The access of capital and the high market growth has resulted in an increase in the quantity of companies going public in Sweden. Most companies go through with the initial public offering (IPO) process, but there has been an increase of companies that choose to go public through an alternative method. A reverse takeover is an alternative going public transaction that has been more common and accepted over the recent years in Sweden. The going public process is reverse compared with an IPO and the method is known as the “back-door” to the market. The purpose of this report is to analyze reverse takeover on the Swedish stock exchange as an alternative to the traditional IPO, with focus on the factors behind the transaction. Through an inductive approach, data has been collected from interviews with representa-tives of financial advisory companies with experience of reverse takeovers. The aim was to clarify which factors that affects companies when they carry out a reverse takeover. A de-ductive approach has then been carried out, to provide the research with quantitative data that can act as a complement to the qualitative data. This data has been collected through a statistical analyse of reverse takeovers on the Swedish stock exchange. A reverse takeover is a faster process than an IPO. The main reason for the shorter listing process is that a reverse takeover is a transaction between two companies and the IPO is a transaction between one company and the public. Many of the reverse takeover transac-tions in Sweden were done to take advantages of the loss carry forwards in the public com-pany, which provides a possibility to reduce tax payments and go public at the same time. The publicity is lower for a reverse takeover than for an IPO, which makes it possible for the private company to take the back door to the capital market and in some way ignore the current market condition because the transaction is not depending on the demand for the company stock. A recognized pattern on the financial market is that reverse takeovers are carried out more frequently after a market crash. This agrees with what we have seen in Sweden, since pri-vate companies started to go public through reverse takeovers after the IT-crash. The re-verse takeover transaction can be viewed as a financial trend in today‟s Sweden. A few companies in Sweden have been harmed of the reverse listing process, as they have not been able to live up to the requirements from the stock exchange after they were listed. Planning and due diligence is important to be able to minimize risks when going public through a reverse takeover. The due diligence is even more important for reverse takeovers than for other transactions, since the business agreements are generally with companies that have a history of weak performance. / Ett gynnsamt börsklimat och möjligheten att få tillgång till externt kapital har resulterat i en tillväxt av börsnoterade företag i Sverige. Den vanligaste börsnoteringen är den traditionella ”initial public offering” (IPO) processen, men det har skett en ökning av företag som note-ras via alternativa metoder. Ett omvänt förvärv är en alternativ börsnoterings process som har blivit mer vanlig och accepterad de senaste åren i Sverige. Noteringsprocessen är om-vänd jämfört med en IPO och har därför blivit känd i Sverige som ”köksvägen” till börsen. Uppsatsen behandlar omvända förvärv på Stockholmsbörsen med ett syfte att analysera den alternativa börsnoteringen samt faktorerna som ligger bakom beslutet att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv istället för en traditionell börsnotering. Genom en induktiv ansats, har data samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med utvalda personer ur företag som har agerat finansiell rådgivare vid omvända förvärv. Intervjuernas syfte har varit att förklara vilka faktorer som påverkar företag att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv. Genom en deduktiv ansats, har sedan studien kompletterats med kvantitativ data ifrån en statistisk undersökning av omvända förvärv genomförda i Sverige. Ett omvänt förvärv erbjuder en snabbare noteringsprocess för det privata företaget i för-hållande till en IPO. Anledningen till varför ett omvänt förvärv är snabbare är för att det är en transaktion mellan två företaget, medan en IPO är ett erbjudande till allmänheten. Moti-vet bakom många omvända förvärv i Sverige har varit möjligheten att både börsnoteras och samtidigt utnyttja skalbolagets underskottsavdrag, vilket ger framtida skattefördelar. Publi-citeten kring omvända förvärv är lägre än för en IPO eftersom företaget inte behöver in-formera allmänheten, vilket gör det möjligt för ett privat företag att ta ”köksvägen” till bör-sen. Omvända förvärv genomförs oftast efter en sättning i marknaden. Svenska företag började utnyttja omvända förvärv som en noteringstransaktion efter IT-bubblan, eftersom det fanns många IT-bolag som upplevde svåra tider på börsen och var mer än villiga att ingå ett avtal för ett omvänt förvärv. Största riskerna med ett omvänt förvärv är relaterade till den omvända noteringsprocessen. En del Svenska företag har haft svårt att klara börsens krav och regler efter ett omvänt för-värv, vilket har resulterat i att de inte har lämnat observationslistan. Planering och Due Di-ligence är viktiga faktorer för att minimera riskerna, eftersom det privata företaget ingår av-tal med i de flesta fall ett börsnoterat företag med dåliga resultat och historik.

<p>The access of capital and the high market growth has resulted in an increase in the quantity of companies going public in Sweden. Most companies go through with the initial public offering (IPO) process, but there has been an increase of companies that choose to go public through an alternative method. A reverse takeover is an alternative going public transaction that has been more common and accepted over the recent years in Sweden. The going public process is reverse compared with an IPO and the method is known as the “back-door” to the market. The purpose of this report is to analyze reverse takeover on the Swedish stock exchange as an alternative to the traditional IPO, with focus on the factors behind the transaction. Through an inductive approach, data has been collected from interviews with representa-tives of financial advisory companies with experience of reverse takeovers. The aim was to clarify which factors that affects companies when they carry out a reverse takeover. A de-ductive approach has then been carried out, to provide the research with quantitative data that can act as a complement to the qualitative data. This data has been collected through a statistical analyse of reverse takeovers on the Swedish stock exchange. A reverse takeover is a faster process than an IPO. The main reason for the shorter listing process is that a reverse takeover is a transaction between two companies and the IPO is a transaction between one company and the public. Many of the reverse takeover transac-tions in Sweden were done to take advantages of the loss carry forwards in the public com-pany, which provides a possibility to reduce tax payments and go public at the same time. The publicity is lower for a reverse takeover than for an IPO, which makes it possible for the private company to take the back door to the capital market and in some way ignore the current market condition because the transaction is not depending on the demand for the company stock. A recognized pattern on the financial market is that reverse takeovers are carried out more frequently after a market crash. This agrees with what we have seen in Sweden, since pri-vate companies started to go public through reverse takeovers after the IT-crash. The re-verse takeover transaction can be viewed as a financial trend in today‟s Sweden.</p><p>A few companies in Sweden have been harmed of the reverse listing process, as they have not been able to live up to the requirements from the stock exchange after they were listed. Planning and due diligence is important to be able to minimize risks when going public through a reverse takeover. The due diligence is even more important for reverse takeovers than for other transactions, since the business agreements are generally with companies that have a history of weak performance.</p> / <p>Ett gynnsamt börsklimat och möjligheten att få tillgång till externt kapital har resulterat i en tillväxt av börsnoterade företag i Sverige. Den vanligaste börsnoteringen är den traditionella ”initial public offering” (IPO) processen, men det har skett en ökning av företag som note-ras via alternativa metoder. Ett omvänt förvärv är en alternativ börsnoterings process som har blivit mer vanlig och accepterad de senaste åren i Sverige. Noteringsprocessen är om-vänd jämfört med en IPO och har därför blivit känd i Sverige som ”köksvägen” till börsen. Uppsatsen behandlar omvända förvärv på Stockholmsbörsen med ett syfte att analysera den alternativa börsnoteringen samt faktorerna som ligger bakom beslutet att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv istället för en traditionell börsnotering. Genom en induktiv ansats, har data samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med utvalda personer ur företag som har agerat finansiell rådgivare vid omvända förvärv. Intervjuernas syfte har varit att förklara vilka faktorer som påverkar företag att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv. Genom en deduktiv ansats, har sedan studien kompletterats med kvantitativ data ifrån en statistisk undersökning av omvända förvärv genomförda i Sverige. Ett omvänt förvärv erbjuder en snabbare noteringsprocess för det privata företaget i för-hållande till en IPO. Anledningen till varför ett omvänt förvärv är snabbare är för att det är en transaktion mellan två företaget, medan en IPO är ett erbjudande till allmänheten. Moti-vet bakom många omvända förvärv i Sverige har varit möjligheten att både börsnoteras och samtidigt utnyttja skalbolagets underskottsavdrag, vilket ger framtida skattefördelar. Publi-citeten kring omvända förvärv är lägre än för en IPO eftersom företaget inte behöver in-formera allmänheten, vilket gör det möjligt för ett privat företag att ta ”köksvägen” till bör-sen. Omvända förvärv genomförs oftast efter en sättning i marknaden. Svenska företag började utnyttja omvända förvärv som en noteringstransaktion efter IT-bubblan, eftersom det fanns många IT-bolag som upplevde svåra tider på börsen och var mer än villiga att ingå ett avtal för ett omvänt förvärv. Största riskerna med ett omvänt förvärv är relaterade till den omvända noteringsprocessen. En del Svenska företag har haft svårt att klara börsens krav och regler efter ett omvänt för-värv, vilket har resulterat i att de inte har lämnat observationslistan. Planering och Due Di-ligence är viktiga faktorer för att minimera riskerna, eftersom det privata företaget ingår av-tal med i de flesta fall ett börsnoterat företag med dåliga resultat och historik.</p>

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2007 u.d.T.: Reichelt, Dirk: Zur zweckmässigen Erfassung von Unternehmenszusammenschlüssen durch Anteilstausch im Konzernabschluss nach HGB und IFRS

This PhD thesis consists of three empirical papers. Each paper can be read independently. However, all three papers investigate different factors affecting the performance of firms involved in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and initial public offerings (IPOs). A private firm seeking to become listed and who also wish to grow through acquisition can do so with an IPO followed by acquisitions or a reverse takeover (RT). In a RT, a private firm is acquired by a public firm, but the private firm controls the combined public entity after completion of the deal. Chapter 2, 'Post-acquisition performance when firms list and acquire simultaneously versus sequentially: Reverse takeover versus IPO-M&As', examines the differential performance of firms conducting an IPO prior to undertaking follow-on acquisitions (IPO-M&As) versus firms that combine the process of obtaining the listing and acquiring another firm by conducting a RT. I investigate how acquirers' choices affect their post-acquisition performances. In this paper, I also investigate the impact of board structure changes on firm performance in IPO-M&A and RT deals. This event study covers RTs and acquisition-motived IPOs listed on the London Stock Exchange during 1995-2012. Challenging the theoretical expectation that IPOs increase the likelihood of optimal exercise of acquisition options by reducing valuation uncertainty, my results show that an IPO does not alleviate the stock market underperformance of acquirers within 3 years post-acquisition. Private firms seem to self-select into different listing-and-acquisition routes depending on firm-specific characteristics and the board members keep the same level of control preference. However, the choice of listing-and-acquisition does not appear to significantly affect performance. I find no significant difference in the post-acquisition performance of firms undertaking IPO-M&As or RTs. Chapter 3, 'Post-acquisition performance of target firms: The impact of management turnover', investigates the efficiency of the takeover market and the impact of management turnover on target firm performance. Investigating separately the operating performance of targets and acquirers in U.K. domestic acquisitions during 2006-2014, I find that the post-acquisition peer-adjusted profits significantly improve in the unprofitable targets but do not change significantly in profitable targets. Both profitable and unprofitable targets experienced high management turnovers, but the improvement in profits does not appear to be driven by the management turnover. The reason of management turnovers is more complex than the acquisitions' market discipline function or resource-based management hypothesis. However, a complete turnover of top management in target firms seems to hurt the post-acquisition performance of acquirers, suggesting target management team may possess valuable information to facilitate the integration process. This study sheds light on the post-acquisition restructuring of target firms and their management teams, especially in private targets. Chapter 4, 'Identifying leaders among IPO firms: a content analysis of analyst coverage reports', investigates how analysts identify firms as a leader and whether leader firms go on to generate superior operating performance to non-leaders. Using a content analysis approach, I extract sentences including the keyword 'lead' from initial coverage reports and pick out sentences where the IPO firm is identified as either an 'industry leader' or 'partial leader'. I examine the textual content of initial coverage reports on U.S. IPOs during 1999-2012 and find that lead-underwriter analysts appear not to be more optimistic than non-lead-underwriters in their leadership identification of IPO firms, however, nor are they more accurate than non-lead-underwriters in identifying leader firms. I find that neither firms identified by analysts as industry leaders nor firms identified as having partial leadership advantages tend to generate superior peer-adjusted net sales or profit margins compared to non-leaders. The Global Settlement in 2003 significantly reduced the likelihood, frequency and intensity of partial leadership identification. Although there is no explicit regulation requirement on the text content in analyst reports, analysts have become more conservative in identifying a firm as a leader after the Global Settlement. This study helps investors to understand the incremental information of leadership identification in analyst reports, beyond the quantitative outputs such as stock recommendations.

New companies go public through Nasdaqs growth market First North constantly. The reasons for going public are many, and the interest at the moment is big. There are different ways to go public, the most common being the traditional IPO. This study is about the companies that have been listed on Nasdaq First North between 2008 and 2013 through traditional IPO, or by RTO (reverse takeover). The differences between these two ways of going public are that the IPOs are reviewed more thoroughly by Nasdaq and the market. This makes the study interesting, as the RTOs go public in a faster way, and avoid the review from outside parties largely. In this study you will see whether there is a difference in investing in either group of companies, from a shareholders point of view. In the study, we establish that there is no difference in the performance between the two groups of companies. However, we do see clear differenes between the companies development, not from a share perspective, but in other interesting perspectives such as takeovers, listing changes, bankruptcy, and delistings. / På Nasdaqs tillväxtmarknad First North sker ständigt nya introduktioner av företag. Anledningarna till börsnoteringarna är många, och intresset är i skrivande stund stort för att introduceras på börsen. Det finns olika sätt att introduceras på börsen, där det vanligast förkommande är genom en så kallad IPO-process. Denna studie utgår från bolag som har börsnoterats på Nasdaq First North under tidsperioden 2008-2013 genom IPO och RTO (omvända förvärv). Skillnaderna mellan dessa introduktioner är att IPO-bolagen granskas i högre grad av Nasdaqoch marknaden i övrigt inför introduktionen. Detta gör det intressant då RTO-bolagen kommer snabbare in på börsen och undviker granskningen från utomstående parter till stordel. I studien får du ur ett aktieägarperspektiv svar på om det är värt att investera i större utsträckning i någon av kategorierna, samt aktiernas utveckling i relation till deras branschindex på Nasdaq First North. I studien konstaterar vi att RTO-bolagen inte presterar sämre än IPO-bolagen om man ser till branschindex. Vi ser dock genomgående att det är tydliga skillnader vad gäller företagens utveckling, men inte ur ett aktiekursperspektiv utan snarare till andra intressanta aspekter såsom uppköp, listbyten, konkurser samt avnoteringar.

Submitted by Carlos Eduardo Stefaniak Aveline (eduardo.aveline@gvmail.br) on 2016-05-06T17:56:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Aveline-final.pdf: 1301218 bytes, checksum: a839c2cabeb929ca4c448f75a8f88b10 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-05-06T19:17:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Aveline-final.pdf: 1301218 bytes, checksum: a839c2cabeb929ca4c448f75a8f88b10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T12:08:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Aveline-final.pdf: 1301218 bytes, checksum: a839c2cabeb929ca4c448f75a8f88b10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 / Cross-border reverse takeover, led by Brazilian multinationals, generated superior performance? Cross-border reverse takeover has been the term used to describe the acquisition of companies in developed countries by companies from developing countries. These acquisitions, reverse because reversing the traditional flow of international investments, now account for a significant portion of these investments and calls into question the traditional way of thinking about international business. My argument is that the companies that made acquisitions in developed countries will have access to resources not available in the country of origin, such as new technologies, more advanced management techniques, more developed capital markets, low-cost financial resources, among others. On the other hand, they have developed skills to manage these resources and now have a competitive advantage over local competitors, leading to higher performance. However, based on data from Thomson ONE database, which records all mergers and announced acquisitions, ompleted or not, and employing the methodologies of event studies and multivariate regressions, based on accounting data on a sample of Brazilian companies listed on the stock exchange, this thesis shows that statistically can not be said that these companies achieved superior performance. / O Cross-border reverse takeover, conduzido pelas multinacionais brasileiras, gerou desempenho superior? Cross-border reverse takeover tem sido a expressão usada para designar a aquisição de empresas em países desenvolvidos por empresas de países em desenvolvimento. Essas aquisições, reversas porque invertem o fluxo tradicional dos investimentos internacionais, respondem atualmente por parcela significativa desses investimentos e colocam em cheque a forma tradicional de pensar os negócios internacionais. Meu argumento é que as empresas que fizeram aquisições em países desenvolvidos passam a ter acesso aos recursos não disponíveis no país de origem, tais como novas tecnologias, técnicas de gestão mais avançadas, mercado de capitais mais desenvolvidos, recursos financeiros de baixo custo, entre outros. Por outro lado, elas já desenvolveram competências para gerir esses recursos e passam a ter vantagem competitiva sobre os competidores locais, levando ao desempenho superior. No entanto, partindo dos dados da base de dados Thomson ONE, que registra todas as fusões e aquisições anunciadas, oncluídas ou não, e empregando as metodologias de estudos de evento e de regressões multivariadas, com base em dados contábeis sobre uma amostra de empresas brasileiras listadas em bolsa de valores, esta tese demonstra que estatisticamente não é possível afirmar que essas empresas obtiveram desempenho superior.

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LLM en droit" / Le présent mémoire analyse le phénomène des prises de contrôle inversée (PCI). Cette technique permet à une société privée de se faire acquérir par une société publique coté en Bourse. Elle obtient de cette dernière, en contrepartie, un nombre si important de ses actions qu'à la suite de la transaction, la société privée contrôle la société publique qui vient légalement de l'acheter. D'où la prise de contrôle dite inversée. Le but de l'opération consiste pour la société privée à devenir publique rapidement, et ce, à coûts moindres, comparativement à un appel public traditionnel. La société privée profite ainsi de son nouveau statut pour se financer par un appel public à l'épargne publique par le biais de la Bourse. La piètre réputation associée à ce genre de transactions est due à la cupidité de quelques entrepreneurs peu scrupuleux qui ont comme objectif d'empocher un profit rapide au détriment du public investisseur. Avec comme résultat que ce type de transaction suscite, à juste titre, la méfiance des autorités réglementaires. Le dilemme peut donc être posé en ces termes: compte tenu de l'importance économique des PME en termes de création de richesse au pays, doit-on restreindre l'usage de la PCI au nom du principe de la protection des épargnants? En somme, la liberté commerciale doit-elle céder le pas à des craintes de nature réglementaire? Nous concluons que malgré ces craintes très réelles, la PCI, majoritairement utilisée par la PME, doit être maintenue et qu'en termes de politique réglementaire, les autorités devraient favoriser l'emploi par ces jeunes sociétés du programme de financement « Société de Capital de Démarrage» (SCD) mis en place par la Bourse de Croissance rsx. Malgré ses défauts évidents, ce programme doit être amélioré afin de promouvoir une PCI plus efficace, et ce, à l'intérieur du programme Sco. À cet égard, la SCD pourrait bénéficier de la crédibilité ainsi que de l'expertise indéniable de la Bourse de Croissance en matière de financement de jeunes entreprises. Idéalement, la SCD serait améliorée au point où elle rendrait la PCI, hors ce programme, inutile. En ce sens, la liberté commerciale de faire des PCI serait préservée, tout en assurant la protection du public investisseur. / This thesis endeavours to analyse the phenomenon of the reverse takeover (RTO). This technique allows a private company to be acquired by a public entity whose stock is listed on an exchange. The former obtains from the latter such an important part of its stock that following the completion of the transaction, the private company controls the public company which has just acquired it. The takeover is therefore deemed reversed. The purpose of the transaction from the private entity perspective is to gain the status and privilege associated with being a publicly listed company faster and at a fraction of the cost that would otherwise be the case with a traditional public offering. Thereafter the private company uses its newly acquired public status to tap the capital markets via the stock exchange. The poor reputation generally associated with this kind of transaction is in a large measure due to the greed of a few scam artists whose main motive is a quick profit at the expense of the investing public. The result of this situation is that the RTO is viewed with considerable scepticism by the regulatory authorities. The dilemma may therefore be set in the following terms: taking into consideration the economic importance of the small and medium business (SME) as a creator of wealth in the economy, should the competent authorities limit the use of the RTO in the name of investor protection. In other words, should the commercial freedom to use the RTO in order to finance SME take a back seat to regulatory concerns. We conclude that although the serious concerns levelled by the regulators are very real, the RTO which is used primarily by SME should be maintained. It is further argued that regulatory authorities should promote as a matter of policy the RTO sponsored by the Capital Pool Company (CPC) program provided for by TSX Venture. We find that this program should be upgraded to allow for a more efficient RTO under the rules of the CPC. In this regard, the program would gain from the credibility and the undeniable expertise of the TSX Venture in the realm of financing young and emerging companies. Therefore, ideally, this program would be improved to the point where it would render the RTO pursued out of the program useless. If this were the case, we conclude that commercial freedom would be preserved, while concurrently maintaining protection for investors and upholding the integrity of capital markets.

Le présent mémoire analyse le phénomène des prises de contrôle inversée (PCI). Cette technique permet à une société privée de se faire acquérir par une société publique coté en Bourse. Elle obtient de cette dernière, en contrepartie, un nombre si important de ses actions qu'à la suite de la transaction, la société privée contrôle la société publique qui vient légalement de l'acheter. D'où la prise de contrôle dite inversée. Le but de l'opération consiste pour la société privée à devenir publique rapidement, et ce, à coûts moindres, comparativement à un appel public traditionnel. La société privée profite ainsi de son nouveau statut pour se financer par un appel public à l'épargne publique par le biais de la Bourse. La piètre réputation associée à ce genre de transactions est due à la cupidité de quelques entrepreneurs peu scrupuleux qui ont comme objectif d'empocher un profit rapide au détriment du public investisseur. Avec comme résultat que ce type de transaction suscite, à juste titre, la méfiance des autorités réglementaires. Le dilemme peut donc être posé en ces termes: compte tenu de l'importance économique des PME en termes de création de richesse au pays, doit-on restreindre l'usage de la PCI au nom du principe de la protection des épargnants? En somme, la liberté commerciale doit-elle céder le pas à des craintes de nature réglementaire? Nous concluons que malgré ces craintes très réelles, la PCI, majoritairement utilisée par la PME, doit être maintenue et qu'en termes de politique réglementaire, les autorités devraient favoriser l'emploi par ces jeunes sociétés du programme de financement « Société de Capital de Démarrage» (SCD) mis en place par la Bourse de Croissance rsx. Malgré ses défauts évidents, ce programme doit être amélioré afin de promouvoir une PCI plus efficace, et ce, à l'intérieur du programme Sco. À cet égard, la SCD pourrait bénéficier de la crédibilité ainsi que de l'expertise indéniable de la Bourse de Croissance en matière de financement de jeunes entreprises. Idéalement, la SCD serait améliorée au point où elle rendrait la PCI, hors ce programme, inutile. En ce sens, la liberté commerciale de faire des PCI serait préservée, tout en assurant la protection du public investisseur. / This thesis endeavours to analyse the phenomenon of the reverse takeover (RTO). This technique allows a private company to be acquired by a public entity whose stock is listed on an exchange. The former obtains from the latter such an important part of its stock that following the completion of the transaction, the private company controls the public company which has just acquired it. The takeover is therefore deemed reversed. The purpose of the transaction from the private entity perspective is to gain the status and privilege associated with being a publicly listed company faster and at a fraction of the cost that would otherwise be the case with a traditional public offering. Thereafter the private company uses its newly acquired public status to tap the capital markets via the stock exchange. The poor reputation generally associated with this kind of transaction is in a large measure due to the greed of a few scam artists whose main motive is a quick profit at the expense of the investing public. The result of this situation is that the RTO is viewed with considerable scepticism by the regulatory authorities. The dilemma may therefore be set in the following terms: taking into consideration the economic importance of the small and medium business (SME) as a creator of wealth in the economy, should the competent authorities limit the use of the RTO in the name of investor protection. In other words, should the commercial freedom to use the RTO in order to finance SME take a back seat to regulatory concerns. We conclude that although the serious concerns levelled by the regulators are very real, the RTO which is used primarily by SME should be maintained. It is further argued that regulatory authorities should promote as a matter of policy the RTO sponsored by the Capital Pool Company (CPC) program provided for by TSX Venture. We find that this program should be upgraded to allow for a more efficient RTO under the rules of the CPC. In this regard, the program would gain from the credibility and the undeniable expertise of the TSX Venture in the realm of financing young and emerging companies. Therefore, ideally, this program would be improved to the point where it would render the RTO pursued out of the program useless. If this were the case, we conclude that commercial freedom would be preserved, while concurrently maintaining protection for investors and upholding the integrity of capital markets. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LLM en droit"