No description available.

Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for causing pseudomembranous colitis. It is estimated that 25% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is due to C. difficile. These diseases result from intestinal tissue damage caused by two of the largest known bacterial toxins, A and B. Molecular studies of the C. difficile toxins have identified a 19.6 kb toxigenic element that contains both toxin genes flanked by three small open reading frames (ORFs). The focus of this study is to elucidate the function of the ORF, designated txeR, which is located at the beginning of the toxigenic element. The deduced amino acid sequence of txeR predicts a 22-kDa protein that contains a helix-turn-helix motif characteristic of DNA binding regulatory proteins. To determine if the protein TxeR regulates expression from the toxA, toxB, and txeR promoters, gene fusions were constructed that contained the various promoter regions and a reporter gene. The immunodominant region of toxin A located at the carboxy-terminus, termed the repeating units (ARU), was selected as the reporter gene. Expression studies were performed in Escherichia coli host strains. Levels of ARU expression were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using an ARU-specific monoclonal antibody. Expression levels of ARU from the toxin B promoter region with TxeR supplied on the same plasmid (in cis) or on a different plasmid (in trans) were determined. In cis, ARU levels were 50-fold higher than strains without txeR. In trans, expression of ARU from the toxin B promoter region increased over 800-fold. When TxeR was supplied in trans to a toxin A promoter region-ARU fusion, expression levels of ARU increased over 500-fold. To test for autoregulation, TxeR was supplied in trans to the txeR promoter region fused to ARU. The effect was an increase of ARU expression up to 20-fold over background. These results suggest that TxeR is a trans-acting regulator that stimulates expression of the C. difficile toxins and is subjected to autoregulation. / Master of Science

Iron homeostasis is regulated by iron regulatory proteins, IRP1 and IRP2, which bind to iron responsive elements (IRE) in the mRNA of proteins of iron metabolism such as ferritin (iron storage). IRP2 undergoes iron-mediated degradation, and this pathway shares notable similarities with that of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). It has been reported that oxidative stress marked by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal HIF-1 stabilization in hypoxia. The role of ROS in IRP2 regulation is not well-established. We show that the degree of hypoxia induces differential effects on iron-mediated degradation of IRP2, such that IRP2 levels are 3-fold higher when exposed to 0.1% O 2 compared to 3% O2 after 4 hours of iron treatment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) affects IRP2 by inducing IRE-binding activity after 12 hours, which is accompanied by decreased ferritin levels. Furthermore, the ability of H2O2 to protect IRP2 against iron-dependent degradation is similar to that of hypoxia. Finally, both intracellular and extracellular sources of oxidative stress protect IRP2 from ascorbate-mediated degradation. Taken together, these results support a role of ROS in protecting IRP2 against iron-mediated degradation and indicate that oxidative stress modulates downstream effects of IRP2.

No description available.

Macrophage migration, an essential component of many biological processes and pathologic conditions, is mediated by integrated cellular signaling processes and cytoskeleton rearrangement. Recent advances indicate that the innate immunity signaling process plays a key role in the regulation of macrophage migration. Furthermore, our lab has provided evidence demonstrating the involvement of a key innate immunity signaling kinase, IRAK-1, as a critical modulator of murine macrophage migration. Macrophage migration induced by a potent PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly decreased in IRAK-1-/- murine macrophages compared with wild type cells. Mechanistically, we first demonstrated that IRAK-1 works downstream of PKCε and directly binds to VASP, a cytoskeleton regulatory protein, to regulate PMA-induced macrophage migration. Secondly, we proved that IRAK-1 is required for LPS-induced macrophage migration and expression of MCP-1, a chemotactic cytokine for macrophages, via transcription factor C/EBPδ instead of NFκB. IRAK-1 binds directly to IKKε and inhibition or knock-down of IKKε results in a significant decrease in C/EBPδ expression and MCP-1 mRNA expression. Lastly, we identified the direct association between IRAK-1 and Rac1, a member of the Rac subfamily in the Rho family of GTPases. These finding further confirmed the essential role of IRAK-1 during macrophage migration. Our research provides a novel facet regarding the molecular signaling processes regulating macrophage migration. / Ph. D.

L’infarctus du myocarde représente un problème de santé publique dont le traitement de choix consiste à restaurer le flux sanguin (reperfusion) à travers le tissu ischémié dans les plus brefs délais, cependant cette procédure s’accompagne de lésions supplémentaires dont les mécanismes ne sont pas totalement connus. Notre laboratoire a observé que la reperfusion du myocarde s’accompagne d’une accumulation de cholestérol et d’oxystérols dans les mitochondries qui sont impliquées dans l’apparition de ces lésions. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse a donc été d’identifier les mécanismes responsables de cette accumulation. L’utilisation de stratégies cardioprotectrices (statines, exercice physique, ligand de la protéine translocatrice (TSPO)), visant à réduire la concentration cellulaire ou mitochondriale de cholestérol ou le stress oxydant, a tout d’abord permis de mettre en évidence une relation entre l’effet cardioprotecteur et l’inhibition de l’accumulation des stérols mitochondriaux. Cette relation persiste en présence d’une hypercholestérolémie. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que l’accumulation mitochondriale de cholestérol et d’oxystérols est due à la translocation de la protéine StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein) du cytosol à la mitochondrie dans les premières minutes de la reperfusion et que ce phénomène est modulé par le TSPO. L’inhibition de l’expression mitochondriale de la protéine StAR pourrait représenter une stratégie intéressante afin de protéger le myocarde ischémié de la reperfusion et ce notamment en cas d’hypercholestérolémie. / Myocardial infarction represents a serious public health issue which requires the restoration of the blood flow (reperfusion) in the ischemic tissue as soon as possible; however cardiac reperfusion also induces additional injuries whose mechanisms are not completely established. Our laboratory showed that myocardial infarction induces the accumulation of cholesterol and oxysterols in the mitochondria which are involved in the induction of reperfusion injury. The objective of this thesis project was to identify the mechanisms responsible for this accumulation. The use of cardioprotective strategies (statin, physical exercise, translocator protein (TSPO) ligand), aiming at reducing the cellular and mitochondrial cholesterol concentrations or the oxidative stress, showed the relation between the cardioprotective effect and the inhibition of the mitochondrial sterol accumulation. This relation persists in hypercholesterolemic animals. Furthermore, we showed that the mitochondrial cholesterol and oxysterol accumulation is caused by the translocation of StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein) from cytosol to mitochondria during the first minutes of the reperfusion and this phenomenon is regulated by the TSPO. The inhibition of the mitochondrial expression of StAR could be an interesting approach in order to protect the ischemic myocardium from reperfusion injury, especially in a hypercholesterolemic context.

Listeria monocytogenes the causative agent of foodborne listeriosis is a facultative pathogen that lives as a saprophyte in soil and as an intracellular parasite in host tissues. A regulatory protein, the transcriptional activator PrfA, plays a key role in the “saprotroph to parasite” conversion of L. monocytogenes by selectively activating key virulence genes essential for infection when the bacteria enter host cells. Central to this conversion is the plastic ability of PrfA allosterically shift between two states, weakly active (“ON-OFF”, outside in the environment) and strongly active (“ON”, intracellular compartment). In this thesis, I have used the PrfA “ON-OFF” virulence switch to understand the role of virulence regulators in the adaptability of facultative parasites to a wide range of niches. Using the PrfA model, I have also examined the trade-offs between the saprotroph and virulent states of facultative pathogens and the role of plasticity in maintaining adaptation to multiple environments. Using soil as a natural environment model, I have shown that overexpression of the PrfA-dependent virulence regulon has a negative impact on environmental survival of L. monocytogenes. Then I investigated the fitness consequences of losing PrfA switchability in non-host environments. The results in in-vitro growth conditions with isogenic strains with PrfA locked in the “ON” state and in which all the genes of the virulence regulon were deleted, showed that PrfA-dependent gene overexpression causes a reduction in fitness. Our data indicate this was directly attributable to the costs associated with the overproduction of an array of unneeded proteins and not to indirect effects of hyperactive PrfA in Listeria metabolism. Finally, I used experimental evolution studies in in-vitro only conditions and in alternate in-vitro and intracellular conditions with bacteria with wild-type or “ON-locked” PrfA alleles to visualize the selective pressures acting on the PrfA switch. The results of the selection experiments showed that adaptation to the different conditions involves a rapid evolution of PrfA with mutations changing its activity according to the specific environment in which selection occurred. The findings from this thesis highlight the importance of plastic ability, evolution of properly regulated genetic systems and the role of these genetic systems in enabling organisms to maximise their fitness during the adaptation process to a specific niche.

The molecular weight of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor was assessed in bovine aorta, and rat liver, lung, and brain by covalent cross-linking and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The receptor in all four tissues was found to be a single polypeptide of approximate Mr 54,000, contradicting previous claims for substantial heterogeneity in the molecular weight of this receptor. Guanine nucleotides inhibit cross-linking of 125I-VIP to its receptor, and cross-linking with ethylene glycolbis(succinimidylsuccinate) provides further evidence for complex formation between VIP, its receptor and a guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G-protein). The precise mechanism of receptor-G-protein coupling may differ between the aorta and other tissues.

No description available.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuronal degenerative disease caused by the mutation or loss of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) gene. The cause for the specific motor neuron susceptibility in SMA has not been identified. The high axonal transport/localization demand on motor neurons may be one potentially disrupted function, more specific to these cells. We therefore used a large-scale immunoprecipitation (IP) experiment, to identify potential interactors of SMN involved in neuronal transport and localization of mRNA targets. We identified KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), a multifunctional RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation, neuro-specific alternative splicing, and mRNA decay. KSRP is closely related to chick zipcode-binding protein 2 and rat MARTA1, proteins involved in neuronal transport/localization of beta-actin and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNAs, respectively. We demonstrated that KSRP is arginine methylated, a novel SMN interactor (specifically with the SMN Tudor domain; and not with SMA causing mutants). We also found this protein to be misregulated in the absence of SMN, resulting in increased mRNA stability of KSRP mRNA target, p21cip/waf1. A role for SMN as an axonal chaperone of methylated RBPs could thus be key in SMA pathophysiology.