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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Amygdala, Fear and Reconsolidation : Neural and Behavioral Effects of Retrieval-Extinction in Fear Conditioning and Spider Phobia

Björkstrand, Johannes January 2017 (has links)
The amygdala is crucially involved in the acquisition and retention of fear memories. Experimental research on fear conditioning has shown that memory retrieval shortly followed by pharmacological manipulations or extinction, thereby interfering with memory reconsolidation, decreases later fear expression. Fear memory reconsolidation depends on synaptic plasticity in the amygdala, which has been demonstrated in rodents using both pharmacological manipulations and retrieval-extinction procedures. The retrieval-extinction procedure decreases fear expression also in humans, but the underlying neural mechanism have not been studied. Interfering with reconsolidation is held to alter the original fear memory representation, resulting in long-term reductions in fear responses, and might therefore be used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, but few studies have directly investigated this question. The aim of this thesis was to examine the effects of the retrieval-extinction procedure on amygdala activity and behavioral fear expression in humans. The work presented here also investigated whether findings from studies on recent fear memories, established through fear conditioning, extends to naturally occurring long-term phobic fears. Study I, combining fear conditioning and a retrieval-extinction procedure with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), demonstrated that memory retrieval shortly followed by extinction reduces later amygdala activity and fear expression in healthy subjects. In Study II, these subjects were re-tested 18 months later. The results showed that the effects on fear expression were still present and that initial amygdala activity predicted long-term fear expression. Using an adapted version of the retrieval-extinction procedure, Study III showed that memory retrieval shortly followed by exposure to spider pictures, attenuates subsequent amygdala activity and increases approach behavior in subjects with life-long fear of spiders. In Study IV, these subjects were re-tested 6 months later, and the results showed that effects on amygdala activity as well as approach behavior were maintained. In summation, retrieval-extinction leads to long-lasting reductions in amygdala activity and fear expression. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that retrieval-extinction alters an amygdala dependent fear memory. Retrieval-extinction can also attenuate long-term phobic fears, indicating that this manipulation could be used to enhance exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders.
2

Investigação dos efeitos do comportamento verbal durante a extinção pós-recuperação sobre o retorno do medo / Investigation of the effects of verbal behavior during post-retrieval extinction on the return of fear

Zuccolo, Pedro Fonseca 07 December 2018 (has links)
Estudos sobre extinção do condicionamento Pavloviano envolvendo estímulos aversivos (condicionamento de medo) são considerados como análogos experimentais das terapias por exposição, nas quais pacientes são confrontados com situações temidas (porém seguras) com o objetivo de reduzir respostas de medo. Nos experimentos sobre extinção, estímulos que eliciam respostas condicionais (estímulos condicionais, CSs) por terem sido previamente associados a estímulos aversivos incondicionais (estímulos incondicionais, US) são apresentados repetidamente na ausência do US. Como resultado, as respostas condicionais de medo diminuem. Um desafio nessa área é sustentar a redução do medo a longo prazo, visto que o retorno de respostas condicionais (retorno do medo) é comumente observado no laboratório e na clínica. Estudos recentes conseguiram impedir o retorno do medo por meio da extinção pós-recuperação (post-retrieval extinction, PRE), procedimento que consiste em extinção após a apresentação de um estímulo que estava presente durante o condicionamento (retrieval cue). Contudo, tentativas de replicação desse procedimento geraram resultados conflitantes. O objetivo desta tese é contribuir para o debate sobre as variáveis envolvidas no retorno do medo com o uso da PRE em humanos. Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar se o comportamento verbal emitido pelos participantes durante a PRE pode mudar a probabilidade de retorno do medo. Participantes adultos (n=57) foram submetidos a condicionamento Pavloviano diferencial no qual uma fotografia de uma face humana (CS+) foi pareada a um estímulo elétrico leve (US), enquanto que outra fotografia de face humana nunca foi pareada ao US. No dia seguinte, os participantes foram alocados em um de três grupos (n=19): Experimental atividade verbal relacionada (Exp R), Experimental atividade verbal não-relacionada (Exp N) e Controle. Todos os grupos passaram por extinção, mas para os grupos experimentais, esse procedimento foi antecedido em 10 min por uma pista (retrieval cue) que consistia na apresentação não-reforçada dos CSs. Durante o intervalo entre essa pista e a extinção, os participantes do grupo Exp R se engajaram numa atividade na qual tinham que fazer verbalizações relacionadas às contingências experimentais, enquanto que os participantes do grupo Exp N tinham que fazer verbalizações que não estavam relacionadas às contingências experimentais. O grupo controle foi submetido à extinção tradicional (sem apresentação de pista ou 10 min de intervalo antes da extinção). No terceiro dia, todos os participantes passaram por um teste que consistia em quatro apresentações do US seguidas de extinção (teste de restabelecimento). As respostas de condutância da pele frente ao CS e ao US foram usadas como medidas das respostas condicionais e incondicionais, respectivamente. Retorno do medo, medido pelo responder diferencial (discriminação entre CS+ e CS-) no teste, estava presente no grupo controle e em menor grau no grupo Exp R. Em comparação, sujeitos do grupo Exp N não apresentaram responder diferencial em função de diminuição nas respostas frente ao CS+ e aumento nas respostas frente ao CS-. Este estudo mostra que o comportamento verbal pode mudar os efeitos da PRE, o que tem implicações para a sua adaptação para uso clínico / Studies on extinction of Pavlovian conditioning involving aversive stimuli (fear conditioning) have been considered experimental analogues of exposure treatments in which patients are confronted with feared but safe situations in order to reduce fear responses. In extinction experiments, stimuli that elicit conditioned fear responses (conditioned stimuli, CS) because they have been previously associated with aversive stimuli (unconditioned stimuli, US) are repeatedly presented in the absence of the US. As a result, conditioned fear responses tend to diminish. The challenge in this area is how to maintain fear reduction in the long term, as return of conditioned fear responses (return of fear) is commonly observed in laboratory and clinical settings. Recent studies were able to prevent return of fear by means of post-retrieval extinction (PRE), a procedure consisting of extinction after the presentation of a stimulus that was present during conditioning (retrieval cue). However, replications of this procedure have yielded mixed results. With this thesis, I attempted to contribute to the debate on the variables that determine the probability of return of fear after PRE in humans. An experiment was conducted to test if verbal behavior emitted by participants during PRE can change the probability of return of fear. Adult participants (n=57) underwent differential Pavlovian conditioning in which one photograph of a human face (CS+) was paired with a mild electrical stimulus (US), whereas another photograph of human face was not paired with the US. On the next day, participants were designated to one of three groups (n=19): Experimental related verbal activity (Exp R), Experimental non-related verbal activity (Exp N), and Control. All groups underwent extinction but for experimental groups, a retrieval cue consisting of a single unreinforced presentation of the CSs was carried out 10-min prior to extinction. During the interval between retrieval cue and extinction, participants from the Exp R group were required to engage in an activity directing their overt verbal behavior towards the experimental contingencies, whereas participants from the Exp N group were required to engage in an activity directing their overt verbal behavior away from the experimental contingencies. Control group underwent a standard extinction procedure (no retrieval cue or 10-min interval prior to extinction). On a third day, all participants underwent a test consisting of four presentations of the US alone followed by extinction (reinstatement test). Skin conductance responses to the presentations of the CSs and US were used as the dependent measure of conditioned and unconditioned responses, respectively. Return of fear, as measured through differential responding (discrimination between CS+ and CS-), was present in subjects from the control group and to a lesser extent in subjects from the Exp R group. In contrast, differential responding was abolished in subjects from the Exp N group, a result that was dependent both on decrease in responses to the CS+ as well as increase in responses to the CS-. This study shows that verbal behavior might change the effects of PRE, which can have implication for its adaptation for treating pathological fear
3

Investigação dos efeitos do comportamento verbal durante a extinção pós-recuperação sobre o retorno do medo / Investigation of the effects of verbal behavior during post-retrieval extinction on the return of fear

Pedro Fonseca Zuccolo 07 December 2018 (has links)
Estudos sobre extinção do condicionamento Pavloviano envolvendo estímulos aversivos (condicionamento de medo) são considerados como análogos experimentais das terapias por exposição, nas quais pacientes são confrontados com situações temidas (porém seguras) com o objetivo de reduzir respostas de medo. Nos experimentos sobre extinção, estímulos que eliciam respostas condicionais (estímulos condicionais, CSs) por terem sido previamente associados a estímulos aversivos incondicionais (estímulos incondicionais, US) são apresentados repetidamente na ausência do US. Como resultado, as respostas condicionais de medo diminuem. Um desafio nessa área é sustentar a redução do medo a longo prazo, visto que o retorno de respostas condicionais (retorno do medo) é comumente observado no laboratório e na clínica. Estudos recentes conseguiram impedir o retorno do medo por meio da extinção pós-recuperação (post-retrieval extinction, PRE), procedimento que consiste em extinção após a apresentação de um estímulo que estava presente durante o condicionamento (retrieval cue). Contudo, tentativas de replicação desse procedimento geraram resultados conflitantes. O objetivo desta tese é contribuir para o debate sobre as variáveis envolvidas no retorno do medo com o uso da PRE em humanos. Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar se o comportamento verbal emitido pelos participantes durante a PRE pode mudar a probabilidade de retorno do medo. Participantes adultos (n=57) foram submetidos a condicionamento Pavloviano diferencial no qual uma fotografia de uma face humana (CS+) foi pareada a um estímulo elétrico leve (US), enquanto que outra fotografia de face humana nunca foi pareada ao US. No dia seguinte, os participantes foram alocados em um de três grupos (n=19): Experimental atividade verbal relacionada (Exp R), Experimental atividade verbal não-relacionada (Exp N) e Controle. Todos os grupos passaram por extinção, mas para os grupos experimentais, esse procedimento foi antecedido em 10 min por uma pista (retrieval cue) que consistia na apresentação não-reforçada dos CSs. Durante o intervalo entre essa pista e a extinção, os participantes do grupo Exp R se engajaram numa atividade na qual tinham que fazer verbalizações relacionadas às contingências experimentais, enquanto que os participantes do grupo Exp N tinham que fazer verbalizações que não estavam relacionadas às contingências experimentais. O grupo controle foi submetido à extinção tradicional (sem apresentação de pista ou 10 min de intervalo antes da extinção). No terceiro dia, todos os participantes passaram por um teste que consistia em quatro apresentações do US seguidas de extinção (teste de restabelecimento). As respostas de condutância da pele frente ao CS e ao US foram usadas como medidas das respostas condicionais e incondicionais, respectivamente. Retorno do medo, medido pelo responder diferencial (discriminação entre CS+ e CS-) no teste, estava presente no grupo controle e em menor grau no grupo Exp R. Em comparação, sujeitos do grupo Exp N não apresentaram responder diferencial em função de diminuição nas respostas frente ao CS+ e aumento nas respostas frente ao CS-. Este estudo mostra que o comportamento verbal pode mudar os efeitos da PRE, o que tem implicações para a sua adaptação para uso clínico / Studies on extinction of Pavlovian conditioning involving aversive stimuli (fear conditioning) have been considered experimental analogues of exposure treatments in which patients are confronted with feared but safe situations in order to reduce fear responses. In extinction experiments, stimuli that elicit conditioned fear responses (conditioned stimuli, CS) because they have been previously associated with aversive stimuli (unconditioned stimuli, US) are repeatedly presented in the absence of the US. As a result, conditioned fear responses tend to diminish. The challenge in this area is how to maintain fear reduction in the long term, as return of conditioned fear responses (return of fear) is commonly observed in laboratory and clinical settings. Recent studies were able to prevent return of fear by means of post-retrieval extinction (PRE), a procedure consisting of extinction after the presentation of a stimulus that was present during conditioning (retrieval cue). However, replications of this procedure have yielded mixed results. With this thesis, I attempted to contribute to the debate on the variables that determine the probability of return of fear after PRE in humans. An experiment was conducted to test if verbal behavior emitted by participants during PRE can change the probability of return of fear. Adult participants (n=57) underwent differential Pavlovian conditioning in which one photograph of a human face (CS+) was paired with a mild electrical stimulus (US), whereas another photograph of human face was not paired with the US. On the next day, participants were designated to one of three groups (n=19): Experimental related verbal activity (Exp R), Experimental non-related verbal activity (Exp N), and Control. All groups underwent extinction but for experimental groups, a retrieval cue consisting of a single unreinforced presentation of the CSs was carried out 10-min prior to extinction. During the interval between retrieval cue and extinction, participants from the Exp R group were required to engage in an activity directing their overt verbal behavior towards the experimental contingencies, whereas participants from the Exp N group were required to engage in an activity directing their overt verbal behavior away from the experimental contingencies. Control group underwent a standard extinction procedure (no retrieval cue or 10-min interval prior to extinction). On a third day, all participants underwent a test consisting of four presentations of the US alone followed by extinction (reinstatement test). Skin conductance responses to the presentations of the CSs and US were used as the dependent measure of conditioned and unconditioned responses, respectively. Return of fear, as measured through differential responding (discrimination between CS+ and CS-), was present in subjects from the control group and to a lesser extent in subjects from the Exp R group. In contrast, differential responding was abolished in subjects from the Exp N group, a result that was dependent both on decrease in responses to the CS+ as well as increase in responses to the CS-. This study shows that verbal behavior might change the effects of PRE, which can have implication for its adaptation for treating pathological fear

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