Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariano Rua Lamarca Junior.pdf: 2418858 bytes, checksum: 6ea8fd2c9013941f884e45a73db0c21d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / We will analyze in this work public policies to promote the use of renewable energy sources within a group of selected countries, which are the industrialized countries in the Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, the emerging BRICS group of countries (Brasil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and the USA, focusing on solar energy for electricity generation. Comparing the main energy policies that are being designed in this representative group of countries, we find that is currently under construction, supported by a portfolio of policies that we will identify in the research, revolutionary technological innovation systems as a means of generating electricity from solar energy. We will demonstrate that the changes underway in energy policies of the most diverse Nation-States, setting goals for the participation of renewables in their energy mix, represent a global process of policy convergence, and that societies are moving towards a new paradigm where the pursuit of sustainability plays a key role in the policy building process / Analisaremos neste trabalho as políticas públicas de incentivo ao uso de fontes de energia renováveis dentro de um grupo de países selecionados, que são os países industrializados do Anexo B do Protocolo de Kyoto, os países emergentes do bloco BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) e os EUA, com foco na energia solar para geração de eletricidade. Comparando as principais políticas públicas de energia que vêm sendo desenhadas neste representativo grupo de países, verificaremos que encontram-se atualmente em construção, apoiados por um portfólio de políticas que iremos identificar na pesquisa, revolucionários sistemas de inovação tecnológica como meio de produção de eletricidade por energia solar. Iremos demonstrar que as mudanças em curso nas políticas de energia dos mais diversos Estados-Nação, estabelecendo objetivos de participação de energias renováveis em suas matrizes energéticas, representam um processo global de convergência de políticas, e que as sociedades estão avançando em direção a um novo paradigma onde a busca da sustentabilidade assume um papel fundamental no processo de construção de políticas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariano Rua Lamarca Junior.pdf: 2418858 bytes, checksum: 6ea8fd2c9013941f884e45a73db0c21d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / We will analyze in this work public policies to promote the use of renewable energy sources within a group of selected countries, which are the industrialized countries in the Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, the emerging BRICS group of countries (Brasil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and the USA, focusing on solar energy for electricity generation. Comparing the main energy policies that are being designed in this representative group of countries, we find that is currently under construction, supported by a portfolio of policies that we will identify in the research, revolutionary technological innovation systems as a means of generating electricity from solar energy. We will demonstrate that the changes underway in energy policies of the most diverse Nation-States, setting goals for the participation of renewables in their energy mix, represent a global process of policy convergence, and that societies are moving towards a new paradigm where the pursuit of sustainability plays a key role in the policy building process / Analisaremos neste trabalho as políticas públicas de incentivo ao uso de fontes de energia renováveis dentro de um grupo de países selecionados, que são os países industrializados do Anexo B do Protocolo de Kyoto, os países emergentes do bloco BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) e os EUA, com foco na energia solar para geração de eletricidade. Comparando as principais políticas públicas de energia que vêm sendo desenhadas neste representativo grupo de países, verificaremos que encontram-se atualmente em construção, apoiados por um portfólio de políticas que iremos identificar na pesquisa, revolucionários sistemas de inovação tecnológica como meio de produção de eletricidade por energia solar. Iremos demonstrar que as mudanças em curso nas políticas de energia dos mais diversos Estados-Nação, estabelecendo objetivos de participação de energias renováveis em suas matrizes energéticas, representam um processo global de convergência de políticas, e que as sociedades estão avançando em direção a um novo paradigma onde a busca da sustentabilidade assume um papel fundamental no processo de construção de políticas

Climate change is one of the most challenging crises in sustainable development agenda. Tackling the problem requires the global transition towards renewable and sustainable energies. The uptake of these new technologies is often supported by policies and technological know-how that is developed by early adopters, and later spread and transferred to other places. Although renewable technology transfer and diffusion have long been studied, the question of how supporting policies flow from one country to another, and how they are adapted to the local contexts are merely investigated. This paper sheds some light on the process, mechanisms, and dynamics of policy transfer, and investigate the influences of national contextual characters on the adoption of policy from other countries, using Thailand's feed-in tariff policy as an example. The study applies an adapted version of ‘Dolowitz and Marsh model (1996, 2000, 2012)’ as the guiding policy transfer framework to analyse the information gathered through literature study and fieldwork, and to present the results and findings. The study discovers that policy transfer is not a straightforward process with a clear transfer timeline and boundary, but rather a dynamic and complex process that involves interactions with many factors, internal and external, and are continuously shaping the process and outcomes of the transfer. Moreover, the case study proves that Dolowitz and Marsh model is a useful and effective framework to understand and depict the process. However, if to treat policy transfer as an independent variable affecting the process outcomes, it would need to combine other frameworks, for instance, Marsh and McConnell Model (2010), to give an in-depth and comprehensive analysis to measure the success of policy transfer and policymaking. / Förnybar energi är en av de viktigaste lösningarna för att ta itu med klimatförändringarna. Utnyttjandet av denna nya teknik stöds alltid av politik, som vanligtvis utvecklas av ett land och överförs till andra länder. Denna avhandling använder ramen för policyöverföring för att analysera hur feed-in tariffpolitik från Europa spred sig och överförs till Thailand. Fallet belyser processen, mekanismerna och dynamiken för att illustrera hur politik som utvecklats av ett land inspirerade andra länder med deras beslutsfattande.

在能源被最終消費之前，能源的開採、運輸或轉換過程都需另以能源為要素投入來源。現今再生能源生產技術尚處萌芽階段，許多技術之生產未能通過「能源分析」而尚處於研究發展階段，此時政府若以促進再生能源總產量為政策目標，並獎勵能源生產，可能導致不具生產效率的再生能源技術被使用，進而造成能源耗竭與環境問題的擴大。 本研究提出現今再生能源補貼基礎的錯誤，會導致能源浪費的情況發生，進而造成政策目標與執行結果不一致。針對這樣的問題，本研究以簡單的模型解釋問題發生的原因，更針對問題癥結提出有效的解決方法，並得到不錯的結果。避免能源浪費具體的解決方針為，改變舊有補貼「能源粗產出」的形式，政策目標應朝社會「能源淨產出」最適的方向發展，而這也是主要的研究重點所在。最後研究仍認為，讓所有能源價格反映其生產的社會成本，才是導正能源市場扭曲最佳的方法。 / The extraction, processing, transformation, and delivering of energy all need energy itself as an input. However, the technology for producing renewable energy seldom passes the energy analysis and is still in its infancy. If the government regards promoting the total output of renewable energy as a policy goal at this moment, it may induce inefficient technology to be used and may accelerate the exhaustion of natural resources and the degradation of environment. This study found that subsidy for encouraging renewable energy production based on gross output fails to solve the problem of market failure. It will lead to a waste of energy, and then cause the policy goal to be inconsistent with social optimality. This study explicitly solved the problem with a net output model. The contribution of this study is to prove that policy goal for renewable energy production should base itself on net output instead of on gross output. The best policy for solving market failure is to let energy price reflect its social cost.

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India's electricity system is faced with the challenges of meeting the growing demand for electricity, managing recurring shortages in supply and addressing concerns of global warming. India is adopting a two-pronged approach to address these challenges – (i) making huge investments in new technologies, and (ii) enacting new policies to promote low carbon initiatives. Together, they are believed to help in achieving energy security as well as mitigation of global warming. Such low carbon initiatives can alter the traditional electricity planning and provide with a wide set of supply options to achieve a transition in to a low carbon electricity planning (LCEP). At the outset, one has to explore the supply options for an optimal supply-demand matching of electricity. While finding out various alternatives to meet the demand on a continuous basis using existing supply, non-supply and future supply options, the technology challenges of low carbon options, renewable energy policies and emissions policies need to be studied in detail from the perspective of a developing country keeping India as a focus. The effectiveness of renewable energy and emissions policy interventions such as Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), Renewable Energy Certificate (REC), Renewable Energy Certificate Excess (RECX), Emission Tax and Emission Cap-and-Trade and emission policies need to be assessed. Based on the analysis of the literature review, it appears that there is no mathematical model for optimally matching the supply with electricity demand simultaneously considering all the complexities for LCEP discussed in this study. The overall objective of the research is to develop, validate and apply a set of mathematical models to address a complex research problem of "LCEP of existing supply, non-supply and future supply options in the presence of technology and policy interventions to achieve a least-cost, low carbon and sustainable electricity system". This complex research problem is decomposed into five independent LCEP problems based on real-life situations. For each of these five LCEP problems, a mathematical model is proposed. For generating the five proposed mathematical models for any given data, LINGO Set Codes have been developed. In order to validate the proposed mathematical models, data was collected from the Karnataka state electricity system. For the collected data, the proposed mathematical models are generated using the LINGO Set Codes and solved using LINGO. From the optimal solutions, insights are drawn on the impact and effectiveness of low carbon interventions on the present electricity system which is in a transition towards a low carbon electricity system. It is our belief that the proposed mathematical models can act as a basis for introducing any new low carbon interventions such as energy efficiency certificates, auction based tariff mechanisms for renewable energy pricing, and other new REC interventions in the future scope.