Realising Si-based electrically driven light emitters in a process technology compatible with mainstream microelectronics CMOS technology is key requirement for the implementation of low-cost Si-based optoelectronics and thus one of the big challenges of semiconductor technology. This work has focused on the development of microcavity enhanced silicon LEDs (MCLEDs), including their design, fabrication, and experimental as well as theoretical analysis. As a light emitting layer the abrupt pn-junction of a Si diode was used, which was fabricated by ion implantation of boron into n-type silicon. Such forward biased pn-junctions exhibit room-temperature EL at a wavelength of 1138 nm with a reasonably high power efficiency of 0.1%. Two MCLEDs emitting light at the resonant wavelength about 1150 nm were demonstrated: a) 1-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by 90 nm thin metallic CoSi2 mirror at the bottom and semitransparent distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) on the top; b) 5.5-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by high reflecting DBR at the bottom and semitransparent top DBR. Using the appoach of the 5.5-lambda MCLED with two DBRs the extraction efficiency is enhanced by about 65% compared to the silicon bulk pn-junction diode.

The build–up of 6Li and 3He, that is, the strong thermal neutron absorbers or the so called "neutron poisons", in the beryllium reflector changes the physical characteristics of the reactor, such as reactivity, neutron spectra, neutron flux level, power distribution, etc.; furthermore,gaseous isotopes such as 3H and 4He induce swelling and embrittlement of the reflector. The SAFARI–1 research reactor, operated by Necsa at Pelindaba in South Africa, uses a beryllium reflector on three sides of the core, consisting of 19 beryllium reflector elements in total. This MTR went critical in 1965, and the original beryllium reflectors are still used. The individual neutron irradiation history of each beryllium reflector element, as well as the impact of beryllium poisoning on reactor parameters, were never well known nor investigated before. Furthermore, in the OSCAR{3 code system used in predictive neutronic calculations for SAFARI–1, beryllium reflector burn–up is not accounted for; OSCAR models the beryllium reflector as a non–burnable, 100% pure material. As a result, the poisoning phenomenon is not accounted for. Furthermore, the criteria and hence the optimum replacement time of the reflector has never been developed. This study presents detailed calculations, using MCNP, FISPACT and the OSCAR{3 code system, to quantify the influence of impurities that were originally present in the fresh beryllium reflector, the beryllium reflector poisoning phenomenon, and further goes on to propose the reflector's replacement criteria based on the calculated fluence and predicted swelling. Comparisons to experimental low power flux measurements and effects of safety parameters are also established. The study concludes that, to improve the accuracy and reliability of the predictive OSCAR code calculations, beryllium re flector burn–up should undoubtedly be incorporated in the next releases of OSCAR. Based on this study, the inclusion of the beryllium reflector burn–up chains is planned for implementation in the currently tested OSCAR–4 code system. In addition to beryllium reflector poisoning, the replacement criteria of the reflector is developed. It is however crucial that experimental measurements on the contents of 3H and 4He be conducted and thus swelling of the reflector be quantifed. In this way the calculated results could be verified and a sound replacement criteria be developed. In the absence of experimental measurements on the beryllium reflector, the analysis and quantifcation of the calculated results is reserved for future studies. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The build–up of 6Li and 3He, that is, the strong thermal neutron absorbers or the so called "neutron poisons", in the beryllium reflector changes the physical characteristics of the reactor, such as reactivity, neutron spectra, neutron flux level, power distribution, etc.; furthermore,gaseous isotopes such as 3H and 4He induce swelling and embrittlement of the reflector. The SAFARI–1 research reactor, operated by Necsa at Pelindaba in South Africa, uses a beryllium reflector on three sides of the core, consisting of 19 beryllium reflector elements in total. This MTR went critical in 1965, and the original beryllium reflectors are still used. The individual neutron irradiation history of each beryllium reflector element, as well as the impact of beryllium poisoning on reactor parameters, were never well known nor investigated before. Furthermore, in the OSCAR{3 code system used in predictive neutronic calculations for SAFARI–1, beryllium reflector burn–up is not accounted for; OSCAR models the beryllium reflector as a non–burnable, 100% pure material. As a result, the poisoning phenomenon is not accounted for. Furthermore, the criteria and hence the optimum replacement time of the reflector has never been developed. This study presents detailed calculations, using MCNP, FISPACT and the OSCAR{3 code system, to quantify the influence of impurities that were originally present in the fresh beryllium reflector, the beryllium reflector poisoning phenomenon, and further goes on to propose the reflector's replacement criteria based on the calculated fluence and predicted swelling. Comparisons to experimental low power flux measurements and effects of safety parameters are also established. The study concludes that, to improve the accuracy and reliability of the predictive OSCAR code calculations, beryllium re flector burn–up should undoubtedly be incorporated in the next releases of OSCAR. Based on this study, the inclusion of the beryllium reflector burn–up chains is planned for implementation in the currently tested OSCAR–4 code system. In addition to beryllium reflector poisoning, the replacement criteria of the reflector is developed. It is however crucial that experimental measurements on the contents of 3H and 4He be conducted and thus swelling of the reflector be quantifed. In this way the calculated results could be verified and a sound replacement criteria be developed. In the absence of experimental measurements on the beryllium reflector, the analysis and quantifcation of the calculated results is reserved for future studies. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

[ES] El desarrollo de los biosensores está permitiendo llevar a cabo análisis bioquímicos cada vez más rápidos, de manera mucho más sencilla y utilizando una menor cantidad de muestra. Esto está dando lugar a aplicaciones en las que se monitorizan parámetros de manera continua y autónoma, aumentando la eficiencia y reduciendo los costes. El tema principal de esta Tesis ha sido el desarrollo y la evaluación de biosensores que se basan en técnicas de transducción óptica, fabricados en silicio poroso, un material nanoestructurado que puede llegar a alcanzar una gran sensibilidad. El trabajo ha consistido en el estudio de la fabricación y la caracterización de membranas de silicio poroso obtenidas a partir de substratos tipo p de baja resistividad. Para ello se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático realista que permite simular el comportamiento del transductor y calcular sus parámetros experimentales. Gracias a esto, se han estudiado propiedades del material como el efecto térmico, llevando a caracterizar el efecto termo-óptico del silicio poroso en el rango infrarrojo del espectro. Además, se ha analizado la infiltración de la muestra en el transductor con el objetivo de mejorar su funcionamiento. Por este motivo, se han examinado diferentes morfologías de poros y se ha implementado un flujo activo durante el sensado, en el cual la sustancia a analizar fluye a través de la membrana porosa, resolviendo problemas de rellenado del sensor y mezclado con otras sustancias. / [CAT] El desenvolupament dels biosensors està permetent realitzar anàlisis bioquímics cada vegada més ràpids, de manera molt més senzilla i utilitzant una menor quantitat de mostra. Això està donant lloc a aplicacions en les quals es monitoritzen paràmetres de manera contínua i autònoma, augmentant l'eficiència i reduint els costos. El tema principal d'aquesta Tesis ha sigut el desenvolupament i l'avaluació de biosensors basats en tècniques de transducció òptica, fabricats en silici porós, un material nanoestructurat que pot arribar a aconseguir una gran sensibilitat. El treball ha consistit en l'estudi de la fabricació i la caracterització de membranes de silici porós obtingudes a partir de substrats tipus p de baixa resistivitat. Per a fer-ho, s'ha desenvolupat un model matemàtic realista que permet simular el comportament del transductor i calcular els seus paràmetres experimentals. Gràcies a això, s'han estudiat propietats del material com l'efecte tèrmic, el que ha permés caracteritzar l'efecte termo-òptic del silici porós en el rang infraroig de l'espectre. A més, s'ha analitzat la infiltració de la mostra en el transductor amb l'objectiu de millorar el seu funcionament. Per aquest motiu, s'han examinat diferents morfologies de porus i s'ha implementat un flux actiu durant el sensat, en el qual la substància a analitzar fluïx a través de la membrana porosa, resolent problemes d'ompliment del sensor i mesclat amb altres substàncies. / [EN] The development of biosensors is leading to faster and simpler analyses of biochemical samples, using them in lower quantities. Over the last years, these advances have allowed the emergence of applications where parameters can be monitored continuously and autonomously, increasing the efficiency and reducing the costs. This Thesis has focused on the development and evaluation of biosensors based on optical transducers, which are fabricated with porous silicon, a nanostructured material that is able to reach a high sensitivity. In this work, the fabrication and characterization of porous silicon membranes using heavily doped p-type silicon wafers have been studied. A realistic mathematical model has been developed in order to simulate the transducer's behavior and calculate the experimental parameters. This has led to the study of physical properties such as the thermal effect, where we were able to characterize the thermo-optic coefficient in the near-infrared range. Moreover, the penetration of the sample into the structure has been analyzed. For this purpose, several pore morphologies were examined and an active flow has been implemented during the sensing experiments, where the substance of interest flows through the porous membrane, to solve problems such as the partial filling of the sensor or the mixture of different substances during the experiments. / Martín Sánchez, D. (2019). Desarrollo de biosensores fotónicos basados en membranas de silicio poroso [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/125695 / TESIS

This diploma thesis deals with the creation of engineering design of holder of projector lens. The thesis is created in cooperation with department of development in Varroc Lighting Systems, s.r.o. Initial part provides a brief description of the development of lighting technology used in car´s headlamps. The following part describes solutions currently used in clamping the lens in holder. The main part of the thesis focuses on the design of holder of projector lens itself. Projector lenses testing provide critical values of cohesive failure of the lens material, which cannot be exceed during the process of lens fitting and its subsequent clamping. In the final part the engineering design is verified and optimized using finite element analysis.

One of the key issues of our society is to decrease energy demand. About 40 % of energy consumption in Europe is related to building operation, mostly for heating. The required thermal comfort is related mainly to temperature of air and temperature of surrounding surfaces. Especially in older buildings with low level of thermal insulation the inner surface of perimeter wall can be several degrees colder than air. In such case the perception of thermal comfort will be lowered also depending on the layout of the room. Other issue can be related to thermal radiation asymmetry. The amount of energy that is eradiated from a surface is driven by material property called emissivity. A surface with sufficiently low emissivity will became “thermal mirror”. It is possible to elaborate about intelligent thermal management of the internal space with usage of low-emissive surfaces; where thermal radiation can be suppressed or can be enhanced. This depends on the surface emissivity and its real temperature. Recently, growing interest about the low-emissive surfaces can be seen. They can represent reasonable complement to conventional insulation, but they have certain limits. Potentially, even higher energy savings can be reached with so called retro reflection. If the thermal radiation of an object is reflected back, its thermal loss will be lower. In such case it can be expected that equivalent thermal comfort can be reached even with lower overall temperature of the room. The aim of the work is study of material combinations with potential for utilization as low-emissive interior surfaces. Research has been conducted on low-emissive paints and low-emissive foils. Another part of the work is related to retro reflection of thermal radiation as a potential way to influence thermal comfort. The work shows, that energy saving up to 20% can be obtained.

Realising Si-based electrically driven light emitters in a process technology compatible with mainstream microelectronics CMOS technology is key requirement for the implementation of low-cost Si-based optoelectronics and thus one of the big challenges of semiconductor technology. This work has focused on the development of microcavity enhanced silicon LEDs (MCLEDs), including their design, fabrication, and experimental as well as theoretical analysis. As a light emitting layer the abrupt pn-junction of a Si diode was used, which was fabricated by ion implantation of boron into n-type silicon. Such forward biased pn-junctions exhibit room-temperature EL at a wavelength of 1138 nm with a reasonably high power efficiency of 0.1%. Two MCLEDs emitting light at the resonant wavelength about 1150 nm were demonstrated: a) 1-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by 90 nm thin metallic CoSi2 mirror at the bottom and semitransparent distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) on the top; b) 5.5-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by high reflecting DBR at the bottom and semitransparent top DBR. Using the appoach of the 5.5-lambda MCLED with two DBRs the extraction efficiency is enhanced by about 65% compared to the silicon bulk pn-junction diode.

No description available.

This thesis is the result of a collaboration between Ericsson AB and Luleå University of Technology. A feasibility study has been conducted to investigate antenna options for the HIBS access link. The study contains two parts. Firstly, a link budget investigating the gain required from the antenna. The metric of concern in the link budget was SNR. Secondly, a wide area coverage investigation that explored coverage feasibility over an area with a radius of 100 km. The metrics of concern in this investigation were antenna gain and beamwidth. Two types of antennas have been included: parabolic reflector and phased array. Seven frequency bands have been studied: 0.7, 1.9, 2.7, 3.5, 6, 10, and 26 GHz. The first three bands shared a bandwidth of 20 MHz, the next three shared a bandwidth of 80 MHz, and the last band had a bandwidth of 100 MHz. This bandwidth difference was found to have a meaningful effect on SNR. The feasibility condition for the link budget was -6 dB SNR for uplink and 6 dB SNR for downlink. The link budget concluded that the first three bands (0.7, 1.9, and 2.7 GHz) are feasible with reasonably sized antennas. This meant a parabolic reflector dish diameter of 0.6 m for all three bands, or a phased array antenna with 4, 32, and 64 elements, respectively, that all resulted in a roughly equal physical size of the array. The 3.5 GHz frequency band was found to be feasible with a much larger antenna (512 element array). The bands above 3.5 GHz were not deemed feasible. The wide area investigation limited the antenna to a phased array antenna. Two cell layouts were considered for coverage: a 7 cell layout with one nadir cell surrounded by 6 cells and a 19 cell layout which encapsulates the former with another layer of 12 cells. The feasibility condition was that the half power beamwidth is equal to the angular size of a cell from the HIBS for each cell layer while maintaining gain. Beamwidth was controlled through array tapering and altering element configurations. This investigation concluded that coverage is feasible for two bands. In the 0.7 GHz band, the chosen option was a 7 cell layout using a single element antenna for the nadir cell and 3 by 1 arrays for the outer cells. In the 1.9 GHz band, the chosen option was a 19 cell layout with a single element antenna for the nadir cell, 5 by 1 arrays for the cells in the middle layer, and 8 by 5 arrays for the outer layer. Higher frequency bands required higher gain antennas which in turn did not provide adequate beamwidth for coverage.

No description available.