribution energy can be recycled. • Recovering clock network energy and returning it back to the power grid: each clock cycle, a portion of the energy just drawn from the supply is transferred back at the end of the cycle, effectively reducing the power consumption of the clock network. The recycling methods described in this thesis are able to preserve the more ideal square clock shape which has been a limitation of previous work in this area. Overall, the results provided in this thesis demonstrate that energy recycling is very promising and must be pursued in a number of other areas of the chip in order to obtain an energy-efficient design. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The amount of waste tyres being dumped is fast becoming a problem. These stockpiles take up valuable land and are an environmental and health problem. While incineration is the simplest way to recycle the used tyres it isn’t an efficient way to dispose of tyres. This research looks at developing a method for characterizing the New Reclamation Group (NRG) reclaim with the main focus on Hi-Res™ thermogravimetric analysis. Good quantification was possible using this technique. A trade off was established between resolution, sensitivity and time. While increasing the resolution allowed greater separation to be achieved the time for each experiment increased rapidly. Although kinetic models do exist for quantifying rubber components in vulcanized sample, they were not suitable for this study. When devulcanization causes significant molecular changes, such as with NRG reclaim, the decomposition profiles no longer match those of virgin materials. Formulations developed focused on mixing, rheometry, crosslink density and tensile properties. The NRG reclaim acted as a processing aid which lowered the maximum torque. This provides mixing safety as the temperature is decreased as a result of the lower torque. This effect was not seen with conventional reclaim. Rheometry tests indicated that the addition of the devulcanizates decreased the extent of cure. It was demonstrated that this could be linked to crosslink density. Testing of the 100%, 200%, 300% moduli correlated the crosslink density to the maximum torque. Although the addition of NRG reclaim reduced the tensile strength of the formulation, a link between crosslink density and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) couldn’t be made. The decrease in the UTS and increase in extension at break is possibly caused by an increase in low molecular weight material present in the formulations and decrease in crosslink density. This could possibly increase the mobility of polymer chains which could increases flexibility.