Inconel 718 (IN 718) is widely used in applications, such as aircraft and power turbine components. Recently, fiber laser welding has become an attractive joining technique in industry for fabrication and repair of service-damaged components. However, a major limitation in the laser welding of IN 718 is that liquation cracking occurs. In the present work, autogenous fiber laser welding of IN 718 was used to study the effects of welding parameters and different pre-weld heat treatments on liquation cracking. Contrary to previous studies, a dual effect of heat input on cracking is observed. A rarely reported effect of heat input is attributed to process instability. Liquation cracking increases with pre-weld heat treatment temperatures that increase grain size and/or, possibly, intregranular boron segregation. The study shows that pre-weld heat treatment at 950oC can be used for repair welding of IN 718 without significant loss in cracking resistance.

Inconel 718 (IN 718) is widely used in applications, such as aircraft and power turbine components. Recently, fiber laser welding has become an attractive joining technique in industry for fabrication and repair of service-damaged components. However, a major limitation in the laser welding of IN 718 is that liquation cracking occurs. In the present work, autogenous fiber laser welding of IN 718 was used to study the effects of welding parameters and different pre-weld heat treatments on liquation cracking. Contrary to previous studies, a dual effect of heat input on cracking is observed. A rarely reported effect of heat input is attributed to process instability. Liquation cracking increases with pre-weld heat treatment temperatures that increase grain size and/or, possibly, intregranular boron segregation. The study shows that pre-weld heat treatment at 950oC can be used for repair welding of IN 718 without significant loss in cracking resistance.

Lors de la réparation d’un défaut, le processus consiste à éliminer la matière dans la zone englobant le défaut, puis à recharger cet affouillement par un dépôt de cordons de soudure, afin de remettre en conformité la pièce en vérifiant les critères de conception. Pourtant la zone rechargée constitue en elle-même un site sensible où le niveau des contraintes résiduelles peut être préjudiciable de par son importance, notamment localement, s’il porte des contraintes de traction. Les risques de récidive d’endommagement pourraient être réduits par certains procédés de parachèvement. Ces procédés permettent de générer une zone de compression en peau externe et en sous couche de la pièce traitée. Par conséquent, la durée de vie d’une pièce ainsi parachevée pourrait être augmentée. Parmi les procédés existants, nous nous intéresserons dans cette étude à la mise en compression par billage ultrasonore. L’objectif de cette contribution est de prédire le niveau des contraintes résiduelles induites par le billage sur une pièce rechargée par soudage multi-passes. Pour mener à bien cet objectif, une étude expérimentale du billage a été réalisée sur des éprouvettes minces et épaisses afin d’identifier les paramètres influents et de disposer d’une base de résultats expérimentaux – comme par exemple la répartition quantitative des contraintes résiduelles dans la matière traitée – à confronter à la simulation. L’originalité de ce travail est de mettre en œuvre, en termes d’évaluation, une modélisation tridimensionnelle représentant correctement les phénomènes locaux et basée sur un modèle semi-analytique. Ce modèle numérique présente l’avantage de temps de calcul considérablement réduits par rapport aux méthodes éléments finis plus conventionnelles, sans pour autant sacrifier à la qualité des résultats. Pour cette application, ce modèle semi-analytique a été validé par des benchmarks aux éléments finis dans le cas de mono et multi impacts. Puis cette approche prédictive a été validée par l’expérience. Enfin, une simulation numérique du soudage a été réalisée afin de disposer d’un champ de contraintes résiduelles de soudage. Les résultats des calculs, obtenus par chaînage de simulations numériques des procédés de soudage puis de billage, ont ensuite été confrontés aux grandeurs mesurées sur des éprouvettes initialement précontraintes par flexions alternées puis billées selon des paramètres du processus identifiés antérieurement. L’état précontraint (qu’il provienne de la thermique du soudage ou de l’écrouissage de flexion alternée) a été introduit en données d’entrée, en tant que pré-chargement, dans le modèle numérique simulant les impacts. / During a repair welding process, the first step is to remove the material in the defected area, then refill this chamfer by welding rods. Since, the nickel based alloy, such as IN600, is sensitive to the phenomenon of stress-corrosion cracking, it must be ensured that the level of residual stress after welding is lower than the triggering threshold of stress-corrosion cracking. At this stage, the ultrasonic shot peening (USP) process can be used as the final finishing step. The aim is to introduce compressive residual stresses on the surface of the welded area in order to prevent occurrence of cracking. The objective of this study is to predict the level of residual stresses, induced by the ultrasonic shot peening, on structure made of IN600 repaired by multipass welding. To achieve this objective, an experimental study of the ultrasonic shot peening was carried out. Experiments similar to the “Almen” test were performed on thin and thick specimens. Influential parameters were identified. Experimental results, such as the level of residual stresses, were obtained. The originality of this work is that a three-dimensional modeling of multiple impacts, based on a Semi-Analytical Method (SAM), was implemented. This method can reduce significantly the computing time compared to finite element method, without sacrificing the quality of results. This was first validated by benchmarks for both single and multiple impacts, then proved by experiments. Moreover, a numerical simulation of welding was performed. The field of welding residual stresses should be used as the input data for the impact model. In fact, in this study，the residual state，was generated by alternatif bending test. These specimens were then treated by USP process with the parameters identified previously. As the final step, numerical results in terms of distortions and residual stresses were compared with the experimental data in order to validate the chaining of welding and peening simulation.

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Millimeterstora och svårupptäckta defekter kan uppstå internt i stora och komplexa gjutgods av Ti-6Al-4V, ibland går dessa oupptäckta tills detaljen genomgått mekanisk bearbetning och en stor kostnad redan har gått in i den. Dessa defekter och andra industriella olyckshändelser leder till ett behov av additiva reparationsmetoder där den för tillfället rådande metoden är TIG-svetsning. Denna metod reparerar defekterna men leder till oacceptabla restspänningar vilka kan åtgärdas med värmebehandling som i sin tur kan orsaka ytdefekten alpha case. Därav finns ett industriellt behov av reparationsmetoder som leder till mindre eller negligerbara restspänningsnivåer i reparerad detalj. Detta arbete utfört hos GKN Aerospace – Engine Products Sweden i Trollhättan analyserar eventuella förhållanden mellan parametrarna Effekt, Spot size, och Svetshastighet och de resulterande restspänningarna i ett lågparameterområde på materialet Ti-6Al-4V. En parameterrymd uppspänd av 17 parameteruppsättningar etablerades, svetsades och analyserades med mikrografi. Ur denna rymd simulerades de 8 yttre parametrarna med hjälpa av Finita Elementmetoden i svetssimuleringsmjukvaran MARC och ett förhållande mellan ingående parametrar och resulterande restspänningar undersöktes. En statistiskt säkerställd trend erhölls för att en minskad Svetshastighet leder till minskade tvärspänningar i mitten på en 20mm lång svetssträng. Detta är applicerbart för svetsar nyttjande start och stopplåtar. Det noterades även att en ökning i Effekt eller Spot size, eller en minskning utav svetshastigheten leder till att det av restspänningar utsatta området ökar i storlek. Detta är har implikationer för efterföljande värmebehandling i avgörandet av form och storlek på området som skall värmebehandlas. / Minute defects may occur in large complex Ti-6Al-4V castings, sometimes these are unnoticed until after machining and a high cost has been sunk into the part. These defect and other potential manufacturing mishaps render a need for additive repair methods. The state of the art method TIG welding can repair the parts but may leave unacceptable residual stresses, where the state of the art solution of Post Weld Heat Treatment might create a surface defect known as alpha case. Therefore there is a need for a repair weld method that results in lesser or negligible residual stresses. This thesis, carried out at GKN Aerospace – Engine Products Sweden, Trollhättan analyses the potential relationships between the laser welding parameters Power, Spot size, and Weld speed and the resulting residual stresses in a low energy parameter area on the material Ti-6Al-4V. A parameter box of 17 parameter sets was established, laid down and analyzed under micrograph, of this box the outer 8 parameter sets were simulated via the Finite Element Analysis welding simulation software MARC and a relationship between the input parameters and their resulting residual stresses was analyzed. A statistically significant trend was found supporting the claim that a decrease in transversal stresses in the center of a 20mm weld line is caused by an increase in Weld speed. This has implications for welds using run-on & run-of plates. It was also noted that an increase in Power or Spot size, or a decrease in Weld speed increases the area under residual stress; both as individual parameters and in synergy. This has implications for Post Weld Heat Treatment in determining the size and shape of the area in need of treatment.

The master‘s thesis deals with the influence of the thermal cycle of welding with preheat on castings made of grey cast iron to change the hardness. The thesis deals with the classification of graphitic cast irons, their structure, properties and influences they have on the formation and transformation of the structure. Emphasis is placed on chemical composition and structure stability at elevated temperatures. The practical part deals with the investigation of the effects of casting repair on the decrease of hardness measured in the foundry Heunisch Brno.