Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinically, the general disintegration, gross fracture, marginal breakdown, and surface texture in Class I and Class II restorations of four temporary filling materials having widely varying physical properties. They were zinc oxide-eugenol (Temrex), zinc oxide-rosin eugenol (Caulk’s), zinc phosphate cement (Tenacin), and silico-phosphate cement (Kryptex). Powder-liquid ratios and all manipulative procedures for each of the four materials were standardized. Compressive strength, solubility and abrasion resistance tests were carried out in the laboratory on the same standardized mixes used in the clinical part. A total of 137 standardized cavities were prepared in deciduous and permanent teeth of 37 children and restored with the four materials in an effort to equalize the distribution between the four quadrants. Rubber base impressions were taken as permanent records for evaluation at the one week, one month and three months observation visits. Zinc oxide-rosin eugenol (Caulk) exhibited the least resistance to disintegration and the roughest surface while the zinc oxide eugenol (Temrex) exhibited considerably more resistance and the smoothest surface. Zinc phosphate showed the greatest resistance to disintegration. Silico-phosphate cement exhibited the same behavior in Class I restorations but showed higher failure in Class II restorations due to fractures. Zinc phosphate exhibited smoother surface than the silico-phosphate cement. There was no correlation between in vitro solubility and clinical disintegration. Compressive strength seemed to be related to the general durability of the materials.

The flatwoods ecosystem of Florida has been heavily depleted over time but remains one of the most important systems to many threatened and endangered species. Areas that have been converted into non-native pastures may be restored to provide not only this invaluable ecosystem but also restore connectivity of the surrounding ecosystems. The pasture areas on The Disney Wilderness Preserve in central Florida were surveyed, and a conceptual plan for restoration was written in 1996. That same year a pilot study was developed to assess five methods for removing non-native pasture grasses. The treatments studied were single herbicide, single disc, multiple herbicide, multiple disc, and single herbicide with two disc treatments. All plots were monitored once a year for three years along non-permanent transects. Percent cover was estimated for seven variables and a species list was developed for each plot. The triple herbicide treatment had the best overall success in removal of non-natives and establishment of native species characteristic of flatwoods communities. This treatment also had the highest species richness. The results of this study were used to develop the long term restoration plan for the remaining pasture areas of the preserve. This information may also be useful to restore pastures that connect other important ecosystems being purchased and protected throughout Florida and the Southeastern United States.

Although individuals have limited directed attention capabilities, it has been shown that exposure to natural environments elicit cognitive restoration (i.e. Berman, 2008). It has also been shown that individuals prefer blue and green colors because they are relaxing and prompt happy feelings (Guilford & Smith, 1959; Mahnke, 1996; Wexner, 1954). The question however, is what aspects of nature elicit these effects: is it the natural colors, the environmental setting, or both? The present experiment will examine the effects of color (Blue, Green, Black and White, & Natural) and environmental setting (Urban, Foliage, & Aquatic) on measures of attention, short term memory, and mood. Additionally, this study was designed to replicate the findings of Berman et.al 2008, all while rigorously controlling for the pictorial content of its manipulation. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, no specific hypotheses were made. However, the goal of this research was to “tease apart” the effects of color and environment on the restoration of cognitive abilities. One hundred and nineteen non-color blind individuals completed pre and post tests for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y-1), Backwards Digit Span, and the Attention Network Task and viewed one of the twelve color/environmental setting picture sets between the pre and posttests. Results of the 2x3x4 Mixed ANOVAs do not support past research which suggests that natural environments are restorative in nature.

In recent years, intertidal reefs of Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) along central Florida's east coast have suffered extensive losses due to wakes from recreational boats. These wakes have caused extensive shell movement and sediment resuspension which results in large piles of disarticulated shells along the seaward edges of reefs. Dead margins extend up to one meter above mean high water. The creation and enforcement of "no wake" zones in the area are unlikely. Thus, there is an urgent need for an alternative restoration strategy before these oyster reefs decline any further. The goal of this project was to develop a scientifically-based restoration technique that minimized wake damage from recreational vessels on intertidal reefs in Canaveral National Seashore. To accomplish this, I tested a range of restoration measures to identify a design that best increased: 1) oyster recruitment, 2) three-dimensional structure of the intertidal reefs, and 3) biodiversity and abundances of sessile and motile species associated with reefs. As a starting substrate in all treatments, I used restoration mats, which were created by affixing 36 drilled oyster shells to 0.4 x 0.4 m pieces of black mesh (Vexar). Five mats were deployed on the fore-reef, midreef, and backreef areas of each reef. In my experiment, I manipulated two habitat conditions: 1) leveling of existing dead margins to bring the top of the dead margin below mean high water to facilitate settling of larvae, and 2) deploying artificial seagrass seaward of the mats to act as a wake buffer. All combinations of these variables and all appropriate controls were replicated on six oyster reefs each, for a total of thirty reefs. Reefs that were leveled were significantly reduced in height and this difference was maintained throughout the 1 year study. Unleveled reefs actually increased in mean height over the 12 months. Tracking loose shells covering our restoration mats over time likewise documented that shell movement was minimal on control reefs lacking dead margins and significantly greater on reefs with dead margins. Midreef areas on reefs with dead margins were almost completely buried by loose shells. Quarterly monitoring of the number of spat settling on all restoration mats allowed for comparisons between treatments and locations on oyster reefs. After determining that overall water flow on the fore reef areas of all treatments was similar, I tested the null hypothesis that all treatments had similar recruitment of oyster larvae. My first alternative hypothesis was that artificial seagrass would increase oyster recruitment if the grass was a successful wake buffer and minimized sediment resuspension known to be lethal to newly settled oyster or prevented disarticulated oyster shell from moving and reforming mounds. My second alternative hypothesis was that the leveling of the dead margins would increase the total reef surface area available to larval oyster recruitment and thus lead to an increase in the number of recruits and eventually 3-dimensional reef structures (when oysters grow in close proximity and affix themselves together). Statistical analyses showed the artificial seagrass did not decrease the negative impacts caused by recreational boat wakes. Hence, it is not a recommended method for reef restoration. Recruitment of oysters significantly increased over time and significantly differed on various regions of the reefs. Recruitment was always highest on the fore-reef regions and lowest on back-reef regions. Although overall recruitment did not differ among treatments, it was significantly lower on midreef regions of the impacted reefs. This suggests that the leveling of the oyster reefs would increase the surface area available for future oyster recruitment. To look at biodiversity, I tested the hypothesis that all treatments would have similar biodiversity on a month by month basis. Alternatively, biodiversity should always be greatest on leveled reef with artificial seagrass due to increased 3-dimensional structure nearby and longer submersion times. To enumerate biodiversity, two lift nets were placed on each reef, one contained a restoration mat and the other contained only mesh (control). In most months, the four experimental treatments were similar according to the biodiversity measures analyzed. However, biodiversity was always higher in lift nets with restoration mats when compared to lift nets with mesh only. This result again suggests that the mats as designed are important restoration tools. Overall, my results show that placing seagrass in front of oyster reefs may not help to better restoration efforts. However, leveling dead margins on reefs and using the restoration mats is beneficial to oyster reef habitat restoration efforts. As a result of my research, restoration mats, in combination with leveling dead margins, are currently being used in a large-scale, community-based oyster reef restoration project within Canaveral National Seashore boundaries.

No description available.

Mumbai is the economic capital and the most densely urbanized coastal city of India. Environmental strain caused by rapid development of the city is studied with focus on one aspect of Mumbai's environment, the mangrove ecology, which has been threatened by urbanization ever since the city began to evolve. The development authority of the city proposes a regional plan to guide future growth. An addendum to this regional plan is part of this thesis. The process of developing a mangrove mitigation plan is discussed in this paper. The paper analyzes the potential mangrove stand, which can be restored, and why they need to be restored. This thesis recommends mangrove conservation and restoration policies for Mumbai, based on the process of data collection, data structuring, comparative analysis and development of implementation strategies. A study of Mangrove management policies implemented in other countries and coastal cities supports the mangrove management strategies suggested for the city of Mumbai. Future land development proposed by the development authority of Mumbai has been analyzed to identify probable impacts on mangrove ecology and to highlight mangrove mitigation sites. These sites offer a platform for active mangrove management that will provide important environmental services to Mumbai in the future. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Woody encroachment upon grasslands is a global trend that is cause for concern. In the Lampasas Cut Plain of Texas, Ashe juniper is the dominant woody invasive species. Grassland restoration is dependent upon proper seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. Shearing and bulldozing are common methods of juniper removal. Three hypotheses were tested in this experiment. The first was that bulldozing and shearing results in similar seedbed preparations. The second was that electrical conductivity (ECa) models soil moisture storage heterogeneity across a landscape. The third hypothesis tested was that bulldozing and shearing result in similar seedling establishment. Eighteen plots were selected and three treatments were applied: 1) shearing, 2) dozing, and 3) control. After clearing with both juniper removal methods, the levels of soil disturbance and vegetation regrowth were measured. Point measures were used to describe soil surface disturbance, and at each point, presence and size of ground cover and surface depressions were recorded. After germination, when the plants were large enough to identify, vegetation was sampled at 20-24 locations in each plot. At each sample location a quadrat was placed on the transect, and total herbaceous, grass, forb, rock, litter, and bare soil cover were recorded in cover classes. All species were identified, seeded species were enumerated, and in the second vegetation sample, dominant species were assigned a cover class. There was considerable variation between plots for all parameters measured. Bulldozing created a greater number of depressions in the soil than shearing. It also had a higher percent of large depressions. There was no difference in ground cover change between treatments except in the case of the largest litter category. ECa was effective in modeling soil moisture storage patterns and had a lower coefficient of variation than manual soil depth measurements. There was no difference between sheared and dozed plots for any of the vegetation establishment parameters, but control plots had lower establishment in most categories. Overall, there was little difference between the two treatments in seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. The cost of shearing was 80% of the cost of dozing, which made it more desirable in this scenario.

The retention of historic structures and the information which they contain, the basic goals of historic preservation, has occurred with increasing frequency in the twenty-year period following the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Admittedly, the ideal scenario involves the retention and reuse of architecturally or historically important structures. However, occasionally notable buildings are found which are located upon sites earmarked for new construction or which have deteriorated to a condition which makes restoration or adaptive reuse not economically feasible. Adequate documentation prior to the destruction of such buildings not only preserves the information therein contained, but also may encourage reuse of some structures by making the owner aware of their contribution to the streetscape, to local history or to the architectural history of a community or region.Although parameters for adequate documentation exist at the national level for national landmarks, state and local standards are vague at best, leaving both the professional and the non-professional preservationist to determine the level of documentation and the amount of research required. Difficult at best for the professional, documentation in the absence of guidelines frequently proves disastrous for the non-professional.This thesis is the product of a documentation project conducted between September 1984 and October 1985 to provide "adequate documentation" for a client of the College of Architecture and Planning at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana. Having no established guidelines or precedent to follow, and instructed to produce "adequate documentation" for 28 structures at six Indiana State Hospitals, the documentation team learned much during the fourteen-month process of producing both written and graphic documentation.The author presents this descriptive analysis of one component of the documentation process - the preparation of the 331-page written text which accompanied photographs and H.A.B.S. drawings. While each project differs, the Indiana State Hospital Project established a precedent which may be referred to By the C.A.P. when faced with similar projects in the future.

Woody encroachment upon grasslands is a global trend that is cause for concern. In the Lampasas Cut Plain of Texas, Ashe juniper is the dominant woody invasive species. Grassland restoration is dependent upon proper seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. Shearing and bulldozing are common methods of juniper removal. Three hypotheses were tested in this experiment. The first was that bulldozing and shearing results in similar seedbed preparations. The second was that electrical conductivity (ECa) models soil moisture storage heterogeneity across a landscape. The third hypothesis tested was that bulldozing and shearing result in similar seedling establishment. Eighteen plots were selected and three treatments were applied: 1) shearing, 2) dozing, and 3) control. After clearing with both juniper removal methods, the levels of soil disturbance and vegetation regrowth were measured. Point measures were used to describe soil surface disturbance, and at each point, presence and size of ground cover and surface depressions were recorded. After germination, when the plants were large enough to identify, vegetation was sampled at 20-24 locations in each plot. At each sample location a quadrat was placed on the transect, and total herbaceous, grass, forb, rock, litter, and bare soil cover were recorded in cover classes. All species were identified, seeded species were enumerated, and in the second vegetation sample, dominant species were assigned a cover class. There was considerable variation between plots for all parameters measured. Bulldozing created a greater number of depressions in the soil than shearing. It also had a higher percent of large depressions. There was no difference in ground cover change between treatments except in the case of the largest litter category. ECa was effective in modeling soil moisture storage patterns and had a lower coefficient of variation than manual soil depth measurements. There was no difference between sheared and dozed plots for any of the vegetation establishment parameters, but control plots had lower establishment in most categories. Overall, there was little difference between the two treatments in seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. The cost of shearing was 80% of the cost of dozing, which made it more desirable in this scenario.