This thesis suggests a new method of developing reading materials for Navajo students. The core of this method is based on phoneme- grapheme relative frequency correspondence data. A short story was phonetically edited and rewritten using the phoneme-grapheme relative frequency method. This short story was one of the major products of the thesis. This short story and three other short stories previously phonically rewritten, were presented in both this form and in original text to 38 Navajo students for reading. Reading speed and reading comprehension were measured for each student on the short stories. The students performed with superior reading speed and with superior reading comprehension on two stories and equal comprehension on two stories. The difference on reading speed was significant at the .01 level. On the two stories with reading comprehension differences, the difference was significant at the .05 level.

<p>In this paper, relative clauses in King Alfred’s Old English translation of Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care were examined using relative frequency as a tool to determine whether or not certain factors influenced the choice of relativization strategy. These factors include antecedent case, antecedent gender, antecedent number, distance, animacy, noun phrase type, case of relativized NP, and syntactic function.</p><p>The method involved gathering together all the occurrences of relative clauses using the Old English corpus and a Modern English translation. This process was not unproblematic as the correct translation from Old English to modern English sometimes was left to the discretion of the translator. Some clauses that were initially thought to be relative clauses were, in fact, not relative clauses. The components of each of the clauses were then examined and categorized after any problematic examples were discarded. Relative frequencies for each of the categories were calculated and chi-square tests were performed to check the reliability of the results.</p><p>The results of this paper were compared to another paper which did somewhat similar research to determine if the findings were consistent although that paper did not look at as many factors as this paper.</p>

This dissertation develops a word bank based on a series of well defined filters. The basis of this system is grapheme-phoneme relative frequency control. The word bank is designed to be used in developing reading materials at varied degrees of difficulty. Four short stories were edited as to their grapheme-phoneme relationships. Reading speed and reading comprehension were measured for each student on these stories. All students read a story in the original form and a story in the filtered version. No difference in reading comprehension were found, but reading speed was significantly higher on three of four stories.

In this paper, relative clauses in King Alfred’s Old English translation of Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care were examined using relative frequency as a tool to determine whether or not certain factors influenced the choice of relativization strategy. These factors include antecedent case, antecedent gender, antecedent number, distance, animacy, noun phrase type, case of relativized NP, and syntactic function. The method involved gathering together all the occurrences of relative clauses using the Old English corpus and a Modern English translation. This process was not unproblematic as the correct translation from Old English to modern English sometimes was left to the discretion of the translator. Some clauses that were initially thought to be relative clauses were, in fact, not relative clauses. The components of each of the clauses were then examined and categorized after any problematic examples were discarded. Relative frequencies for each of the categories were calculated and chi-square tests were performed to check the reliability of the results. The results of this paper were compared to another paper which did somewhat similar research to determine if the findings were consistent although that paper did not look at as many factors as this paper.

Animais que nadam ou voam apresentam uma coordenação de movimentos similar que garante uma interação ótima de seus corpos com o escoamento gerando máxima eficiência propulsiva devido a interação dos vórtices liberados. O grupamento adimensional da mecânica dos fluidos que avalia esta coordenação é o número de Strouhal. Este estudo visa verificar se seres humanos seriam capazes de utilizar desta coordenação para nadar de forma mais rápida e eficiente. Para isso, foram analisadas as influencias antropométricas, de habilidade, desempenho, sexo e idade na possível utilização desta coordenação. Foram filmados 144 participantes de ambos os sexos, entre 12 e 53 anos e diferentes níveis de habilidade, enquanto nadavam crawl em máxima velocidade de forma livre, com limitação de velocidade e apenas com ação de pernas. Estes dados permitiram avaliar as condições do escoamento, o arrasto, o índice de coordenação, o número de Strouhal e a coordenação entre membros dos participantes. Embora as diferenças entre sexos e idades já reportadas na literatura a respeito do índice de coordenação e do arrasto tenham sido confirmadas, estas características parecem não afetar a coordenação entre membros e o número de Strouhal de forma a não influenciar o possível mecanismo propulsivo relacionado à interação dos vórtices. Nadadores mais habilidosos parecem tentar coordenar seus nados em um valor de Strouhal de aproximadamente 0,5, com um número fixo de pernadas dentro dos ciclos de braçadas e com movimentos de braços e pernas sincronizados. Esta coordenação constante parece privilegiar a ocorrência da finalização de uma pernada durante uma fase propulsiva crítica da braçada sustentando a possibilidade da interação das ações propulsivas. Quando submetidos a uma condição com limitação de velocidade os nadadores mais habilidosos buscaram alterar suas técnicas. Eles apresentaram maior amplitude de pernada, porém não foi possível determinar se isso ocorreu devido ao maior arrasto ou a uma tentativa de aumentar o número de Strouhal. O mesmo aumento da amplitude de pernada também foi observado para as condições com apenas propulsão de pernas, no entanto, para este caso, nadadores de todos os níveis identificaram a necessidade de alterar suas técnicas de pernadas. Estes resultados parecem sugerir que o aproveitamento da interação com vórtices não ocorreria em baixas velocidades e que apenas os nadadores mais habilidosos identificam a coordenação necessária para cada situação. Desta forma, o desempenho e experiência do nadador parecem constituir restritores para o aproveitamento da interação com vórtices. No entanto a partir de um determinado valor de número de Froude (velocidade normalizada pela raiz quadrada do produto entre estatura e a aceleração da gravidade), apenas a habilidade do nadador parece interferir nesta coordenação. O arrasto e as características antropométricas parecem não influenciar o número de Strouhal ou a coordenação entre membros / Flying and swimming animals presents a similar movement coordination that insure a optimal interaction between their bodies and the flow. This coordination generate high propulsive efficiency due to the interaction between shedding vortex. The dimensionless group used in fluid mechanics to evaluate this phenomenon is Strouhal number. This study aims to verify if the human beings are able to use this coordination to swim in a faster and more efficient way. For this purpose we analyzed the influence of anthropometric characteristics, ability, performance, sex and age in the possible use of the coordination mentioned above. 144 subjects of both sex, age between 12 and 53 years, and different ability levels were filmed while they swan front crawl in maximal velocity in three different conditions: free swimming, with velocity limitation and using legs action only. These data allowed evaluating the flow conditions, the drag force, the index of coordination, the Strouhal number and the coordination between limbs. Although differences between sex and age related to Index of coordination and drag reported previously have been confirmed, these characteristics seem not to affect the coordination between limbs and Strouhal number, in such a way, that the possible vortex interaction\'s propulsive mechanism would not be affected by sex and age. The most skilled swimmers seem to try to coordinate their movements to reach a Strouhal number about 0,5; with a fixed number of kick beats per stroke; and with a synchronized coordination between arms and legs. This coordination seems to lead to an occurrence of the ending of the kick beat in a critical propulsive phase of the stroke, which supports the possibility that there is an interaction between the propulsive actions of arms and legs. When the swimmers are exposed to a condition with velocity limitation, the most skilled of them tried to change their techniques. They raised their kick amplitude, however, it was not possible to determine if this raise happened due to the either higher drag force or to an attempt to raise the Strouhal number. The same kick amplitude raise was also observed on the legs propulsion condition, however, in this case, all swimmers were able to identify the need of change their techniques. These results suggest that the use of the interaction between vortex would not occur in low velocities, moreover, only the most skilled swimmers are able to identify the best coordination for each condition. In this way, the swimmer\'s performance and experience seem to be constraint for the use of the interaction between vortex. Nonetheless, since a Froude (V.(gl)-0.5) threshold was reached, only the swimmer\'s ability seems to affect this coordination. The drag and anthropometric characteristics seem not to affect Strouhal number or the limbs\' coordination

La présente thèse est une étude approfondie de la productivité des noms composés français N-N, A-N, N-A et N-de-N du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle. La productivité morphologique des mots composés demeure un domaine très peu exploré, surtout en français. Les études antérieures sur la dérivation utilisent principalement la mesure de productivité basée sur les hapax, soulevant la question de savoir si l’application d’une seule méthode est suffisamment fiable pour évaluer la productivité en composition. Dans cette thèse, la productivité des composés est calculée au moyen de trois mesures différentes : la mesure P basée sur les hapax (Baayen et Lieber 1991; Baayen 1992), la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique (Baayen et Hay 2002) et la fréquence relative (Hay 2003). En outre, la productivité est analysée en tenant compte de la position de la tête morphologique et l’aspect régulier/irrégulier du composé. Je cherche à vérifier quatre hypothèses : 1) les composés réguliers sont plus productifs que les irréguliers ; 2) les N-N et N-de-N sont les types les plus productifs ; 3) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la fréquence relative ; 4) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique. Les hypothèses #1 et #4 sont confirmées par les résultats obtenus : les formes régulières exocentriques sont les plus productives et le taux de productivité le plus élevée coïncide avec la taille catégorielle la plus basse. L’hypothèse #2 a été appuyée partiellement à cause de données lacunaires pour le type N-de-N. Toutefois, la corrélation inverse entre la productivité et la fréquence relative n’est pas confirmée en composition. La thèse a apporté plusieurs contributions : l’étude diachronique de productivité en composition, l’utilisation de différentes méthodes statistiques et un corpus original de composés français qui comporte 15 types différents.

La présente thèse est une étude approfondie de la productivité des noms composés français N-N, A-N, N-A et N-de-N du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle. La productivité morphologique des mots composés demeure un domaine très peu exploré, surtout en français. Les études antérieures sur la dérivation utilisent principalement la mesure de productivité basée sur les hapax, soulevant la question de savoir si l’application d’une seule méthode est suffisamment fiable pour évaluer la productivité en composition. Dans cette thèse, la productivité des composés est calculée au moyen de trois mesures différentes : la mesure P basée sur les hapax (Baayen et Lieber 1991; Baayen 1992), la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique (Baayen et Hay 2002) et la fréquence relative (Hay 2003). En outre, la productivité est analysée en tenant compte de la position de la tête morphologique et l’aspect régulier/irrégulier du composé. Je cherche à vérifier quatre hypothèses : 1) les composés réguliers sont plus productifs que les irréguliers ; 2) les N-N et N-de-N sont les types les plus productifs ; 3) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la fréquence relative ; 4) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique. Les hypothèses #1 et #4 sont confirmées par les résultats obtenus : les formes régulières exocentriques sont les plus productives et le taux de productivité le plus élevée coïncide avec la taille catégorielle la plus basse. L’hypothèse #2 a été appuyée partiellement à cause de données lacunaires pour le type N-de-N. Toutefois, la corrélation inverse entre la productivité et la fréquence relative n’est pas confirmée en composition. La thèse a apporté plusieurs contributions : l’étude diachronique de productivité en composition, l’utilisation de différentes méthodes statistiques et un corpus original de composés français qui comporte 15 types différents.

Animais que nadam ou voam apresentam uma coordenação de movimentos similar que garante uma interação ótima de seus corpos com o escoamento gerando máxima eficiência propulsiva devido a interação dos vórtices liberados. O grupamento adimensional da mecânica dos fluidos que avalia esta coordenação é o número de Strouhal. Este estudo visa verificar se seres humanos seriam capazes de utilizar desta coordenação para nadar de forma mais rápida e eficiente. Para isso, foram analisadas as influencias antropométricas, de habilidade, desempenho, sexo e idade na possível utilização desta coordenação. Foram filmados 144 participantes de ambos os sexos, entre 12 e 53 anos e diferentes níveis de habilidade, enquanto nadavam crawl em máxima velocidade de forma livre, com limitação de velocidade e apenas com ação de pernas. Estes dados permitiram avaliar as condições do escoamento, o arrasto, o índice de coordenação, o número de Strouhal e a coordenação entre membros dos participantes. Embora as diferenças entre sexos e idades já reportadas na literatura a respeito do índice de coordenação e do arrasto tenham sido confirmadas, estas características parecem não afetar a coordenação entre membros e o número de Strouhal de forma a não influenciar o possível mecanismo propulsivo relacionado à interação dos vórtices. Nadadores mais habilidosos parecem tentar coordenar seus nados em um valor de Strouhal de aproximadamente 0,5, com um número fixo de pernadas dentro dos ciclos de braçadas e com movimentos de braços e pernas sincronizados. Esta coordenação constante parece privilegiar a ocorrência da finalização de uma pernada durante uma fase propulsiva crítica da braçada sustentando a possibilidade da interação das ações propulsivas. Quando submetidos a uma condição com limitação de velocidade os nadadores mais habilidosos buscaram alterar suas técnicas. Eles apresentaram maior amplitude de pernada, porém não foi possível determinar se isso ocorreu devido ao maior arrasto ou a uma tentativa de aumentar o número de Strouhal. O mesmo aumento da amplitude de pernada também foi observado para as condições com apenas propulsão de pernas, no entanto, para este caso, nadadores de todos os níveis identificaram a necessidade de alterar suas técnicas de pernadas. Estes resultados parecem sugerir que o aproveitamento da interação com vórtices não ocorreria em baixas velocidades e que apenas os nadadores mais habilidosos identificam a coordenação necessária para cada situação. Desta forma, o desempenho e experiência do nadador parecem constituir restritores para o aproveitamento da interação com vórtices. No entanto a partir de um determinado valor de número de Froude (velocidade normalizada pela raiz quadrada do produto entre estatura e a aceleração da gravidade), apenas a habilidade do nadador parece interferir nesta coordenação. O arrasto e as características antropométricas parecem não influenciar o número de Strouhal ou a coordenação entre membros / Flying and swimming animals presents a similar movement coordination that insure a optimal interaction between their bodies and the flow. This coordination generate high propulsive efficiency due to the interaction between shedding vortex. The dimensionless group used in fluid mechanics to evaluate this phenomenon is Strouhal number. This study aims to verify if the human beings are able to use this coordination to swim in a faster and more efficient way. For this purpose we analyzed the influence of anthropometric characteristics, ability, performance, sex and age in the possible use of the coordination mentioned above. 144 subjects of both sex, age between 12 and 53 years, and different ability levels were filmed while they swan front crawl in maximal velocity in three different conditions: free swimming, with velocity limitation and using legs action only. These data allowed evaluating the flow conditions, the drag force, the index of coordination, the Strouhal number and the coordination between limbs. Although differences between sex and age related to Index of coordination and drag reported previously have been confirmed, these characteristics seem not to affect the coordination between limbs and Strouhal number, in such a way, that the possible vortex interaction\'s propulsive mechanism would not be affected by sex and age. The most skilled swimmers seem to try to coordinate their movements to reach a Strouhal number about 0,5; with a fixed number of kick beats per stroke; and with a synchronized coordination between arms and legs. This coordination seems to lead to an occurrence of the ending of the kick beat in a critical propulsive phase of the stroke, which supports the possibility that there is an interaction between the propulsive actions of arms and legs. When the swimmers are exposed to a condition with velocity limitation, the most skilled of them tried to change their techniques. They raised their kick amplitude, however, it was not possible to determine if this raise happened due to the either higher drag force or to an attempt to raise the Strouhal number. The same kick amplitude raise was also observed on the legs propulsion condition, however, in this case, all swimmers were able to identify the need of change their techniques. These results suggest that the use of the interaction between vortex would not occur in low velocities, moreover, only the most skilled swimmers are able to identify the best coordination for each condition. In this way, the swimmer\'s performance and experience seem to be constraint for the use of the interaction between vortex. Nonetheless, since a Froude (V.(gl)-0.5) threshold was reached, only the swimmer\'s ability seems to affect this coordination. The drag and anthropometric characteristics seem not to affect Strouhal number or the limbs\' coordination

The objective of this thesis is to perform practical measurements of two small photovoltaic power plants, compare the received results with a theoretical calculation, and evaluate how the two differ from each other. Measured data are divided into three groups. The first group evaluates an overall electric power production in the individual months and compares it with the theoretical presumption that is instrumental to a return of investment calculation. The second group shows us a development of electric power production during characteristic days. We can compare how an ideal day from the FVE production point of view looks like, in other words a sunny and clear-sky day, with the opposite case when it is cloudy and raining all day long. Another extreme is a rapid growth or a performance drop, which can happen in a pho-tovoltaic power plant and a time period when this situation can arise. The third group contains statistic data from the electric power production. They are processed in the form of histograms and polygons of production that graphically illustrate production decomposition into the individual months. These data can be instrumental to a decision making about the form of purchase, whether it is economical for us to use the so called green bonus or not.