[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo e desenvolvimento de técnicas assintóticas que permitiam a análise do espalhamento de ondas eletromagnéticas por superfícies condutoras, diretamente do domínio do tempo. São introduzidas versões temporais de métodos de rastreamento de raios e de técnicas de correntes induzidas e equivalentes, as quais são deduzidas a partir de seus correspondentes do domínio da frequência mediante o uso da transformada inversa de Fourier e de uma representação analítica de sinais. As formulações obtidas aplicam-se à análise da resposta transiente do espalhamento eletromagnético por objetos condutores que tem grandes dimensões físicas em termos de largura do pulso incidente, e têm a forma de expressões analíticas relativamente simples, válidas para instantes de tempo próximos à chegada das pimeiras frentes de onda aos pontos de observação. As técnicas obtidas são estendidas à aplicação na determinação a resposta de antenas refletoras convencionais iluminadas por exitações pulsadas e têm sua validade verificada comparando-se com as soluções obtidas por uma solução numérica de referência baseada no Método dos Momentos para o domínio da frequência (MoM) e correspondente inversão para o domínio do tempo através de um algoritmo de transformada rápida de Fourier (IFFT). / [en] This work is concerned the study and development of asymptotic methods for the time-domain analysis of eletromagnetic scattering by perfectly conducting surfaces. Time-domain versions of the well known ray tracing methods and surface-induced and equivalent edge currents are derived by means of a Fourier inversion and the use of an analytical signal representation. The resulting formulations can be applied to the transient analysis of EM scattering by perfectly conducting objects that are large in terms of the incident pulse width, and are presented in the form of relatively simple analytical expressions that are valid in the neighborhood of the instant of arrival of the first wavefronts to the obseration points. These so derived time-domain asymptotic techniques are extended to accomodate the determination of the response to pulse- excited conventional reflector antenas and their validity is ascertained by means of a comparison with a referece solution based on the frequency-domain Method of Moments (MoM) and its inversion into the time domain via a fast Fourier transform algorithm (IFFT). / [es] EL objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio y desarrollo de técnicas asintóticas que permitan el análisis del esparcimiento de ondas eletromagnéticas por superficies conductoras, directamente del dominio del tiempo. Se introducen versiones temporales de métodos de rastreamiento de rayos y de técnicas de corrientes inducidas y equivalentes, las cuales son deducidas a partir de sus correspondientes del dominio de la frecuencia mediante el uso de la transformada inversa de Fourier y de una representación analítica de señales. Las formulaciones obtenidas se aplican al análisis de la respuesta transiente del esparcimiento eletromagnético por objetos conductores que tienen grandes dimensiones físicas en término de ancho del pulso incidente, y tiene la forma de expresiones analíticas relativamente simples, válidas para instantes de tiempo próximos a la llegada de las primeras frentes de onda a los puntos de observación. Las técnicas obtenidas se aplican en la determinación la respuesta de antenas reflectoras convencionales iluminadas por exitaciones pulsadas y se verifica su validad comparando con las soluciones obtenidas por una solución numérica de referencia basada en el Método de los Momentos para el dominio de la frecuencia (MoM) y la correspondente inversión para el dominio del tiempo a través de un algoritmo de transformada rápida de Fourier (IFFT).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalElenilson.pdf: 4384305 bytes, checksum: 9256e23f2f52ecd3f4d8262f8ada2941 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) field has changed due to both universalization of connectivity and popularization of devices. Such events have provided for the appearance of new networks which are able to send larges amounts of data and also on a faster way. The broadband networks support the development of new technologies and then more data can be generated and sent by these networks. When these technologies are applied to medical or military domains, for example, one of the main issues is the integrity and confidentiality of the data being transmitted over the network. This work presents a privacy and security strategy based on authentication, verification of users authenticity and distribution of encrypted streams. This paper is divided into two parts: the first one describes a strategy for multimedia reflectors which send AES-encrypted streams and are able to perform many types of media encoding. The second part describes a security server which authenticates, creates user groups and distributes group keys only to authenticated and permitted users. It uses Federated Authentications provided by the Federated Academic Community (CAFe). For the matter of comparison of the present strategy with previous studies, a systematic mapping was done to discuss the techniques for authentication and media transmission. In order to validate the work, the whole strategy was integrated to the Arthron - a tool for multimedia transmissions. The testing scheme used the 2k factorial designs and it analyzed the influence of the processing, encrypting and coding in the time transmission. / A área de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) tem sofrido uma notável transformação caracterizada pela universalização das formas de conectividade e popularização de dispositivos. Tais fatores propiciaram o surgimento de novas redes de transmissão para lidar com grandes volumes de dados e com grande poder de transmissão , o q ue leva o rápido desenvolvimento de várias tecnologias multimídia onde cada vez mais dados são gerados e transmitidos pela rede. Quando aplicadas a domínios médicos, comerciais e militares, por exemplo, um dos principais pontos a serem considerados é a int egridade e confidencialidades d esses dados . Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma estratégia de segurança com ênfase em confidencialidade , baseada na autenticação e verificação de autenticidade de usuários, além da distri buição de fluxos criptografados . Para atingir tais objetivos, foi dividido em duas partes : uma que descreve uma estratégia de refletores para transmissão de fluxos com criptografia AES e múltiplas codificações e outra que demonstra um servidor de segurança para fazer autenticação, criação de g rupos e distribuição de chaves de grupos para usuários autenticados e com permissão para acessar tais informações , além da utilização de autenticação federada através da Comunidade Acadêmica Federada (CAFe) . Um Mapeamento Sistemático foi feito o que permit iu a descoberta de diversas técnicas que puderam ser aplicadas ou comparadas tanto nos refletores quanto no servidor de segurança, além do destacamento de possíveis lacunas na literatura que permitem su a exploração. Como parte dos resultados, a estratégia foi aplicada à Arthron 3.0 e possibilitou realização de transmissões com diversos fluxos de vídeo em alta definição

Os experimentos com refletores nucleares de material pesado foram realizados no reator IPEN/MB-01 utilizando-se chapas de aço inoxidável, de aço carbono ou de níquel, num total de 32 chapas de cada material, inseridas adequadamente na face oeste do núcleo do reator. As chapas têm cerca de 3 mm de espessura. A largura e comprimento axial foram suficientes para cobrir todo o núcleo ativo do reator. Tais experimentos foram realizados com cada tipo de material refletor individualmente. Para cada etapa de colocação de chapas foram efetuadas medidas da reatividade devido à inserção destas no núcleo; bem como da posição crítica das barras de controle com BC1 e BC2 igualmente retiradas. Pôde ser observado que o aumento da absorção de nêutrons e consequente diminuição da moderação de nêutrons dominaram toda a física do problema quando foram inseridas poucas chapas de material refletor (cerca de 5 chapas para o aço inoxidável e aço carbono, e 3 chapas no caso do níquel). Na sequência, a reflexão de nêutrons tornou-se importante superando a absorção neutrônica; a reatividade aumentou até ultrapassar a situação sem chapa (excesso de reatividade zero) obtendo-se um acréscimo (ganho líquido) de reatividade com as 32 chapas inseridas (cerca de 162 pcm no caso do aço inoxidável, 37 pcm para o aço carbono e 295 pcm para o níquel). Portanto, observou-se que o núcleo refletido tornou-se mais reativo do que o núcleo sem material refletor. Resultados experimentais inéditos de medidas de reatividade foram obtidos com refletores de níquel. No que concerne a esse tipo de experimento não existe experimento similar na literatura internacional ao realizado no reator IPEN/MB-01. A análise teórica empregando o MCNP-5 e a biblioteca de dados nucleares ENDF/B-VII.0 evidenciou os aspectos físicos de absorção e reflexão de nêutrons nas chapas de material refletor considerados; entretanto apresentou uma discrepância quando a reflexão de nêutrons rápidos domina o fenômeno físico do transporte de nêutrons. Essas tendências foram encontradas independentemente do tipo de refletor pesado empregado nos experimentos. / Experiments with heavy-material nuclear reflectors were performed in the IPEN / MB-01 reactor using stainless steel, carbon steel or nickel plates, in a total of 32 plates of each material, properly inserted in the western face of the reactor core. The plates are about 3 mm thick. The axial width and length were sufficient to cover the entire active core of the reactor. Such experiments were performed with each type of reflective material individually. For each step of placement of plates were made measures of reactivity due to the insertion of these in the core; as well as the critical position of the BC1 and BC2 control rods also removed. It could be observed that the increase in neutron absorption and consequent decrease in neutron moderation dominated the whole physics of the problem when a few reflective material plates were inserted (about 5 plates for stainless steel and carbon steel and 3 plates for nickel). Subsequently, neutron reflection has become important overcoming neutron absorption; the reactivity increased until it exceeded the situation without plate (excess of zero reactivity) obtaining an increase (net gain) of reactivity with 32 inserts inserted (about 162 pcm in the case of stainless steel, 37 pcm for carbon steel and 295 pcm for nickel). Therefore, it was observed that the reflected core became more reactive than the core without reflective material. Unpublished experimental results of reactivity measurements were obtained with nickel reflectors. As for this type of experiment, there is no similar experiment in the international literature compared to the IPEN/MB-01 reactor. The theoretical analysis using the MCNP-5 together with nuclear data library ENDF/B-VII.0 evidenced the physical aspects of neutron absorption and reflection in the reflective material plates considered; however, it presented a discrepancy when the reflection of fast neutrons dominates the physical phenomenon of the transport of neutrons. These trends were found independently of the type of the heavy reflector employed in the experiments.

Le développement rapide de l’industrie des systèmes sans fil suscite une demande urgente pour des communications à haut débit, notamment en environnement « indoor ». Toutefois, les protocoles traditionnels de communications sont incapables de supporter de très hauts débits et, surtout, il n'y a pas de ressources spectrales disponibles à basse fréquence. Comme une alternative, la bande des 60GHz est préconisée parce qu’elle permet un débit de plus de 5Gbit/s, grâce à son large spectre (57GHz à 64 GHz). Toutefois, en pratique, l’environnement « indoor » est complexe et, dans les situations d’absence de visibilité directe, la couverture radio est difficile à assurer à cause des fortes atténuations. Afin de remédier à ce problème, l’utilisation de répéteurs est possible. Dans cette thèse, l’intérêt est porté sur les répéteurs passifs, plus simples à installer et compatibles avec une réalisation faible coût. Le cas critique de la couverture radio d’un couloir en T est choisi comme fil conducteur, tout au long de cette étude. Les solutions préconisées visent aussi la compacité, ce qui justifie l’utilisation de réflecteurs plans. A partir de la théorie des réseaux d’antennes, une structure périodique générique pour le répéteur est proposée. Elle implique deux cellules réfléchissantes élémentaires (espacées de /2), produisant des ondes en opposition de phase. Plusieurs topologies et technologies sont ensuite envisagées et étudiées pour la mise en oeuvre. La première utilise des antennes à résonateur diélectrique (DRA). Deux topologies différentes sont étudiées et comparées, le DRA à encoche et le DRA couplé à une ligne déphaseuse en circuit ouvert. Différentes stratégies de modélisation sont également étudiées en utilisant une cellule unique, un couple de 2 cellules avec phases opposées ou un petit réseau. Pour chaque topologie, un réseau canonique de 6×6 éléments est simulé. La deuxième technologie étudiée utilise des guides d’ondes rectangulaires chargés par un matériau diélectrique et courtcircuités. Des analyses paramétriques sont effectuées et un 6 ×6 réseau est conçu et optimisé pour valider la faisabilité de la solution. Finalement, une structure en guide à plaques métalliques parallèles est analysée. Dérivant de la solution précédente, elle permet une fabrication plus simple. Pour cette dernière solution, une analyse plus complète est menée incluant des considérations sur la bande passante, les performances en incidence oblique et la direction de rayonnement maximal. Enfin, un réseau à base de cet élément rainuré est fabriquée présentant une taille de 200 mm×200 mm. Des mesures expérimentales à 60GHz sont réalisées pour tester les performances du réseau. La preuve de concept est ainsi donnée et les résultats expérimentaux sont analysés. / The fast development of information and consumer electronics industries creates a pressing demand for high-speed indoor communications. Traditional communication protocols are unable to support such high transmission rate, and there are no radio bands available at lower frequency. As an alternative, 60GHz communications have sparked great attention, since it enables a maximum data transmission rate more than 5Gbit/s based on its wide unlicensed bandwidth. However, practical indoor environment is usually complicated (e.g. walls, corridors, stairs, etc.), thus the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) areas cannot be covered due to the significant attenuation. Considering the requirements for signal recovery in the NLOS environment, a planar passive repeater with endfire radiation and high directivity, low profile and low cost is investigated and designed in this thesis. Based on array theory, a periodic structure for the foreseen printed repeater is derived out. It involves two reflector elements (in the spacing of 2) to provide 0° and 180°reflection phases respectively. In order to construct a proper reflector element, four topologies are proposed and analyzed. In the first part of the study, DRA (Dielectric Resonator Antenna) technology is the main focus. Two different topologies are investigated and compared, including notched DRA and DRA coupled to phase-shift stub. Different modeling strategies are also studied using either a single cell, a couple of cells with opposite phases or a small array. For each topology, a preliminary 6×6 array is simulated. Optimization at the array level is emphasized through the whole thesis. In the second part, investigations are taken on a rectangular dielectric filled waveguide element. Parametric analyses are carried out and possible fabrication technologies are discussed. Once again, a preliminary 6×6 array is designed and optimized to validate the feasibility of such a structure. In the third part, a parallel-plate groove structure is analyzed. It evolves from the rectangular waveguide, and enjoys more simplification. Further work is taken to explore the arrays’ bandwidth, oblique incidence performance and maximum radiation direction. Detailed theoretical analysis based on the simulation results are demonstrated in the end. Finally, an array based on the groove elements is fabricated in the size of 200mm×200mm. Practical measurements for 60GHz communications in NLOS environment are designed to test the array’s performance. Analyses on the experiment results are given.

Os experimentos com refletores nucleares de material pesado foram realizados no reator IPEN/MB-01 utilizando-se chapas de aço inoxidável, de aço carbono ou de níquel, num total de 32 chapas de cada material, inseridas adequadamente na face oeste do núcleo do reator. As chapas têm cerca de 3 mm de espessura. A largura e comprimento axial foram suficientes para cobrir todo o núcleo ativo do reator. Tais experimentos foram realizados com cada tipo de material refletor individualmente. Para cada etapa de colocação de chapas foram efetuadas medidas da reatividade devido à inserção destas no núcleo; bem como da posição crítica das barras de controle com BC1 e BC2 igualmente retiradas. Pôde ser observado que o aumento da absorção de nêutrons e consequente diminuição da moderação de nêutrons dominaram toda a física do problema quando foram inseridas poucas chapas de material refletor (cerca de 5 chapas para o aço inoxidável e aço carbono, e 3 chapas no caso do níquel). Na sequência, a reflexão de nêutrons tornou-se importante superando a absorção neutrônica; a reatividade aumentou até ultrapassar a situação sem chapa (excesso de reatividade zero) obtendo-se um acréscimo (ganho líquido) de reatividade com as 32 chapas inseridas (cerca de 162 pcm no caso do aço inoxidável, 37 pcm para o aço carbono e 295 pcm para o níquel). Portanto, observou-se que o núcleo refletido tornou-se mais reativo do que o núcleo sem material refletor. Resultados experimentais inéditos de medidas de reatividade foram obtidos com refletores de níquel. No que concerne a esse tipo de experimento não existe experimento similar na literatura internacional ao realizado no reator IPEN/MB-01. A análise teórica empregando o MCNP-5 e a biblioteca de dados nucleares ENDF/B-VII.0 evidenciou os aspectos físicos de absorção e reflexão de nêutrons nas chapas de material refletor considerados; entretanto apresentou uma discrepância quando a reflexão de nêutrons rápidos domina o fenômeno físico do transporte de nêutrons. Essas tendências foram encontradas independentemente do tipo de refletor pesado empregado nos experimentos. / Experiments with heavy-material nuclear reflectors were performed in the IPEN / MB-01 reactor using stainless steel, carbon steel or nickel plates, in a total of 32 plates of each material, properly inserted in the western face of the reactor core. The plates are about 3 mm thick. The axial width and length were sufficient to cover the entire active core of the reactor. Such experiments were performed with each type of reflective material individually. For each step of placement of plates were made measures of reactivity due to the insertion of these in the core; as well as the critical position of the BC1 and BC2 control rods also removed. It could be observed that the increase in neutron absorption and consequent decrease in neutron moderation dominated the whole physics of the problem when a few reflective material plates were inserted (about 5 plates for stainless steel and carbon steel and 3 plates for nickel). Subsequently, neutron reflection has become important overcoming neutron absorption; the reactivity increased until it exceeded the situation without plate (excess of zero reactivity) obtaining an increase (net gain) of reactivity with 32 inserts inserted (about 162 pcm in the case of stainless steel, 37 pcm for carbon steel and 295 pcm for nickel). Therefore, it was observed that the reflected core became more reactive than the core without reflective material. Unpublished experimental results of reactivity measurements were obtained with nickel reflectors. As for this type of experiment, there is no similar experiment in the international literature compared to the IPEN/MB-01 reactor. The theoretical analysis using the MCNP-5 together with nuclear data library ENDF/B-VII.0 evidenced the physical aspects of neutron absorption and reflection in the reflective material plates considered; however, it presented a discrepancy when the reflection of fast neutrons dominates the physical phenomenon of the transport of neutrons. These trends were found independently of the type of the heavy reflector employed in the experiments.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to study the possibilities and problems of low-profile antennas and subsequently to design a directional antenna with spherical reflector for millimeter wavelengths. The theoretical part deals with basic information about horn and reflector antennas, and about SIW technology. In addition, the thesis deals with the specific design and modeling of the antenna using CST Microwave Studio. The simulated design achieved a sufficient bandwidth to cover ISM (57 GHz to 64 GHz) with gain 13.6 dBi at 60 GHz frequency. On fabricated antenna, the antenna impedance ratios were worse and the target bandwidth was not reached. Antenna gain was 14.33 dBi at 60 GHz frequency.

Cílem této práce bylo analyzovat současnou situaci technologického procesu montáže LED zdroje na světlomet automobilu a nalézt a navrhnout řešení ke snížení počtu výpadků ve výrobě. Technologický proces montáže zahrnuje umístění a upevnění LED zdroje (s interním označením „F-LUX“) na reflektor. Sestava musí splňovat požadovaný optický výstup a sériový takt linky. Na základě analýzy technologického procesu jsou navrženy optimalizace.

This thesis deals with design of navigation system for autonomous mobile robots, which is based on the infrared light. The system is based on measuring the relavive angles using landmarks in the enviroment that make the robot can orient and recognize its absolute position in an environment in which it operates.

This work deals with the study of Yagi-Uda antennas, followed by analysis and design of planar antenna with wired reflector. The first part focused on the analysis of the antenna and parameters. Another part of the continuing investigation of the optimum parameters for a given antenna followed by a design in Wi-Fi 5 GHz band. The antenna is simulated in CST Microwave Studio. The final part devoted the results achieved

Realising Si-based electrically driven light emitters in a process technology compatible with mainstream microelectronics CMOS technology is key requirement for the implementation of low-cost Si-based optoelectronics and thus one of the big challenges of semiconductor technology. This work has focused on the development of microcavity enhanced silicon LEDs (MCLEDs), including their design, fabrication, and experimental as well as theoretical analysis. As a light emitting layer the abrupt pn-junction of a Si-diode was used, which was fabricated by ion implantation of boron into n-type silicon. Such forward biased pn-junctions exhibit room-temperature EL at a wavelength of 1138 nm with a reasonably high power efficiency of 0.1% [1]. Two MCLEDs emitting light at the resonant wavelength about 1150 nm were demonstrated: a) 1 MCLED with the resonator formed by 90 nm thin metallic CoSi2 mirror at the bottom and semitranparent distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) on the top; b) 5:5 MCLED with the resonator formed by high reflecting DBR at the bottom and semitransparent top DBR. Using the appoach of the 5:5 MCLED with two DBRs the extraction efficiency is enhanced by about 65% compared to the silicon bulk pn-junction diode.:List of Abbreviations and Symbols 1 Introduction and motivation 2 Theory 2.1 Electronic band structure of semiconductors 2.2 Light emitting diodes (LED) 2.2.1 History of LED 2.2.2 Mechanisms of light emission 2.2.3 Electrical properties of LED 2.2.4 LED e ciency 2.3 Si based light emitters 2.4 Microcavity enhanced light emitting pn-diode 2.4.1 Bragg reflectors 2.4.2 Fabry-Perot resonators 2.4.3 Optical mode density and emission enhancement in coplanar Fabry-Perot resonator 2.4.4 Design and optical properties of a Si microcavity LED 3 Preparation and characterisation methods 3.1 Preparation techniques 3.1.1 Thermal oxidation of silicon 3.1.2 Photolithography 3.1.3 Wet chemical cleaning and etching 3.1.4 Ion implantation 3.1.5 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) of silicon nitride 3.1.6 Magnetron sputter deposition 3.2 Characterization techniques 3.2.1 Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE) 3.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 3.2.3 Microscopy 3.2.4 Electroluminescence and photoluminescence measurements 4 Experiments, results and discussion 4.1 Used substrates 4.1.1 Silicon substrates 4.1.2 Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) substrates 4.2 Fabrication and characterization of distributed Bragg reflectors 4.2.1 Deposition and characterization of SiO2 4.2.2 Deposition of Si 4.2.3 Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBR) 4.2.4 Conclusions 4.3 Design of Si pn-junction LED 4.4 Resonant microcavity LED with CoSi2 bottom mirror 4.4.1 Device preparation 4.4.2 Electrical Si diode characteristics 4.4.3 EL spectra 4.4.4 Conclusions 4.5 Si based microcavity LED with two DBRs 4.5.1 Test device 4.5.2 Device fabrication 4.5.3 LED on SOI versus MCLED 4.5.4 Conclusions 5 Summary and outlook 5.1 Summary 5.2 Outlook A Appendix A.1 The parametrization of optical constants A.1.1 Kramers-Kronig relations A.1.2 Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion formula A.1.3 Tauc-Lorentz dispersion formula A.1.4 Sellmeier dispersion formula A.2 Wafer holder List of publications Acknowledgements Declaration / Versicherung