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Power distribution systems have underwent a lot of significant changes in the last two decades. Wide-scale integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) have made the distribution grid more resilient to abnormal conditions and severe weather induced outages. These DERs enhance the reliability of the system to bounce back from an abnormal situation rather quickly. However, the conventional notion of a radial system with unidirectional power flow does not hold true due to the addition of these DERs. Bidirectional power flow has challenged the conventional protection schemes in place. The most notable effects on the protection schemes can be seen in the field of islanding or Loss of Mains(LOM) detection and general fault identification and isolation. Adaptive protection schemes are needed to properly resolve these issues. Although, previous works in this field have dealt with this situation, a more comprehensive approach needs to be taken considering multiple topologies for developing adaptive protection schemes. The most common protective devices widely deployed in the distribution system such as overcurrent relays, reverse power relays at Point of Common Coupling(PCC), fuses, reclosers and feeder breakers need to studied in implementing these schemes. The work presented in this dissertation deals with simulation based and analytical approaches to tackle the issues of islanding and adaptive protection schemes. First we propose a multiprinciple passive islanding detection technique which relies on local PCC measurements, thus reducing the need of additional infrastructure and still ensuring limited Non Detection Zone (NDZ). The next step to islanding detection would be to sustain a islanded distribution system in order to reduce the restoration time and still supply power to critical loads. Such an approach to maintain generator load balance upon islanding detection is studied next by appropriate shedding of non-critical and low priority critical loads based upon voltage sensitivity analysis. Thereafter, adaptive protection schemes considering limited communication dependency is studied with properly assigning relay settings in directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs), which are one of the most widely deployed protective devices in distribution systems by catering to multiple topologies and contingencies. A simulation based technique is discussed first and then an analytical approach to solve the conventional optimal relay coordination problem using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) with the usage of multiple setting groups is studied. All these approaches make the distribution more robust and resilient to system faults and ensure proper fault identification and isolation, ensuring overall safety of system. / Doctor of Philosophy / With widespread integration of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution grid, the conventional protection and control schemes no longer hold valid. The necessity of an adaptive protection scheme increases as the DER penetration in the system increases. Apart from this, changes in system topology and variability in DER generation, also change the fault current availability in the system in real-time. Hence, the protection schemes should be able to adapt to these variations and modify their settings for proper selectivity and sensitivity towards faults in the system, especially in systems with high penetration of DERs. These protection schemes need to be modified in order to properly identify and isolate faults in the network as well as correctly identify Loss of Mains (LOM) or islanding phenomenon. Special attention is needed to plan the next course of action after the islanding occurrence. Additionally, the protective devices in distribution system should be utilized to their maximum capability to create an adaptive and smart protection system. This document elaborately explains the research work pertaining to these areas.

Um sistema elétrico de potência agrega toda a estrutura pela qual a energia elétrica percorre, desde a sua geração até o seu consumo final. Nas últimas décadas observou-se um significativo aumento da demanda e, consequentemente, um aumento das interligações entre sistemas, tornando assim a operação e o controle destes extremamente complexos. Com o fim de obter a desejada operação destes sistemas, inúmeros estudos na área de Proteção de Sistemas Elétricos são realizados, pois é sabido que a interrupção desses serviços causam transtornos que podem assumir proporções desastrosas. Em sistemas elétricos malhados, nos quais as correntes de curto-circuito podem ser bidirecionais e podem ter intensidades diferentes devido a alterações topológicas nos mesmos, coordenar relés de sobrecorrente pode ser uma tarefa muito trabalhosa caso não haja nenhuma ferramenta de apoio. Neste contexto, este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eficiente que determine os ajustes otimizados dos relés de sobrecorrente direcionais instalados em sistemas elétricos malhados de forma a garantir a rapidez na eliminação da falta, bem como a coordenação e seletividade, considerando as várias intensidades das correntes de curto-circuito. Seguindo essa linha de raciocínio, observou-se que o uso de técnicas metaheurísticas para lidar com o problema da coordenação de relés é capaz de alcançar resultados significativos. No presente projeto, dentre os algoritmos inteligentes estudados, optou-se por pesquisar a aplicação do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas Evolutivo (Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization) por este apresentar como características as vantagens tanto do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas (Particle Swarm Optimization) quanto as dos Algoritmos Genéticos, possuindo assim grande potencial para solução destes tipos de problemas. / An electric power system aggregates all the structure in which the electric energy travels, from its generation to the final user. In the last decades it has been observed a significative increase of the demand and, consequently, an increment of the number of interconnections between systems, making the operation and control of them extremely complex. Aiming to obtain a good operation of this kind of systems, a lot of effort in the research area of power system protection has been spent, because it is known that the interruption of this service causes disorders that may assume disastrous proportions. In meshed power systems, in which the shortcircuit currents might be bidirectional and might have different magnitudes due to topological changes on them, to coordinate overcurrent relays may be a really hard task if you do not have a support tool. Look in this context, this work aims the development of and efficient methodology thats determine the optimal parameters of the directional overcurrent relays in a meshed electric power system ensuring the quickness in the fault elimination, as well as the coordination and selectivity of the protection system, considering the various intensities of the short-circuit currents. Maintaining this line, it has been noticed that the use of metaheuristics to deal with the problem of relay coordination is capable of achieving promissory results. In the present research, among the studied intelligent algorithms, it was chosen to use in it the Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization, due to its features thats is the advantages of the Particle Swarm Optimization as well as the Genetic Algorithms ones, hence it has great potential do solve theses kind of problems.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar um método para a coordenação dos Relés Direcionais de Sobrecorrente (RDS) associados ao sistema de proteção de um Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) malhado. O SEP malhado, referente a uma parte do sistema de subtransmissão da rede básica brasileira, em concessão da Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista (CTEEP), foi simulado via o software CAPE (Computer-Aided Protection Engineering) a partir da base de dados, para estudos de curtos-circuitos, disponibilizada pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS). Dada a topologia e a operação do SEP malhado em análise, um método de otimização híbrido foi implementado baseado na combinação e aplicação de Programação Linear (PL) e Algoritmo Genético (AG). O algoritmo desenvolvido permitiu a realização de diversos estudos de curtos-circuitos necessários para a obtenção e avaliação da coordenação dos pares de RDS, tanto para a topologia principal do SEP em análise, como para outras configurações de operação caracterizadas, principalmente, pela alteração topológica do SEP. Os resultados demonstram que o algoritmo foi capaz de fornecer uma coordenação adequada para os RDS, respeitando todas as restrições impostas pelo problema de coordenação. / The aim of this work is to present a method for directional overcurrent relays coordination in a meshed power system which is part of the Brazilian power transmission system operated by São Paulo State Electric Power Transmission Company (CTEEP - Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista). This power system was simulated by CAPE (Computer-Aided Protection Engineering) software using the database of short circuits studies which is provided by the Electric System National Operator (ONS - Operador Nacional do Sistema). Given a specific power system topology and its operating conditions, the hybrid algorithm was developed based on the combination and execution of linear programming and genetic algorithm. Several short circuits scenarios were evaluated in order to obtain and assess the coordination between the pairs of directional overcurrent relays. In such scenarios, it was considered the main network topology, as well as other network operating conditions, mainly caused by certain topological variations. The results show that the hybrid algorithm provided a feasible coordination solution for the considered directional overcurrent relays.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar um método para a coordenação dos Relés Direcionais de Sobrecorrente (RDS) associados ao sistema de proteção de um Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) malhado. O SEP malhado, referente a uma parte do sistema de subtransmissão da rede básica brasileira, em concessão da Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista (CTEEP), foi simulado via o software CAPE (Computer-Aided Protection Engineering) a partir da base de dados, para estudos de curtos-circuitos, disponibilizada pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS). Dada a topologia e a operação do SEP malhado em análise, um método de otimização híbrido foi implementado baseado na combinação e aplicação de Programação Linear (PL) e Algoritmo Genético (AG). O algoritmo desenvolvido permitiu a realização de diversos estudos de curtos-circuitos necessários para a obtenção e avaliação da coordenação dos pares de RDS, tanto para a topologia principal do SEP em análise, como para outras configurações de operação caracterizadas, principalmente, pela alteração topológica do SEP. Os resultados demonstram que o algoritmo foi capaz de fornecer uma coordenação adequada para os RDS, respeitando todas as restrições impostas pelo problema de coordenação. / The aim of this work is to present a method for directional overcurrent relays coordination in a meshed power system which is part of the Brazilian power transmission system operated by São Paulo State Electric Power Transmission Company (CTEEP - Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista). This power system was simulated by CAPE (Computer-Aided Protection Engineering) software using the database of short circuits studies which is provided by the Electric System National Operator (ONS - Operador Nacional do Sistema). Given a specific power system topology and its operating conditions, the hybrid algorithm was developed based on the combination and execution of linear programming and genetic algorithm. Several short circuits scenarios were evaluated in order to obtain and assess the coordination between the pairs of directional overcurrent relays. In such scenarios, it was considered the main network topology, as well as other network operating conditions, mainly caused by certain topological variations. The results show that the hybrid algorithm provided a feasible coordination solution for the considered directional overcurrent relays.

Um sistema elétrico de potência agrega toda a estrutura pela qual a energia elétrica percorre, desde a sua geração até o seu consumo final. Nas últimas décadas observou-se um significativo aumento da demanda e, consequentemente, um aumento das interligações entre sistemas, tornando assim a operação e o controle destes extremamente complexos. Com o fim de obter a desejada operação destes sistemas, inúmeros estudos na área de Proteção de Sistemas Elétricos são realizados, pois é sabido que a interrupção desses serviços causam transtornos que podem assumir proporções desastrosas. Em sistemas elétricos malhados, nos quais as correntes de curto-circuito podem ser bidirecionais e podem ter intensidades diferentes devido a alterações topológicas nos mesmos, coordenar relés de sobrecorrente pode ser uma tarefa muito trabalhosa caso não haja nenhuma ferramenta de apoio. Neste contexto, este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eficiente que determine os ajustes otimizados dos relés de sobrecorrente direcionais instalados em sistemas elétricos malhados de forma a garantir a rapidez na eliminação da falta, bem como a coordenação e seletividade, considerando as várias intensidades das correntes de curto-circuito. Seguindo essa linha de raciocínio, observou-se que o uso de técnicas metaheurísticas para lidar com o problema da coordenação de relés é capaz de alcançar resultados significativos. No presente projeto, dentre os algoritmos inteligentes estudados, optou-se por pesquisar a aplicação do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas Evolutivo (Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization) por este apresentar como características as vantagens tanto do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas (Particle Swarm Optimization) quanto as dos Algoritmos Genéticos, possuindo assim grande potencial para solução destes tipos de problemas. / An electric power system aggregates all the structure in which the electric energy travels, from its generation to the final user. In the last decades it has been observed a significative increase of the demand and, consequently, an increment of the number of interconnections between systems, making the operation and control of them extremely complex. Aiming to obtain a good operation of this kind of systems, a lot of effort in the research area of power system protection has been spent, because it is known that the interruption of this service causes disorders that may assume disastrous proportions. In meshed power systems, in which the shortcircuit currents might be bidirectional and might have different magnitudes due to topological changes on them, to coordinate overcurrent relays may be a really hard task if you do not have a support tool. Look in this context, this work aims the development of and efficient methodology thats determine the optimal parameters of the directional overcurrent relays in a meshed electric power system ensuring the quickness in the fault elimination, as well as the coordination and selectivity of the protection system, considering the various intensities of the short-circuit currents. Maintaining this line, it has been noticed that the use of metaheuristics to deal with the problem of relay coordination is capable of achieving promissory results. In the present research, among the studied intelligent algorithms, it was chosen to use in it the Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization, due to its features thats is the advantages of the Particle Swarm Optimization as well as the Genetic Algorithms ones, hence it has great potential do solve theses kind of problems.