O nascimento prematuro é um problema de saúde pública, cujas consequências incidem tanto sobre as condições de sobrevivência do neonato, quanto sobre as reações emocionais dos pais. A separação precoce entre a mãe o bebê, as limitações impostas pelo ambiente tecnológico de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal para interação dos pais com o recém-nascido e o sofrimento psicológico vivido pelo casal parental podem repercutir na relação da tríade pai-mãe-bebê. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar o conjunto das reações emocionais apresentadas pelos pais de bebês pré-termo de muito baixo peso e as relações entre essas reações e o processo de transição para a parentalidade. Nesta pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, os participantes foram 4 mães e 4 pais de bebês prematuros internados no Hospital Universitário da USP. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semi-estruturada e analisados através da análise de conteúdo. As coordenadas teóricas que sustentaram a análise foram as da teoria psicanalítica de Winnicott, junto a contribuições de outros autores, cuja elaboração teórica foi considerada relevante para a discussão do tema. Foram identificadas reações emocionais ligadas à interrupção precoce da gravidez, ao relacionamento com a criança, à relação do casal parental e à relação com a equipe de saúde. Sensações de medo, apreensão, estranhamento, sentimentos de incompletude, irrealidade e impotência, necessidade de apoio, percepção de transformação pessoal e dos vínculos conjugais compuseram as singulares reações emocionais de cada casal parental. Algumas dessas reações mostraram-se favorecedoras e outras dificultadoras do processo de transição à parentalidade. Nesse estudo, as dificuldades vividas pelos pais não se apresentaram, a priori, como um impedimento para a construção de um vínculo seguro e saudável com os seus filhos. Mas tais dificuldades evidenciam a necessidade, apontada em outros trabalhos, de que os pais recebam atenção especializada do profissional da saúde mental, assim como, assistência integral da equipe de saúde tanto na internação, quanto no período da gravidez e após a alta hospitalar / The birth of a premature infant is a public health problem, whose consequences affect the living conditions of the newborn and parents emotional reactions. The early separation between mother and baby, the limitations established by technological environment of a neonatal intensive care unit for parents-child relation and parental couples psychological distress may affect the relationship of triad father-mother-infant. The goal of this study was investigate the emotional reactions set presented by very low birthweight infants parents and relationship between these reactions and transition to parenthood. This study used qualitative research and the subjects were 4 mothers and 4 fathers of very low birthweight infants admitted at University Hospital of USP. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed through content analysis. The theoretical coordinates that supported analysis were the Winnicotts theories add contributions from other authors, whose theoretical elaborations were considered relevant for discussion. Were identified emotional reactions linked to early interruption of pregnancy, to relationships with child, with health team and parental couples relationship. Fear, apprehension, estrangement, feelings of incompleteness, unreality and helplessness, need support, personal transformation and marital bonds composed the singular emotional reactions of each parental couple. Some of these reactions proved to be favoring and other cause difficulties of transition to parenthood. In This study, the difficulties experienced by parents were not a obstacle to building a secure and healthy bond with their children. But, these difficulties highlight the need for parents to receive specialized care of mental health professionals, as well as, comprehensive care of the health team during hospitalization, pregnancy and after discharge

Este trabalho objetivou conhecer a visão dos filhos sobre os conflitos conjugais, através da técnica do grupo focal. Participaram 17 estudantes de uma escola pública, que moravam com seus pais, divididos em dois grupos focais, um de 8 crianças (8-9 anos) e outro com 9 adolescentes (12-13 anos). Cada grupo teve um único encontro realizado na escola dos participantes. Os dados de cada grupo foram analisados qualitativamente, em separado. Na perspectiva dos filhos, os conflitos conjugais podem variar desde uma discussão até a agressão física, são recorrentes, versam sobre qualquer assunto, sendo a sua expressão predominantemente negativa. Os filhos parecem empreender esforços para reconhecer a ocorrência dos conflitos e entender suas causas e consequências. Para lidar com os sentimentos negativos despertados pelo conflito, os filhos adotam estratégias variadas, podendo se engajar em comportamentos extremamente destrutivos. No geral, a visão de crianças e adolescentes converge, apresentando algumas diferenças. / This study focused on children’s view of marital conflicts, through focus group technique. Participated 17 public school students, living with their parents. Participants were divided into two focus groups, one of eight children (8-9 years) and another with nine adolescents (12-13 years). Each group had a single meeting at participants’ school. Data from each group were qualitatively analyzed, separately. From the children’s perspective, marital conflicts can range from discussion to physical aggression, are recurrent, deal with any subject, and are predominantly negative in its expression. Children seem to make efforts to recognize the occurrence of conflicts and to understand its causes and consequences. To deal with the negative feelings aroused by the conflict, children adopt various strategies, and may engage in highly destructive behaviors. Overall, children and adolescents’ view converge, with some differences.

Coparenting emerges across the transition to parenthood and refers to the way individuals coordinate, support each other in their parental roles and share responsibility in childrearing. Despite the increase in research on coparenting, relatively few studies have focused on non- North American or non-European families, which has hindered practice and policy targeting diverse countries. Likewise, qualitative research on coparenting is relatively rare, yet critical to shed light on details and complexities not well captured by other methods, including insights into sociocultural factors linked to coparenting in distinct contexts. Moreover, a qualitative longitudinal approach is particularly well suited to examine important life course transitions and turning points, such as the transition to parenthood. To address these gaps, we investigated coparenting across the transition to parenthood in South-Brazilian families, using a qualitative, longitudinal, multiple case study. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 first-time mother and fathers (six nuclear families altogether), at 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum (36 interviews altogether). In two families only the father was employed, with the mother caring for the child; in two families both parents were employed, and they hired a nanny to care for the child in their home; and, in two families both parents were employed, and the child started attending daycare at the end of maternity leave. Through the two articles that comprise the current doctoral dissertation, we explored three components of Feinberg’s (2003) coparenting framework: division of labor (how parents divide childcare tasks and household chores, as well as their satisfaction with this division); agreement/disagreement (e.g., regarding children’s emotional needs and discipline); and, support/undermining (appreciation and cooperation, or criticism and competition). The first article is focused on the division of labor, whereas the second is focused on agreement/disagreement and support/undermining. Deductive thematic analysis revealed similarities and singularities between families. As presented in the first article, we found weaker sharing of household chores over time, against greater sharing of childcare tasks during the first few days postpartum, followed by a downward tendency in the fathers’ contributions during the first few months postpartum. This more unequal division of labor remained stable over time only for families who had chosen maternal care, changing after the end of maternity leave for families who had chosen nanny care and daycare. Parental satisfaction regarding the division of labor remained relatively high over time only for families who had chosen nanny care, which suggests that counting on a domestic worker since the beginning of the transition to parenthood contributed to preventing parental feelings of overload or unfairness across the transition to parenthood. Findings were discussed in the 10 light of the role that instrumental and social support, as well as the prevailing Brazilian gender norms, may play in the division of labor for new parents. With respect to the second article, our findings showed that agreement among parents remained relatively stable during the first year, whereas disagreements concerning discipline demanded more parental negotiation as infants advanced toward toddlerhood. Support and undermining coexisted in the same families, although mothers and fathers expressed undermining differently. Aspects of the ecological context, such as family of origin, instrumental and social support, as well as labor market, also appeared to influence coparenting agreement/disagreement and support/ undermining. Following each article, we presented strengths, limitations, suggestions for future research, as well as implications for practice (e.g., counseling) and policy (e.g., childcare arrangements and parental leave).

Coparenting emerges across the transition to parenthood and refers to the way individuals coordinate, support each other in their parental roles and share responsibility in childrearing. Despite the increase in research on coparenting, relatively few studies have focused on non- North American or non-European families, which has hindered practice and policy targeting diverse countries. Likewise, qualitative research on coparenting is relatively rare, yet critical to shed light on details and complexities not well captured by other methods, including insights into sociocultural factors linked to coparenting in distinct contexts. Moreover, a qualitative longitudinal approach is particularly well suited to examine important life course transitions and turning points, such as the transition to parenthood. To address these gaps, we investigated coparenting across the transition to parenthood in South-Brazilian families, using a qualitative, longitudinal, multiple case study. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 first-time mother and fathers (six nuclear families altogether), at 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum (36 interviews altogether). In two families only the father was employed, with the mother caring for the child; in two families both parents were employed, and they hired a nanny to care for the child in their home; and, in two families both parents were employed, and the child started attending daycare at the end of maternity leave. Through the two articles that comprise the current doctoral dissertation, we explored three components of Feinberg’s (2003) coparenting framework: division of labor (how parents divide childcare tasks and household chores, as well as their satisfaction with this division); agreement/disagreement (e.g., regarding children’s emotional needs and discipline); and, support/undermining (appreciation and cooperation, or criticism and competition). The first article is focused on the division of labor, whereas the second is focused on agreement/disagreement and support/undermining. Deductive thematic analysis revealed similarities and singularities between families. As presented in the first article, we found weaker sharing of household chores over time, against greater sharing of childcare tasks during the first few days postpartum, followed by a downward tendency in the fathers’ contributions during the first few months postpartum. This more unequal division of labor remained stable over time only for families who had chosen maternal care, changing after the end of maternity leave for families who had chosen nanny care and daycare. Parental satisfaction regarding the division of labor remained relatively high over time only for families who had chosen nanny care, which suggests that counting on a domestic worker since the beginning of the transition to parenthood contributed to preventing parental feelings of overload or unfairness across the transition to parenthood. Findings were discussed in the 10 light of the role that instrumental and social support, as well as the prevailing Brazilian gender norms, may play in the division of labor for new parents. With respect to the second article, our findings showed that agreement among parents remained relatively stable during the first year, whereas disagreements concerning discipline demanded more parental negotiation as infants advanced toward toddlerhood. Support and undermining coexisted in the same families, although mothers and fathers expressed undermining differently. Aspects of the ecological context, such as family of origin, instrumental and social support, as well as labor market, also appeared to influence coparenting agreement/disagreement and support/ undermining. Following each article, we presented strengths, limitations, suggestions for future research, as well as implications for practice (e.g., counseling) and policy (e.g., childcare arrangements and parental leave).

O trabalho interroga como é possível trabalhar com crianças na clínica psicanalítica de maneira a auxiliá-las a modular a voz, utilizando a operação do transitivismo. Para tanto lança-se mão do método psicanalítico de pesquisa, da construção de um caso e de um ensaio metapsicológico. As referências teóricas principais desta investigação provêm do campo da Psicanálise, assim como também se utilizam autores da Psicologia da Música e da Filosofia. Os achados práticos são trazidos para o leitor através de um caso modelo de uma criança que, ao longo de sua análise, pôde ir modulando suas vocalizações e a si mesma enquanto sujeito. Os encaminhamentos e discussões acerca desse caso são levantados pela autora desde sua leitura das cenas trazidas de acordo com a literatura por ela utilizada. / This research is about the modulation of the voice of children in psychoanalytical treatment through the “transitivism intervention”. The psychoanalytical methods were used, as well as the case’s construction and methapsychological assay. Psychoanalytical theory was usedbut other theories were alo considered. Musical psychology Theory and Philosophical one were used too. The data was presented throught a model case that tells about a child under psychoanalytical treatment that modulated a little bit more her voice and her psychical body. The results were discussed by the author based in the theory and point of view of herself.

Este trabalho objetivou conhecer a visão dos filhos sobre os conflitos conjugais, através da técnica do grupo focal. Participaram 17 estudantes de uma escola pública, que moravam com seus pais, divididos em dois grupos focais, um de 8 crianças (8-9 anos) e outro com 9 adolescentes (12-13 anos). Cada grupo teve um único encontro realizado na escola dos participantes. Os dados de cada grupo foram analisados qualitativamente, em separado. Na perspectiva dos filhos, os conflitos conjugais podem variar desde uma discussão até a agressão física, são recorrentes, versam sobre qualquer assunto, sendo a sua expressão predominantemente negativa. Os filhos parecem empreender esforços para reconhecer a ocorrência dos conflitos e entender suas causas e consequências. Para lidar com os sentimentos negativos despertados pelo conflito, os filhos adotam estratégias variadas, podendo se engajar em comportamentos extremamente destrutivos. No geral, a visão de crianças e adolescentes converge, apresentando algumas diferenças. / This study focused on children’s view of marital conflicts, through focus group technique. Participated 17 public school students, living with their parents. Participants were divided into two focus groups, one of eight children (8-9 years) and another with nine adolescents (12-13 years). Each group had a single meeting at participants’ school. Data from each group were qualitatively analyzed, separately. From the children’s perspective, marital conflicts can range from discussion to physical aggression, are recurrent, deal with any subject, and are predominantly negative in its expression. Children seem to make efforts to recognize the occurrence of conflicts and to understand its causes and consequences. To deal with the negative feelings aroused by the conflict, children adopt various strategies, and may engage in highly destructive behaviors. Overall, children and adolescents’ view converge, with some differences.

Coparenting emerges across the transition to parenthood and refers to the way individuals coordinate, support each other in their parental roles and share responsibility in childrearing. Despite the increase in research on coparenting, relatively few studies have focused on non- North American or non-European families, which has hindered practice and policy targeting diverse countries. Likewise, qualitative research on coparenting is relatively rare, yet critical to shed light on details and complexities not well captured by other methods, including insights into sociocultural factors linked to coparenting in distinct contexts. Moreover, a qualitative longitudinal approach is particularly well suited to examine important life course transitions and turning points, such as the transition to parenthood. To address these gaps, we investigated coparenting across the transition to parenthood in South-Brazilian families, using a qualitative, longitudinal, multiple case study. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 first-time mother and fathers (six nuclear families altogether), at 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum (36 interviews altogether). In two families only the father was employed, with the mother caring for the child; in two families both parents were employed, and they hired a nanny to care for the child in their home; and, in two families both parents were employed, and the child started attending daycare at the end of maternity leave. Through the two articles that comprise the current doctoral dissertation, we explored three components of Feinberg’s (2003) coparenting framework: division of labor (how parents divide childcare tasks and household chores, as well as their satisfaction with this division); agreement/disagreement (e.g., regarding children’s emotional needs and discipline); and, support/undermining (appreciation and cooperation, or criticism and competition). The first article is focused on the division of labor, whereas the second is focused on agreement/disagreement and support/undermining. Deductive thematic analysis revealed similarities and singularities between families. As presented in the first article, we found weaker sharing of household chores over time, against greater sharing of childcare tasks during the first few days postpartum, followed by a downward tendency in the fathers’ contributions during the first few months postpartum. This more unequal division of labor remained stable over time only for families who had chosen maternal care, changing after the end of maternity leave for families who had chosen nanny care and daycare. Parental satisfaction regarding the division of labor remained relatively high over time only for families who had chosen nanny care, which suggests that counting on a domestic worker since the beginning of the transition to parenthood contributed to preventing parental feelings of overload or unfairness across the transition to parenthood. Findings were discussed in the 10 light of the role that instrumental and social support, as well as the prevailing Brazilian gender norms, may play in the division of labor for new parents. With respect to the second article, our findings showed that agreement among parents remained relatively stable during the first year, whereas disagreements concerning discipline demanded more parental negotiation as infants advanced toward toddlerhood. Support and undermining coexisted in the same families, although mothers and fathers expressed undermining differently. Aspects of the ecological context, such as family of origin, instrumental and social support, as well as labor market, also appeared to influence coparenting agreement/disagreement and support/ undermining. Following each article, we presented strengths, limitations, suggestions for future research, as well as implications for practice (e.g., counseling) and policy (e.g., childcare arrangements and parental leave).

O trabalho interroga como é possível trabalhar com crianças na clínica psicanalítica de maneira a auxiliá-las a modular a voz, utilizando a operação do transitivismo. Para tanto lança-se mão do método psicanalítico de pesquisa, da construção de um caso e de um ensaio metapsicológico. As referências teóricas principais desta investigação provêm do campo da Psicanálise, assim como também se utilizam autores da Psicologia da Música e da Filosofia. Os achados práticos são trazidos para o leitor através de um caso modelo de uma criança que, ao longo de sua análise, pôde ir modulando suas vocalizações e a si mesma enquanto sujeito. Os encaminhamentos e discussões acerca desse caso são levantados pela autora desde sua leitura das cenas trazidas de acordo com a literatura por ela utilizada. / This research is about the modulation of the voice of children in psychoanalytical treatment through the “transitivism intervention”. The psychoanalytical methods were used, as well as the case’s construction and methapsychological assay. Psychoanalytical theory was usedbut other theories were alo considered. Musical psychology Theory and Philosophical one were used too. The data was presented throught a model case that tells about a child under psychoanalytical treatment that modulated a little bit more her voice and her psychical body. The results were discussed by the author based in the theory and point of view of herself.

Este trabalho objetivou conhecer a visão dos filhos sobre os conflitos conjugais, através da técnica do grupo focal. Participaram 17 estudantes de uma escola pública, que moravam com seus pais, divididos em dois grupos focais, um de 8 crianças (8-9 anos) e outro com 9 adolescentes (12-13 anos). Cada grupo teve um único encontro realizado na escola dos participantes. Os dados de cada grupo foram analisados qualitativamente, em separado. Na perspectiva dos filhos, os conflitos conjugais podem variar desde uma discussão até a agressão física, são recorrentes, versam sobre qualquer assunto, sendo a sua expressão predominantemente negativa. Os filhos parecem empreender esforços para reconhecer a ocorrência dos conflitos e entender suas causas e consequências. Para lidar com os sentimentos negativos despertados pelo conflito, os filhos adotam estratégias variadas, podendo se engajar em comportamentos extremamente destrutivos. No geral, a visão de crianças e adolescentes converge, apresentando algumas diferenças. / This study focused on children’s view of marital conflicts, through focus group technique. Participated 17 public school students, living with their parents. Participants were divided into two focus groups, one of eight children (8-9 years) and another with nine adolescents (12-13 years). Each group had a single meeting at participants’ school. Data from each group were qualitatively analyzed, separately. From the children’s perspective, marital conflicts can range from discussion to physical aggression, are recurrent, deal with any subject, and are predominantly negative in its expression. Children seem to make efforts to recognize the occurrence of conflicts and to understand its causes and consequences. To deal with the negative feelings aroused by the conflict, children adopt various strategies, and may engage in highly destructive behaviors. Overall, children and adolescents’ view converge, with some differences.

O trabalho interroga como é possível trabalhar com crianças na clínica psicanalítica de maneira a auxiliá-las a modular a voz, utilizando a operação do transitivismo. Para tanto lança-se mão do método psicanalítico de pesquisa, da construção de um caso e de um ensaio metapsicológico. As referências teóricas principais desta investigação provêm do campo da Psicanálise, assim como também se utilizam autores da Psicologia da Música e da Filosofia. Os achados práticos são trazidos para o leitor através de um caso modelo de uma criança que, ao longo de sua análise, pôde ir modulando suas vocalizações e a si mesma enquanto sujeito. Os encaminhamentos e discussões acerca desse caso são levantados pela autora desde sua leitura das cenas trazidas de acordo com a literatura por ela utilizada. / This research is about the modulation of the voice of children in psychoanalytical treatment through the “transitivism intervention”. The psychoanalytical methods were used, as well as the case’s construction and methapsychological assay. Psychoanalytical theory was usedbut other theories were alo considered. Musical psychology Theory and Philosophical one were used too. The data was presented throught a model case that tells about a child under psychoanalytical treatment that modulated a little bit more her voice and her psychical body. The results were discussed by the author based in the theory and point of view of herself.