No description available.

No description available.

Following a study of normal reproductive behavior of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, experiments were conducted to determine the stability/variability of behavior by sexually mature, territorial males under a variety of manipulated conditions. Collectively, these experiments indicate that although the individual behaviors of fathead minnows appear to be quite variable, the overall process, reproductive behavior, is stable.

The present studies were conducted to check the effects of acute ram introduction into a flock of anestrus ewes in Virginia. Ewes were bled via jugular venipuncture twice weekly and serum samples were radioimmunoassayed for progesterone (P4) content as an indicator of estrous activity. All rams were fitted with crayon equipped marking harnesses for use as an indicator of mating behavior in ewes. The first study tested the effects of introduction of vasectomized rams into a flock: of' 50 Dorset (D) and 50 Hampshire (H) purebred ewes in either May or June. More D ewes ovulated (96% vs 72% for H ewes) and mated (80% vs 20% for H ewes) in May. Of ewes which mated in May 65% D but no H ewes continued to cycle in June after removal of rams. Of ewes exposed to rams in June no difference among breeds was observed in percentage of ewes ovulating but more D ewes (72%) mated than H ewes (44%). Twenty-four percent of D but no H ewes cycled continuously throughout the 68 d or the study. Lambing date significantly affected mating behavior in H but not D ewes. The second study tested the effects of ram breed on incidence of mating and subsequent lambing in Rambouillet x Q Suffolk ewes In June and July of 1984 and 1985. Ewes were Q pre-exposed to either confined Suffolk (S) or Dorset (D) Q yearling rams or no (N) ram for 2 wk prior to breeding by Q either S or D rams. Lambing date was significantly affected by breeding treatment in 1984 and by pre-exposure treatment in 1985. Sixty-three percent of the ewes lambed in 1984 while 65% lambed in 1985. / Master of Science

Thèse en cotutelle : « Université Laval, Québec, Canada, Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) et Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie » / Depuis des décennies, l'hormone synthétisée et sécrétée naturellement par la glande pinéale appelée « mélatonine » a fait son entrée dans le monde scientifique. Les études ont montré que le rythme de sécrétion de la mélatonine dépend de la photopériode, cette dernière étant influencée par la saison. Chez les petits ruminants, la mise en veilleuse de la fonction de reproduction pour une période de l'année est désignée par la reproduction saisonnée. L'information photopériodique est traduite en termes de variation de la durée de sécrétion de la mélatonine. Chez l'espèce ovine, des études ont montré que la mélatonine régule indirectement l'axe gonadotrope en modulant la sécrétion de GnRH. Cette modulation se fait à travers les récepteurs spécifiques à la mélatonine MT1 et MT2. Cependant, il existe des variations considérables dans la densité et l'emplacement de l'expression des récepteurs de la mélatonine entre les espèces. Chez les animaux saisonniers, la mélatonine est impliquée dans la fonction ovarienne en activant des récepteurs multiples et des voies de signalisation de différents types de cellules cibles, en particulier les cellules de la thèque et de granulosa. La confirmation de la présence de cette hormone avec des quantités plus élevées au niveau du liquide folliculaire que dans le plasma a encouragé les chercheurs à tester son rôle spécifiquement au niveau du follicule ovarien. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse s'intéresse à comprendre l'effet de la mélatonine sur une culture de cellules de granulosa à travers une prédiction des principales voies de signalisation impliquées par la mélatonine dans la manipulation des signaux métaboliques au sein des follicules ovariens au stade antrale. L'objectif étant d'étudier la réponse folliculaire à la mélatonine au niveau de l'expression des gènes en utilisant l'outil de séquençage à haut débit. Nous avons constaté une image transcriptomique différente pour la culture des cellules de granulosa traitées avec de la mélatonine comparée à la culture non traitée. De plus, l'analyse des gènes différentiellement exprimés et des principales voies biologiques y étant associée nous ont démontré que cette hormone agit à travers la voie PKB/mTOR pour reprogrammer le métabolisme des cellules de granulosa afin de maintenir une lente croissance et différenciation ainsi que de prévenir l'atrésie folliculaire. Dans un second temps, cette thèse s'intéresse à la caractérisation des voies de signalisation activées, via les récepteurs spécifiques MT1 et MT2, dans la médiation de l'effet de la mélatonine au niveau des cellules de granulosa humaines. En utilisant des agonistes et des antagonistes spécifiques aux deux récepteurs, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence un rôle clair du récepteur MT1 dans la médiation de l'effet antiproliférative de la mélatonine, via la voie PKB. Dans un troisième temps, cette thèse s'intéresse aussi à comprendre l'effet de la mélatonine à travers son récepteur MT1 sur le cycle reproductif chez les petits ruminants. Cette étude consiste à établir le lien entre les polymorphismes existants au niveau du récepteur MT1 et la saisonnalité de reproduction chez 77 brebis de deux races ovines locales en Tunisie, la Barbarine (B) et la Queue Fine de l'Ouest (QFO). Cette étude nous a permis de trouver certaines mutations au niveau du gène de récepteur à la mélatonine MT1 chez ces brebis, spécifiquement les SNPs liés au caractère saisonnier de la reproduction chez d'autres races ovines dans le monde. Les analyses statistiques nous ont prouvé que les brebis de la race B de génotype G/G et G/A qui sont les moins sensibles à la photopériode et répondent rapidement à l'effet bélier que les brebis de génotype A/A, ce qui nous laisse conclure que les brebis de la race (B) ont un anœstrus moins profond que les brebis de la race QFO. Globalement, les résultats de ces études suggèrent un aperçu global de l'action de la mélatonine au niveau des cellules de granulosa humaine tout en améliorant les connaissances sur le rôle de ses récepteurs spécifiques MT1 et MT2 ainsi que les principaux réseaux de signalisation impliqués à la suite de leur activation. Cette thèse permet de mettre en lumière les différents polymorphismes au niveau du gène de récepteur MT1 chez deux races ovines et révèle également une certaine sensibilité d'une race plus que l'autre à la photopériode. Ces résultats servent à optimiser les programmes d'amélioration génétique de reproduction et à éclaircir la réponse génomique des cellules de la granulosa humaine sur l'échelle transcriptomique. / For decades, the hormone synthesized and secreted naturally by the pineal gland called melatonin has entered the scientific world. This sleep hormone, which was discovered in 1960, has attracted the attention of researchers who have begun to explore more and more about its effects on animals. Studies have shown that the melatonin secretion rate depends on the photoperiod, which is influenced by the season. In nature, the seasonal variation in climate and food availability are important parameters in which, different animal species must adapt to survive well. In small ruminants, the dormancy of the reproductive function for a period of the year is referred to as the seasonal breeding. The photoperiod information is translated in terms of variation during the secretion of melatonin. In sheep, melatonin indirectly regulates the gonadotropic axis by modulating GnRH secretion. This modulation is done through melatonin-specific receptors MT1 and MT2. However, there are considerable variations in the density and location of melatonin receptor expression among species. In seasonal animals, melatonin is involved in ovarian function by activating multiple receptors and signaling pathways of different types of target cells, especially theca and granulosa cells. Confirmation of the higher amount of this hormone in the follicular fluid than in the plasma encouraged the researchers to test its role specifically on the ovarian follicle. First, this thesis is interested in understanding the effect of melatonin on a culture of human granulosa cells. It is also intended to predict the main signaling pathways involved with melatonin in the manipulation of metabolic signals within the antral ovarian follicles. The objective of this study is to understand the follicular response to melatonin in terms of gene expression and epigenetic adaptation while using the high-throughput sequencing tool. This relatively simple system could allow exploring the molecular mechanism that acts across generations, it allows the production of a global image of the activated pathways in the presence of melatonin. The foundation of different transcriptomic images for the culture of granulosa cells treated with melatonin than untreated culture. In addition, the analysis of differentially expressed genes and the main biological pathways associated with them showed that this hormone may act through the PKB/mTOR pathway to reprogram granulosa cell metabolism to maintain slow growth and differentiation as well as prevent follicular atresia. In the second stage, this thesis focuses on the characterization of activated signaling pathways, via specific receptors MT1 and MT2, in the mediation of the effect of melatonin in human granulosa cells. The aim was to identify which receptor is most involved in the effect of melatonin using specific agonists and antagonists to the two receptors. This study demonstrated a clear role of the MT1 receptor in mediating the antiproliferative effect of melatonin via PKB pathway by reprogramming the metabolism of human granulosa cells. To understand the effect of melatonin through its MT1 receptor on the reproductive cycle in small ruminants, the third chapter consists in establishing the link between the existing polymorphisms on MT1 receptor gene and the seasonal reproduction of 77 ewes of two local sheep breeds in Tunisia, the Barbarine and the Queue Fine de l'Ouest (QFO). This study allowed us to find certain mutations in the MT1 melatonin receptor gene in ewes of both breeds, specifically, SNPs related to the seasonality of reproduction in other sheep breeds worldwide. Statistical analyses have shown us that the Barbarine ewes with G/G and G/A genotypes are less sensitive to the photoperiod and spread rapidly to the ram effect than ewes with A/A genotype. This leads us to conclude that the Barbarine breed showed to be ready to resume reproductive activity earlier than the QFO ewes at the ram introduction. Overall, the results of these studies suggest a global overview of the melatonin action on human granulosa cells while improving our knowledge on the role of its specific MT1 and MT2 receptors as well as the main signaling networks involved following their activation. This thesis allows us to highlight the different polymorphisms at the level of the MT1 receptor gene in two Tunisian sheep breeds and reveals a certain sensitivity of one breed more than the other to the photoperiod. These results serve to optimize genetic breeding improvement programs and to clarify the genomic response of human granulosa cells on the transcriptomic scale.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 L627 / Master of Science

Difficulties in pollen transfer have adversely affected seed production of hybrid onion (Allium cepa L.) in the United States. Six onion cultivars were examined for differential attractiveness to the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Honey bees clearly discriminated between the onion cultivars in both open plots and caged plots. Nectar secretion, nectar sugar concentration, nectar sugar composition, mectar potassium content, and flower phenology were correlated with honey bee visitation. Nectar secretion rates ranged from 0.54 to 0.84 ul per floret per day. Onion cultivars also demonstrated differential flowering potential. The cultivars produced from 176 to 359 flowers per umbel with 32 to 74 umbels per 30 onions. All onion cultivars examinaed contained viscous nectar with sugar concentrations ranging from 51 to 65% of total dissolved solids. Onion nectar was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine qualitative sugar differences among onion cultivars. All cultivars were hexose dominant with an approximately 1:1 fructose:glucose ratio. However, fructose was slightly more abundant than glucose. Sucrose was much less abundant than the hexose sugars. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed little difference in potassium content among the A. cepa cultivars. Nectar potassium levels ranged from 5,300 ppm to 6,900 ppm. Cultivars with higher nectar potassium levels had fewer honey bee visits. Two honey bee bioassays were conducted. The first bioassay simulated the sugar and potassium composition of each onion cultivar. The honey bees selectively foraged on simulated nectars with low potassium and high sugar concentrations. The second bioassay was designed to test honey bee response to "phenolic-rich" solutions. The natural compounds tested were dilutions of salt cedar (Tamarix pentandra Pall.) honey, almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) honey, and aloe (Aloe littoralis L.) nectar. The pure synthetic compounds tested were caffeic acid and genestic acid. Generally, honey bees foraged preferentially on the lower phenolic concentrations, indicating that compounds high in phenolic composition inhibit honey bee foraging. Finally, seed yields of each of the cultivars were compared. Wide variations in yields were correlated with honey bee visitation, sugar composition, potassium levels, and flower phenology.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joann M. Kouba / The objective of these studies was to investigate the efficacy of an intravaginal triptorelin acetate (TA) gel as an ovulation-inducing agent in mares. In Exp 1, 24 mares were stratified by parity and age and randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups receiving either: 5 mL TA gel (500 μg TA; TA5), 10 mL TA gel (1,000 μg TA; TA10), or 5 mL vehicle gel only (CON). Following the appearance of a follicle ≥ 25 mm, blood samples were obtained every 24 h until treatment administration for measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Once a follicle ≥ 35 mm in diameter was detected, treatment was administered intravaginally. Following treatment, blood samples were collected and ovaries were scanned via transrectal ultrasonography every 12 h until 48 h post-ovulation. Both TA5 and TA10 tended (P = 0.08) to experience a brief surge in LH by 12 h post-treatment. Regarding LH concentrations, there was a significant (P < 0.005) treatment by time interaction. The interval from treatment to ovulation was not different (P > 0.05) between groups, nor was there a difference (P > 0.05) in the percentage of mares ovulating within 48 h of treatment administration. We hypothesized that LH was not staying elevated long enough for ovulation to occur in a greater percentage of mares. Furthermore, more frequent sampling and scanning was needed to get a more robust characterization of the effect of TA on LH and a more accurate timeframe for when ovulation was occurring. Experiment 2 involved the same CON and TA5 treatment groups; however, the TA10 treatment was split into two 5-mL doses of TA gel, administered 24 h apart (two 500-μg doses of TA; TA5x2). Blood collection and ultrasonography occurred every 12 h upon detection of a follicle ≥ 25 mm in diameter. Once a follicle ≥ 35 mm was detected, treatment was administered and ultrasonography and blood collection occurred every 6 h until 48 h post-ovulation. Both TA5 and TA5x2 had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in LH by 6 h post-treatment, which was declining by 12 h post-treatment. The second dose administered to TA5x2 failed to elicit an increase in LH (P > 0.05). Overall, the treatment by time interaction was significant (P < 0.005) in regard to LH and the interval from treatment to ovulation was shorter (P < 0.01) in TA5 and TA5x2 compared with CON. In conclusion, TA gel increased LH concentrations and hastened the interval from treatment to ovulation in mares in Exp. 2, but not Exp. 1, without an advantage in the timing of ovulation noted between the 5 or 10-mL doses, or administration of two 5-mL doses given 24 h apart. The results of these studies suggest that further testing is needed to effectively evaluate the efficacy of TA gel as an ovulation-inducing agent in mares.