The major aim of the study was to examine the short and long-run relationships and directional causality flow between road transport infrastructure development and economic growth in Namibia for the period 1990-2014. To achieve this objective, the study adopted the auto regression distributive lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach to co-integration, to examine the short-run and long-run relationship between economic growth and transportation infrastructure in Namibia. The data was sourced from the World Bank Database on GDP from 1990 to 2014, the Namibia National Planning Commission MTEF (Medium-Term Expenditure Framework from 1990-2015) and the Roads Authority Annual Reports from 1999 to 2014, which were imported into the E-view tool to run quarterly regressions from 1990 - 2014. The results confirm a relationship among the variables. The Bounds test results indicated that there exists a long-run relationship among the variables under study. The estimated long-run model showed that there is a statistically insignificant positive relationship between expenditure on road transport and economic growth as well as between information communication technology and economic growth in Namibia. However, the short-run model revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between expenditure on road transport and economic growth. Conversely, both the long-run and short-run estimates showed a statistically insignificant and negative relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. Lastly, the Granger causality test results showed no causality between expenditure on road transport and economic growth in Namibia. The present study offers fresh insights to policy makers on crafting appropriate policies to regulate tax consolidation revenue and infrastructure levies collection; secondly, to boost public sector borrowing on international capital markets through bond issues, infrastructure funds and revenue bonds; thirdly, to develop partner financing business models through sector budget support; fourthly, to secure private sector financing through a private debt, private equity or capital structure leveraging business model; and lastly, implementing fast-tightened fiscal and monetary policy measures on foreign direct investment which currently severely affect Namibian capital outflows.

Devising new ways to collaborate with faculty can be a challenge. In offering professors the opportunity to replace a written paper with a LibGuide assignment, the librarians hoped that the close working relationship necessary to ensure the success of this pilot would allow us to become actively engaged in the classroom. From the perspectives of faculty, a LibGuides assignment can represent an interesting alternative to a research paper that offers flexibility in design and content. For students, a LibGuide assignment can not only be fun but also challenging, since they will have to assess everything they put in the guide.

Collapse of the textile factory Rana Plaza, among other disasters, has been a wake up call for the textile industry. These disasters, in combination with other factors, have resulted in raised consciousness regarding sustainability through a social and environmental perspective. Fashion companies have adapted new strategies in order to survive hard competition on the market, sustainable marketing has become a common tool to meet the conscious customers’ demands and requirements. A phenomena like Greenwashing, which promotes an overly environmentally friendly image externally, has trigged skepticism among consumers towards fashion companies’ sustainable marketing and CSR-communication. To gain an understanding in what the causes of skepticism are among consumers, this study aims to research whether knowledge and interest regarding CSR, have an effect on the consumer's willingness and ability to appraise fashion companies’ sustainable marketing and CSR-communication. We also review what is necessary for a company to do, in order to create legitimacy and build a “social contract”, supported by the legitimacy theory. To research this topic, we use theories concerning CSR-communication, sustainable marketing, Greenwashing as well as legitimacy theory. Empirical material has been collected through a self-questionnaire survey, which later generated an analysis of sustainable marketing and CSR-communication of four fashion companies. Results of the 405 replies to our questionnaire were processed in the statistic program SPSS. Our analysis indicated a low correlation between the factors knowledge, interest and the attitude towards sustainable marketing and CSR-communication. Other factors are more likely to affect the consumers’ attitude. Results also show that admitting ones’ mistakes, having a transparent supply chain, integrating sustainable strategies within the whole company, co-operateting with non-governmental organizations, and to setting reachable goals, are all essential actions in order to gain legitimacy. / Kollapsen av textilfabriken Rana Plaza, tillsammans med en rad andra incidenter, har gett textilindustrin ett rejält uppvaknande. Detta, i kombination med ytterligare faktorer, har lett till en ökad medvetenhet kring hållbarhet, både ur ett socialt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Modeföretag har därför tagit till nya strategier för att överleva den tuffa konkurrensen på marknaden och hållbar marknadsföring har blivit ett vanligt verktyg för att möta den allt mer medvetna konsumentens behov och krav. Då fenomen som Greenwashing, att skapa en bild av sig som miljövänlig, har blivit allt vanligare, har konsumenters skepticism mot modeföretags hållbara marknadsföring blivit ett allt mer utforskat ämne. För att få en uppfattning om vad det egentligen är hos konsumenten som skapar denna skepticism, riktar sig denna studie till att undersöka huruvida de två faktorerna kunskap och intresse kring CSR påverkar en konsuments förmåga att värdera ett modeföretags hållbara marknadsföring. Vi tittar också på vad det egentligen är som krävs för att skapa legitimitet och bygga ett “socialt kontrakt”, med legitimitetsteorin i grunden. För att kunna undersöka detta ämne använder vi oss av teorier kring CSR-kommunikation, hållbar marknadsföring, Greenwashing samt legitimitetsteorin. Empiri har samlats in med hjälp av en enkätundersökning vilket i sig genererade till en analys av fyra modeföretags hållbara marknadsföring och CSR-kommunikation. Resultatet av de 405 besvarade enkäterna, som bearbetades i statistikprogrammet SPSS, visade oss att det inte finns något direkt samband mellan de två faktorerna intresse och kunskap och huruvida man ställer sig till modeföretags hållbara marknadsföring och CSR-kommunikation. Det finns förmodligen andra faktorer som ligger bakom istället. Våra resultat visar också att erkänna sina misstag, vara transparenta, integrera hållbarhet i hela organisationen, samarbeta med utomstående organisationer, och att inte sätta upp miljömål som inte kan nås är grundläggande handlingar till att uppnå legitimitet.

This dissertation chronicles my search to engage high school English students in inquiry as part of a formal research process. The perspective of critical literacy theory is used to describe the four phases of the problem posing process in shaping student research and action. Grounded in Freire's approach and consistent with Dewey and others who advocate inquiry, action and relevance, Wink's process is built into the instructional plan described in this study. Because of the real-life context of the classroom and the complex social phenomena being considered, a case study methodology was utilized in which multiple sources of data converged to develop the themes. Data sources included the work and artifacts of ten students in a tenth grade English class during the spring semester of 2008. The analysis focuses on the supports, the constraints and the impact of problem posing on the high school research assignment. The analysis, findings, and conclusions contribute to the literature in three areas: audience, reflection and grading.

The place of the research paper in first-year composition (FYC) courses is often debated in composition forums. Many argue that the a-disciplinary nature of FYC doesn't allow instructors to teach the research paper in a way that will be transferable to disciplinary writing tasks, while others say that it is possible, as long as we have a thorough understanding of the kinds of writing tasks students will face in the disciplines and specifically teach writing skills that will be transferable. To identify these more generalizable writing skills to be emphasized, I interviewed 14 professors at Brigham Young University from different disciplines about the research papers they teach within their upper-division disciplinary courses and the kinds of researching and writing skills they expect students to have mastered before enrolling in these courses. I collated the results of the interviews and categorized 22 skills into four categories: writing process knowledge, genre knowledge, rhetorical knowledge, and researching knowledge, finding correlation between the 22 skills I identified with skills identified by both John Bean and Carra Leah Hood, lending credence to the value of my identified skills as worthwhile to be focused on in FYC. I draw on Amy Devitt's idea that the school genres we teach in FYC are antecedent genres to assert that teaching a research paper in FYC outside of the constraints of any one discipline can provide a viable and valuable learning experience, provided that it is taught with an emphasis on these writing skills that are most valued across the disciplines, and provided it is taught as a step along the way to later mastery of disciplinary genres.

Les étudiants gradués et les professeurs (les chercheurs, en général), accèdent, passent en revue et utilisent régulièrement un grand nombre d’articles, cependant aucun des outils et solutions existants ne fournit la vaste gamme de fonctionnalités exigées pour gérer correctement ces ressources. En effet, les systèmes de gestion de bibliographie gèrent les références et les citations, mais ne parviennent pas à aider les chercheurs à manipuler et à localiser des ressources. D'autre part, les systèmes de recommandation d’articles de recherche et les moteurs de recherche spécialisés aident les chercheurs à localiser de nouvelles ressources, mais là encore échouent dans l’aide à les gérer. Finalement, les systèmes de gestion de contenu d'entreprise offrent les fonctionnalités de gestion de documents et des connaissances, mais ne sont pas conçus pour les articles de recherche. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons une nouvelle classe de systèmes de gestion : système de gestion et de recommandation d’articles de recherche. Papyres (Naak, Hage, & Aïmeur, 2008, 2009) est un prototype qui l’illustre. Il combine des fonctionnalités de bibliographie avec des techniques de recommandation d’articles et des outils de gestion de contenu, afin de fournir un ensemble de fonctionnalités pour localiser les articles de recherche, manipuler et maintenir les bibliographies. De plus, il permet de gérer et partager les connaissances relatives à la littérature. La technique de recommandation utilisée dans Papyres est originale. Sa particularité réside dans l'aspect multicritère introduit dans le processus de filtrage collaboratif, permettant ainsi aux chercheurs d'indiquer leur intérêt pour des parties spécifiques des articles. De plus, nous proposons de tester et de comparer plusieurs approches afin de déterminer le voisinage dans le processus de Filtrage Collaboratif Multicritère, de telle sorte à accroître la précision de la recommandation. Enfin, nous ferons un rapport global sur la mise en œuvre et la validation de Papyres. / Graduate students and professors (researchers, in general) regularly access, review, and use large amounts of research papers, yet none of the existing tools and solutions provides the wide range of functionalities required to properly manage these resources. Indeed, bibliography management systems manage the references and citations but fail to help researchers in handling and locating resources. On the other hand, research paper recommendation systems and specialized search engines help researchers to locate new resources, but again fail to help researchers in managing the resources. Finally, Enterprise Content Management systems offer the required functionalities to manage resources and knowledge, but are not designed for research literature. Consequently, we suggest a new class of management systems: Research Paper Management and Recommendation System. Through our system Papyres (Naak, Hage, & Aïmeur, 2008, 2009) we illustrate our approach, which combines bibliography functionalities along with recommendation techniques and content management tools, in order to provide a set of functionalities to locate research papers, handle and maintain the bibliographies, and to manage and share knowledge related to the research literature. Additionally, we propose a novel research paper recommendation technique, used within Papyres. Its uniqueness lies in the multicriteria aspect introduced in the process of collaborative filtering, allowing researchers to indicate their interest in specific parts of articles. Moreover, we suggest test and compare several approaches to determine the neighbourhood in the Multicriteria Collaborative Filtering process, such as to increase the accuracy of the recommendation. Finally, we report on the implementation and validation of Papyres.

Les étudiants gradués et les professeurs (les chercheurs, en général), accèdent, passent en revue et utilisent régulièrement un grand nombre d’articles, cependant aucun des outils et solutions existants ne fournit la vaste gamme de fonctionnalités exigées pour gérer correctement ces ressources. En effet, les systèmes de gestion de bibliographie gèrent les références et les citations, mais ne parviennent pas à aider les chercheurs à manipuler et à localiser des ressources. D'autre part, les systèmes de recommandation d’articles de recherche et les moteurs de recherche spécialisés aident les chercheurs à localiser de nouvelles ressources, mais là encore échouent dans l’aide à les gérer. Finalement, les systèmes de gestion de contenu d'entreprise offrent les fonctionnalités de gestion de documents et des connaissances, mais ne sont pas conçus pour les articles de recherche. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons une nouvelle classe de systèmes de gestion : système de gestion et de recommandation d’articles de recherche. Papyres (Naak, Hage, & Aïmeur, 2008, 2009) est un prototype qui l’illustre. Il combine des fonctionnalités de bibliographie avec des techniques de recommandation d’articles et des outils de gestion de contenu, afin de fournir un ensemble de fonctionnalités pour localiser les articles de recherche, manipuler et maintenir les bibliographies. De plus, il permet de gérer et partager les connaissances relatives à la littérature. La technique de recommandation utilisée dans Papyres est originale. Sa particularité réside dans l'aspect multicritère introduit dans le processus de filtrage collaboratif, permettant ainsi aux chercheurs d'indiquer leur intérêt pour des parties spécifiques des articles. De plus, nous proposons de tester et de comparer plusieurs approches afin de déterminer le voisinage dans le processus de Filtrage Collaboratif Multicritère, de telle sorte à accroître la précision de la recommandation. Enfin, nous ferons un rapport global sur la mise en œuvre et la validation de Papyres. / Graduate students and professors (researchers, in general) regularly access, review, and use large amounts of research papers, yet none of the existing tools and solutions provides the wide range of functionalities required to properly manage these resources. Indeed, bibliography management systems manage the references and citations but fail to help researchers in handling and locating resources. On the other hand, research paper recommendation systems and specialized search engines help researchers to locate new resources, but again fail to help researchers in managing the resources. Finally, Enterprise Content Management systems offer the required functionalities to manage resources and knowledge, but are not designed for research literature. Consequently, we suggest a new class of management systems: Research Paper Management and Recommendation System. Through our system Papyres (Naak, Hage, & Aïmeur, 2008, 2009) we illustrate our approach, which combines bibliography functionalities along with recommendation techniques and content management tools, in order to provide a set of functionalities to locate research papers, handle and maintain the bibliographies, and to manage and share knowledge related to the research literature. Additionally, we propose a novel research paper recommendation technique, used within Papyres. Its uniqueness lies in the multicriteria aspect introduced in the process of collaborative filtering, allowing researchers to indicate their interest in specific parts of articles. Moreover, we suggest test and compare several approaches to determine the neighbourhood in the Multicriteria Collaborative Filtering process, such as to increase the accuracy of the recommendation. Finally, we report on the implementation and validation of Papyres.