Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Marburg.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Osnabrück.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Marburg.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Marburg, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [229]-252) and index.

The period following the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1911 was one of rapid economic and social change in China. It created conditions favourable for the development of the New Culture Movement which started during the Great war, and reached its climax in 1919.Two of the basic features of this movement were the introduction of ideas from the West and the reassessment of Chinese traditions from the standpoint of those ideas. The Literary Revolution was an integral part of the New Culture Movement, which, after an initial period of discussion and debate, undertook the task of building a new Chinese literature with a new humanist or revolutionary content, and with forms copied from, or inspired by. Western literature. The problems which this task of construction involved were many and varied. During the next few years the literature of many periods and countries was introduced into China, and the new writers experimented with numerous forms. Ultimately, those which accorded most closely with the needs of Chinese literature, and especially with the social conditions and demands of the Chinese revolution, which had a determining influence on it, were successfully adopted, and fused with the Chinese tradition. The writer who best succeeded in mastering these problems of selection and synthesis was Lu Hsun, who, while benefiting from the example of Western writers, especially Russian, at the same time retained a Chinese character and style, not only through the subject matter of his work, but also from his knowledge and keen appreciation of old Chinese literature.

No description available.

No description available.

In the 1980s and 1990s, privatisation has been widely adopted across the developing world and has reversed the previous trend towards the expansion of state enterprise. This thesis examines the establishment, operation and privatisation of the state enterprise sector in Zambia between 1968 and 1998. Following the economic reforms announced at Mulungushi (1968) and Matero Hall (1969), state enterprise came to dominate the economy. In 1990 a policy of limited privatisation was introduced which was subsequently extended to cover the entire state enterprise sector. By the end of 1998, this had resulted in the privatisation of the majority of state enterprises. The thesis examines the changing role of state enterprise from a political perspective, with the state analysed as the agent of policy choice and implementation. It examines the reasons for the growth in state enterprise, evaluates its performance and identifies the factors which prompted the adoption of privatisation and influenced its implementation. It argues that the growth of state enterprise was primarily a response to the inadequacies of the existing private sector in meeting the state's developmental objectives. However, the strategy pursued by the state enterprise sector proved to be commercially and financially unsustainable. To these problems were added pressure from creditors and donors for Zambia to adopt policies of market liberalisation. This resulted in the adoption of a strategy of comprehensive privatisation. The thesis examines how the choice of the method of privatisation of individual enterprises reflected the objectives of the government in undertaking the programme and the constraints under which it was implemented. The Zambian Government sought to promote competitive industrial structures, indigenous ownership and the viability of the enterprises involved in the process. It has, however, been constrained in this by a number of factors, including the existing legal rights of minority shareholders, the weak commercial and financial position of many state enterprises and the macro-economic environment in which the programme has been undertaken.

This research explores and describes the factors applicable to the success of community-based co-operative ventures in a land reform context. Its theory-base is rooted in entrepreneurship with useful additions gleaned from the experiences of co-operative ventures in South Africa and internationally. It makes use of a purposeful and snowballing sampling strategy to conduct qualitative research. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis and an open inductive approach. Triangulation of results was achieved through in-depth focus group interviews, background depth through secondary research and literature control making use of specific research objectives. The results suggest that a co-operative setting can identify, nurture and expand entrepreneurship. It observes that co-operative schemes can provide the means to substitute for and leverage the external institutional environment that co-operative schemes in a land reform context typically find themselves in. It offers new perspectives on how the interaction of elements affecting the success of co-operative ventures in a land reform context should be analysed. Further research is suggested to test these results. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / pagibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / The effectiveness of the South African Land reform Programme has been at the centre of debates amonng land reform activists and within government. Empirical evidence shows that land reform has not only been moving at a slow pace, but has also had limited impact on the livelihoods of beneficiaries, due to the fact that many land reform farms have operated at a very low level since being transferred to their new owners. This study looks at performance of land reform in South Africa, using the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme in the Nothern Cape as an example. / South Africa