In less than two decades, African-American, female, leading-edge baby boomers (AAFLEBBs) will join the retirement population. AAFLEBBs are members of the largest generation in the history of the United States. This generation's economic well being has been threatened by high unemployment rates, factory closings and downsizings, eroding purchasing power, lack of financial management skills, and fluctuating income. There is a growing concern that boomers will not do well financially in retirement. The purpose of this study is to better understand the retirement planning process of eight AAFLEBBs. Also, this study focuses on identifying areas where additional research may be needed regarding retirement planning. This study utilized a qualitative method known as the long interview. Seven factors were identified that affected the retirement planning process of the eight African-American females studied. These factors were: the uncertain social security system, their children, job changes, parents' retirement, the fluctuating economy, day-to-day survival, and career development. Three categories were identified for additional research: retirement planning of baby boomers, methods for acquiring retirement information, and specific concerns of African-American females. One main conclusion resulted from the findings: the majority of the AAFLEBBs interviewed were giving little attention to retirement planning. Further research should be conducted on African-American females in their own context. Researchers should investigate retirement planning and how people can best prepare themselves for this time of their lives. Gerontologists could explore African-American females’ perceptions of aging and what they want to happen in their senior lives. Extension specialists, adult educators, financial planners, and other family economics and management specialists should develop information to help various groups understand the importance of preparing and planning at early ages for their eventual retirement. / Ph. D.

The ageing of the Swedish population entails an increase of public and pension expenditure. A solution to keep the compensation level constant is to make individuals retire later from the labor force. In order to understand what actions need to be implemented, there is a need of more knowledge about the characteristics of individuals who chose to remain in the labor force after the normal age of retirement. This essay investigates how senior workers’ that are above the normal retirement age responds to an increase of non-labor income and how it affects labor supply. The results show that around 66 % of individuals will continue to work to the same extent, around 15 % will choose to reduce hours of work, and near 19 % will chose to retire. Also the results show that a person that will not change anything in hours of work after an increase in non-labor income will most likely be a male that is self-employed, who really likes his job and has a postgraduate degree. One conclusion in this essay is that to only focus on compensation levels in different social insurance systems to increase senior workers’ labor force participation will not be as effective as if also focus would be on social norms and cultural beliefs to increase engagement towards work.

From 1979 through 1984 the economic bases of rural Oregon counties have undergone structural change. Nonwage income, especially transfer payments, has played an important role in these changes. Demographic changes in rural counties have contributed to the growth in unearned income. The economic structure of rural Oregon counties was estimated by applying indirect export analysis techniques to secondary data. The results of the structural analysis provided the data for the econometric analysis. A conceptual model of regional growth was developed that incorporated community characteristics such as the size of the market (population) and market distance (location and commuting activity) from central place theory. This conceptual model was made operational through several econometric models which regressed basic income and community characteristics on residentiary incomes. Data limitations prevented extensive testing of the econometric models. Some bias, which affected the values of the residentiary sectors, was perceived in the estimation of exports. Two methodological improvements were attained. Firstly, the economic base of each county was estimated with sectoral groupings and data disaggregation that were better suited to the analytical techniques than is commonly applied. Secondly, a regional growth model was develped that combined basic income arguments with regional location and population arguments. The growth of expenditures by transfer payments recipients, both as a type of basic income expenditure and as a representative of retiree consumption, helped to account for the growth of residentiary income in rural counties during the early 1980's. Due to the steady growth of transfer payments, the growth of the retiree population and the decline in export earnings, policy makers should specifically consider the changing number of retirees when formulating regional development strategies. / Graduation date: 1988

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This research examines how the Targeted Separation Incentive Program, currently underway by the Navy, is being administered to bring about the voluntary separations of junior officers to meet the requirements of the Navyâ s most recent force reduction. This study evaluates the effects of past separation incentive programs as well as the current compensation package that the service-member may receive which is outlined in the Fiscal Year 2006 National Defense Authorization Act. In addition, an analysis was conducted of the costs associated with retaining the service-member versus the personal costs of that individual of leaving. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the Department of the Navyâ s (DoN) Targeted Separation Incentive Program in order to see if this program can adequately meet the goals of the current force reduction and whether or not savings can be realized through alternative separation programs.

The primary purpose of this study is to review the actions of the Texas State Teacher's Association as an organization in support of the needs of Texas teachers for adequate tenure and retirement, and to evaluate their effectiveness in securing these needs.

The problem of this study is to compare the retirement benefits under the federal Social Security System, as proposed in House Bill 6000, the retirement benefits under the Texas Teachers Retirement System, and the retirement annuities of private insurance companies. Further, the study will compare the survivors benefits under the proposed Social Security amendment and under the Texas Teacher Retirement System. Last, the study will compare the general nature and principles of the proposed Social Security amendment with those of the Texas Teacher Retirement System.

Background Depression in older people often goes undetected but has severe consequences on physical health, functioning and quality of life. As the aging population is growing, mental ill-health already is and will continue to be an important public health problem. There is a need for adequate strategies to meet this challenge. Aims (1) To investigate the prevalence of and the association between depressive symptoms and loneliness in relation to age and sex in a random Swedish sample in the age group 65-80 years, and to investigate to what extent those scoring ≥ 8 in the depression dimension of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) had visited health care professionals and/ or used antidepressive medication. (2) To evaluate the effect of group discussions, in which structured reminiscence and a Problem Based Method (PBM) were used, on depressive symptoms, Quality of Life (QoL) and Self-Rated Health (SRH) among older people. (3) To describe the individual´s experiences of the year before and the time after retirement. (4) To evaluate the factorial structure of the HAD in a general older population 65-80 years and to examine the possible presence of differential item functioning (DIF) related to sex. Result More men than women reported depressive symptoms, few were offered psychological treatment and a quarter used antidepressant medication. Depressive symptoms were associated with loneliness and this association decreased with increasing age.   Participation in group discussions resulted in a decrease in depressive symptoms and an increase in QoL and SRH. Both expectations and fears were experienced the year before and the time after retirement. The psychometric evaluation of the HAD showed a two-factorial structure and invariance regarding sex. Conclusion The result highlights the importance of detecting depressive symptoms and loneliness in older people and offer adequate treatment. Transition into retirement should receive more attention both from a health care and organizational perspective. Group discussions with structured reminiscence and PBM as a nursing intervention, seem to be a promising method to prevent depressive symptoms in older people, but further research is needed. The HAD can be recommended to assess anxiety and depression among a general population 65-80 years old.

This essay examines whether an investment in tertiary education in mid-age increase the probability to remain in the labor market after age 65 in Sweden. In addition, we analyze whether there is any difference in the probability to continue work after 65 if individuals choose to invest in tertiary education in mid-age or in any other age. This study utilizes already existing data that is a combination of a questionnaire survey and Swedish register data. In the sample there are 5235 individuals who are retired and 881 who are still in the labor market, born between 1938 and 1949. The implemented method is a linear probability model to obtain mean marginal effect. The results indicate that individuals who invested in tertiary education in mid-age have a higher probability to remain in the labor market after 65 than individuals with no tertiary education. There is, however, no statistically significant difference in probability depending on when they decide to invest in tertiary education.