Two forms of ribonucleoprotein complex from oocytes of Triturus cristatus carnifex are investigated, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) and a free 40S cytoplasmic RNP particle that stores 5SRNA and transfer RNA in pre-vitellogenic oocytes. HnRNP, isolated from homogenates of Triturus ovaries, has been characterized by sucrose gradient centrifugation, isopycnic centrifugation, electron microscopy and treatment with non-ionic detergent. The results largely confirm previous observations by Malcolm and Sommerville (1974) although electron microscopy of thin-sectioned hnRNP material revealed a considerable degree of cytoplasmic contamination of the preparation. This finding was confirmed by characterization of the polypeptide components of the hnRNP fraction and by comparison with the polypeptide spectrum of manually isolated oocyte nuclei. These studies further revealed that not only were there very few major polypeptides common to both the hnRNP preparation and isolated oocyte nuclei but that the majority of the "hnRNP" polypeptides could be isolated from the oocyte cytoplasm. Comparison of the polypeptide spectra of hnRNP, oocyte nuclei and rat-liver hnRNP "core particles" suggest that a "core protein" homologue may be present in oocyte nuclei though not in the "hnRNP" preparation. Immunostaining of SDS/polyacrylamide gel transfers with an antiserum to rat-liver hnRNP "core protein" revealed the presence of antigenically related polypeptides in the "hnRNP".- It is suggested that a large proportion of the so-called hnRNP preparation from Triturus oocytes could represent partially processed messenger RNP in association with membranous supramolecular structures. The 40S cytoplasmic RNP accumulated in previtellogenic Triturus oocytes contains 5S RNA and transfer RNA with two proteins of molecular mass 45,000 and 39,000 (P45 and P39). The particle has a buoyant density of 1.53 g cm-3 and consists of four identical subunits as shown by salt dissociation and isopycnic centrifugation experiments. Treatment with SDS completely dissociates the RNP complex into its separate components. These can be reassociated into subunits and even intact 40S RNP particles upon removal of the SDS by dialysis. The stable RNA/protein interactions can be demonstrated by analysis of reformed RNP complexes using isopycnic centrifugation and are found to be: 5S RNA/P45, 3(tRNA)/P45, 5S RNA/P39 and 58 RNA/P45/ P39. Indirect immunostaining of frozen oocyte sections with antisera to P45 and P39 suggest a purely cytoplasmic location for P39 whilst P45 is also found in the nucleus. The relationship between the 40S RNP particle proteins with transcription of 5S RNA and transfer RNA is discussed and the possibility that P39 is related to 5S RNA associated ribosomal proteins is also considered. A scheme for the formation and breakdown of 40S RNP storage particles is presented.

A novel method for the immobilization of ribonucleosides to polysaccharides, namely to agarose, is presented, and the immobilized nucleosides are used for the purification of nucleoside-converting enzymes, such as adenosine deaminase, guanase OMP-decarboxylase and xanthine oxidase.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico / Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neste trabalho foram sintetizados os heterociclos 3-carbetoxi-4(1H)-quinolona 98a-98o contendo substituintes flúor, cloro, bromo, iodo, metil, metoxi e nitro nas posições 6 ou 7, em rendimentos de 72 a 87%. Estes foram sililados com N,O-bis(trimetilsilil)trifluoracetamida (BSTFA) sendo posteriormente submetidos à reação de acoplamento com 1-O-acetil-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoil-β-D-ribofuranose (49), sob catálise do ácido de Lewis trimetilsililtrifluormetanossulfonato (TMSO-Tf), obtendo-se os respectivos ribonucleosídeos 3-carbetoxi-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoil-β-D-ribofuranosil)-4(1H)-quinolonas 99a-99o em rendimentos 65 a 89%. A reação de O-desbenzoilação dos nucleosídeos 99, utilizando-se solução metanólica de carbonato de sódio levou aos ribonucleosídeos inéditos 3-carbometoxi-1-β-D-ribofuranosil-4(1H)-quinolona correspondentes (100) em rendimentos de 70 a 77%. Os ribonucleosídeos quinolônicos 100 (6-F, Cl, Br, Me e 7-F) foram utilizados como precursores na obtenção de derivados nucleosídicos bromo-O-acetilados do tipo 90. Nestas reações os produtos resultantes da bromoacetilação de 100 (6-Cl, Br, Me) foram obtidos como mistura de regioisômeros 2(3)-Br, 3(2)-acetato, na proporção de (3:1), (5:1) e (3:1), respectivamente. As reações com os nucleosideos 100 (6-F e 7-F) levaram `a formação dos derivados 2,3,5-tri-O-acetilados. Contudo, a reação de bromoacetilação do ácido 6-metil-1-β-D-ribofuranosil-4(1H)-quinolona-3-carboxílico levou ao bromoacetato 90e como único produto, em rendimento de 65%. Estes derivados bromo-O-acetilados foram submetidos a reação de β-eliminação redutiva promovida por metais empregando-se duas metodologias. A primeira utilizando-se liga de zinco-cobre em DMF como solvente, e a segunda usando-se lítio metálico em THF sob ultra-som, porém estas reações não produziram os produtos olefínicos desejados. Contudo, a β-eliminação redutiva de 90e empregando-se liga de zinco-cobre sob ultra-som, levou ao 2`,3`-didesidrodidesoxinucleosídeo esperado. A reação de desproteção regiosseletiva de nucleosídeos 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoilados (99), empregando-se metóxido de sódio em THF, levou aos ribonucleosídeos inéditos 5-O-benzoilados 103a-103c, em bons rendimentos. Estes compostos foram utilizados em tentativas de obtenção de derivados 2,3-tiocarbonatos cíclicos e 2,3-bisxantatos, sem que tenham sido obtidos os produtos esperados. Na pesquisa em busca de novos heterociclos pirimidoquinolínicos, com potencial atividade antiviral, as quinolonas 98 foram reagidas com uréia ou tiouréia em solução etanólica de hidróxido de sódio. Porém, as condições reacionais empregadas não foram satisfatórias, ocorrendo apenas a hidrólise do grupamento éster da posicao C3 do anel quinolonico. O mesmo procedimento foi aplicado aos nucleosídeos quinolônicos 99, obtendo-se neste caso os ribonucleosídeos 100 nos quais todos os grupos éster dos nucleosídeos originais foram hidrolisados, em rendimentos de 59 a 76%, o que nos levou a estabelecer metodologia adequada de obtenção de nucleosideos ácidos do tipo 100. Estes nucleosídeos foram submetidos a teste de atividade biológica frente ao vírus HSV-1 obtendo-se, obtendo-se bons resultados de inibição viral a uma concentração de 50 M, destacando-se os nucleosídeos contendo substituintes cloro e metil na posição 6 do anel quinolônico, que apresentaram um percentual de inibição igual a 99%. Paralelamente, foram realizadas as reações de N-alquilação dos heterociclos quinolônicos 98 levando às quinolonas N-etiladas 108 em rendimentos de 74 a 84%. Posteriormente, estas foram submetidas a reação de hidrólise básica obtendo-se os ácidos carboxílicos N-etilados do tipo 109 em rendimentos de 62 a 80%. A quinolona 108f (6-OMe) foi submetida a reação com tiouréia na presença de carbonato de potássio levando à obtenção do heterociclo inétido 6-etil-9-metoxi-4-oxo-2-tiono-2,3,4,6-tetraidropirimido[5,4-c]quinolina 94 em 72% de rendimento. Para obtenção de novos heterociclos quinolônicos contendo substituintes triazólicos, foram sintetizados as aminoquinolonas 108o e 108p em rendimentos de 70 e 72%, respectivamente, por redução das nitroquinolonas 108g e 108n. Inicialmente, estas foram submetidas a reação de conversão na enamina desejada, que produziria posteriormente o núcleo triazólico. Entretanto, não se obteve em ambos os casos as enaminas em questão. Assim, foi sintetizado o aminoacrilato 104p, em 75% de rendimento, o qual foi entao reagido com diazomalonaldeído, levando à formação do núcleo triazólico, tendo no entanto ocorrido subsequente reação de condensação entre o grupo aldeídico do anel triazólico e o grupo amino do aminoacrilato 104p, obtendo-se como produto final a imina 119 em 75% de rendimento. Esta imina foi então submetida a reação de hidrólise ácida, obtendo-se o acrilato triazólico 118 em 65% de rendimento. / In the present work the 6 and 7 substituted 3-carboethoxy-4(1H)-quinolones 98a-98o (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, methoxy and nitro) were synthesized in 72-87% yields. These quinolones were silylated by using bis-(trimethyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Glycosylation of these silylated heterocycles was accomplished by their treatment with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose (49) in the presence of Trimethylsilyltrifluoromethanesulphonate ( TMSO-Tf), providing the desired ribonucleosides 3-carboethoxy-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)- 4(1H)-quinolones 99a-99o, in 65-89% yields. The de-O-benzoylation reaction of 99, using methanolic sodium carbonate solution led to the new 3-carbomethoxy-1- β-D-ribofuranosyl)- 4(1H)-quinolones 100 in 70-77% yields. The 6-F,Cl, Br, Me and 7-F-ribonucleosides 100 were used as precursors in the synthesis of their respective bromoacethylated derivatives 90. In these reactions, the bromoacetylation of 100 (6-Cl, Br and Me) yielded the corresponding mixture of regioisomeric bromoacetates 3(2)-Br, 2(3)-O-acetyl, being 2-O-acetyl-3-Br derivative the majoritary one ( 3:1, 5:1 and 3:1, respectively). This reaction when applied to 6-fluoro and 7-fluoro ribonucleosides 100a and 100f afforded the corresponding 2,3,5-tri-O-acetylated derivatives. However, the same reaction when using 6-methyl-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-4(1H)-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid (100m) as the starting material produced the new 6-methyl-1-(2,5-di-O-acetyl-3-bromo-3-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl-4(1H)quinolone-3-carboxylic acid (90e) as the only regioisomer in 65% yield. The β-Elimination reactions with these bromo-O-acetylated nucleosides were attempted by two methodologies. The first one using zinc-copper alloy in DMF and the second one using lithium in THF under ultrasound. These reactions failed to give the olefinec products. However, when the pure bromoacetate 90e was reacted with zinc-copper alloy, in DMF, under ultrasound, the desired 2`.3`-didesydrodidesoxy ribonucleoside was obtained. Regioselective deprotection of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoylated nucleosides 99 by using sodium methoxide in THF led to the new 5-O-benzoylated ribonucleosides 103a-103c in good yields. These substances were employed in attempts to obtain 2,3-cyclic thiocarbonates or to obtain 2,3-bisxanthates, unsuccessfuly. In the search for new heterocyclic nucleosides having pyrimidoquinoline ring, with potential antiviral activity, the quinolones 98 were reacted with urea or thiourea in sodium hydroxide solution leding only to the product in which the ester moiety of the starting material was hydrolyzed The same procedure was applied to the nucleosides 99 affording the ribonucleosides 100 in which all the ester groups of the protected ribonucleosides XV were hydrolyzed (59-76% yields). Additional efforts to obtain new pyrimidoquinoline derivatives were done. The quinolones 98 were alkylated with ethyl bromide in DMF producing the corresponding N-ethylquinolones 108 in 74-84% yields. Subsequently basic hydrolysis of the esther group at C3 led to carboxylic acids derivatives XXI in 62-80% yields. The condensation of 108f (R=6-OMe) with thiourea in the presence of sodium carbonate resulted in the isolation of the new heterocycle 6-ethyl-9-methoxy-4-oxo-2-thione-2,3,4,6-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline (94), in 72% yield. In the search of new quinolonic derivatives containing the tryazolic nucleous as substituint the aminoquinolones 108o and 108p were synthesized in 70 and 72% yields respectively, by reduction of the nitroquinolones 108g and 108n. In the first approach the amines were reacted with 1,3-dicaronylcompounds aiming to obtain the corresponding enamino esters, which would produce the tryazolic ring. However, this reaction failed to give the desired product. In order to overcome this problem, the aminoacrylate 104p was synthesized (75% yield), and subsequently reacted with diazomalonaldehyde forming the tryazolic moiety, followed by a condensation reaction leading to the iminoderivative (119), in 75% yield, which was hydrolyzed, under acid conditions, giving the tryazolic acrylate 118, in 65% yield.