Long Xiaohang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-155). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.I / Statement from Author --- p.II / Acknowledgements --- p.III / Abstract --- p.V / 摘要 --- p.VII / Table of Contents --- p.IX / List of Tables --- p.XV / List of Figures --- p.XVI / List of Abbreviations --- p.XVIII / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction and Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature review --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Rice --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Classification of rice --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Rice grain quality --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Overview of current information on the starch biosynthesis and regulation during seed development --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Starch property --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Structure of rice starch granules --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Properties of rice starch --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Starch synthesis related proteins --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.1 --- The formation of ADP-glucose through AGPase --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.2 --- The synthesis of starch by starch synthases --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.2.1 --- Amylose biosynthesis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.2.2 --- Amylopectin biosynthesis --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.3 --- Branching of the glucan chain by starch branching enzymes --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.4 --- The role of debranching enzymes in polymer synthesis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.5 --- Starch degradation in plastids --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.6 --- Other enzymes involved in starch synthesis pathway --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Starch biosynthesis regulation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.1 --- Developmental regulation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.2. --- Diurnal regulation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.3 --- 3-PGA/Pi regulation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.4. --- Sugar signaling --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.5. --- Hormonal signaling --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.6 --- Post translational modification regulation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.6.1 --- Post translational redox modulation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.3.6.2 --- Protein phosphorylation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Rice grain quality improvement by genetic engineering --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.1 --- Cooking and eating quality improvement --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.1.1 --- Manipulation of starch content --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.1.2 --- Manipulation of amylose/ amylopectin ratio --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.2 --- Other targets for manipulating starch quality and quantity --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Proteomics --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- General introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Current technologies of proteomics --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.1 --- Protein separation by 2D or non-2D method --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.2 --- Protein visualization --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.3 --- Computer-assisted image analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.4 --- Protein identification by mass spectrometry --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.5 --- Database search --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.5.1 --- Database searching software --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.5.2 --- Protein sequence database --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.5.3 --- Evaluating database hits --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.6 --- Bioinformatics involved in proteomics --- p.31 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.7 --- Post translational modification --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.1 --- Glycosylation --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.1.1 --- N-linked glycosylation --- p.33 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.1.2 --- O-linked glycosylation --- p.33 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.2 --- Phosphorylation --- p.33 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.3 --- Strategies for studying PTMs --- p.34 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.8 --- Other aspects of proteomics --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.1 --- 2D DIGE --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.2 --- LC/LC-MS/MS --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.2.1 --- MudPIT --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.2.2 --- ICAT --- p.37 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Plant proteomics --- p.37 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.1 --- Proteome analysis of plant tissues and organs --- p.38 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.2 --- Plant organelle proteomics --- p.39 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.3 --- Post translational modifications in plant --- p.41 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Recent progress in rice proteomics --- p.42 / Chapter 1.2.3.4.1 --- General introduction of rice proteomics --- p.42 / Chapter 1.2.3.4.2 --- Rice proteome database construction --- p.43 / Chapter 1.2.3.4.3 --- Comparative proteomics --- p.43 / Chapter 1.2.3.4.4 --- Post translational modification study of rice proteome --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Plant materials --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Chemical reagents and commercial kits --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Instruments --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Software --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Fractionation of amyloplast and amyloplast membrane proteins --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Marker enzyme assays --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 2D gel electrophoresis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Silver staining of 2D gel --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- In-gel digestion of protein spots --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Desalination of the digested sample with ZipTip --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Protein identification by mass spectrometry and database searching --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Image and data analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Extraction of starch granule associated proteins --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Western blot analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Sample preparation for N terminal sequencing --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Phosphorylation and glycosylation assays --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1 --- Protein identification by ID and 2D PAGE --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Isolation and purification of amyloplasts from rice seeds --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Identification of amyloplast and amyloplast membrane proteins by MS/MS --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- 2D and ID gel electrophoresis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Protein identification by MS and MS/MS --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Functional classification of identified proteins --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Metabolism proteins --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Non starch synthesis metabolism proteins --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Protein destination --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- Proteins with other functions --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Cross-correlation of experimental and calculated Mw of proteins --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- N-terminal sequencing --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2 --- Protein profiling --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Seed collection and stages chosen --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The proteomic profiles of rice amyloplasts at different developing stages --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Comparing the proteome of three rice lines --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Spot number analysis --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Functional distribution analysis --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Protein amount analysis --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Comparison of expression pattern: cluster analysis (SOM) --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- Cluster analysis of rice amyloplast proteome --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- Three major categories of rice amyloplast proteome expression patterns --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Scatter plots analysis --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Comparison of changes in proteins related to starch synthesis --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.7.1 --- GBSS --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.7.2 --- AGPase --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.7.3 --- SSS --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.7.4 --- SBE --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.7.5 --- SP --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study on protein post translational modifications --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Post translational modifications that potentially regulate starch synthesis --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Post translational modifications at different developing stages --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Profiling of post translational modifications of rice amyloplast proteome --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Starch synthesis related proteins --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.1 --- GBSS --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.2 --- SSS --- p.108 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Amyloplast isolation --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Protein extraction from amyloplasts --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Protein identification by PMF and MS/MS --- p.112 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Methods used to study protein expression patterns --- p.113 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- New methods introduced to study post translational modifications --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2 --- Characteristics of rice amyloplast proteins --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Amyloplast proteins associated with starch granules --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Most proteins in amyloplast proteome contain the transit peptide --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Multiple isoforms of starch synthesis related proteins --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Multiple spots of GBSS --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Expression patterns of amyloplast proteome --- p.120 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Post translational modifications potentially regulate starch synthesis --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3 --- Other characteristic aspects of amyloplast proteome --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Comparison between the rice and wheat amyloplast proteomes --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Proteomic comparisons among the three rice lines --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison of starch synthesis enzymes at protein and transcript levels --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Comparison of the starch synthesis related proteins among the three rice lines --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4 --- Limitations of proteomic approach in directly answering the question on how to improve eating and cooling quality --- p.126 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Future perspectives --- p.130 / References --- p.132

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T16:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 16 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo inserido na linha de pesquisa “Diversidade e manejo de Vida Silvestre” objetivou investigar a ocorrência de artrópodes e a seletividade de lambdacialotrina em populações de inimigos naturais, em áreas de arroz irrigado. Os experimentos foram realizados em Cachoeira do Sul, Eldorado do Sul e Capivari do Sul nos anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2008/09. Para o levantamento dos artrópodes, em cada localidade foram utilizadas quatro parcelas orizícolas sem tratamentos com inseticidas. As amostragens foram realizadas durante as três fases do cultivo das plantas, utilizando-se rede de varredura. Na análise da seletividade , as áreas orizícolas foram compostas por duas subáreas, sendo que uma delas foi tratada com 150mL/ha-1 de lambdacialotrina, enquanto a outra ficou isenta do produto. As avaliações foram realizadas aproximadamente aos 2, 15, 30 e 45 dias após a aplicação do inseticida, conforme as datas de amostragem nas localidades. Os resultados revelaram que a ocorrência dos artrópodes variou conforme

Rice blast disease is caused by the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and is of economic importance worldwide, due to its wide geographical distribution and the severe yield losses it causes on cultivated rice. Understanding the population structure of M. oryzae is key to sustainable management of blast disease. In this study, a total of 290 M. oryzae isolates were collected from rice growing regions in Kenya including Central Kenya (Mwea irrigation scheme), Western Kenya (Ahero and Maugo irrigation schemes in Ahero and Homa-Bay respectively) and Coastal Kenya (Kwale). Initially, I undertook genotyping of a subset of Kenyan isolates by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 and ITS 2) of the rRNA-encoding gene unit and by DNA fingerprinting using the Pot2 repetitive DNA element. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences clustered together isolates from Western and Coastal Kenya which were distinct from Central Kenya isolates. Cluster analysis based on 80% DNA fingerprint similarity, identified five clonal lineages designated KL1, KL2, KL3, KL4 and KL5 with most isolates belonging to lineages KL2, KL3, KL4. The clustering of isolates was region specific with Western and Coastal isolates closely related to each other and distinct from Central Kenya isolates. Distribution of mating type gene loci (MAT1.1 and MAT1.2) was determined using mating type gene specific primers. My results indicate that MAT1.1 is the predominant mating type and is distributed in all the rice growing regions of Kenya. MAT1.2 isolates were identified only in Coastal Kenya. I further undertook high throughput next-generation DNA sequencing of the genomes of 27 M. oryzae isolates from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Benin, Togo, Nigeria and Burkina Faso and compared them to other sequenced strains from China, India, USA, Philippines, Thailand, Korea, Japan, France and French Guiana. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicated that majority of East African isolates of M. oryzae clustered separately from West African isolates. African isolates clustered with isolates from India and China, indicating that rice blast in SSA may have originated from Asia. Pathotype analysis of Kenyan isolates was undertaken using a set of monogenic differential rice varieties, collectively harbouring 24 disease resistance genes. Rice blast resistance gene Pi-z5 conferred resistance to all the isolates tested. Other resistance genes that conferred resistance to majority of isolates tested include Pi-9, Pi-12(t), Pi-ta, Pi-ta2 and Pi-z. These resistance genes are suitable candidates for introgressing into commercially grown varieties in Kenya in combinations. I also investigated the population of M. oryzae isolates to identify cognate avirulence gene loci, including novel genes not yet reported. Finally, I evaluated rice varieties grown in Kenya for resistance to indigenous rice blast isolates under laboratory conditions. Rice variety Basmati 370 was susceptible to rice blast with varieties IR2793-80-1, BW 196, NERICA 1, NERICA 4, NERICA 10, and NERICA 11 showing some disease resistance. Varieties ITA 310 and Duorado Precoce were moderately tolerant to rice blast. This information is being used to develop a durable blast resistance strategy in sub-Saharan Africa.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:28:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vigano_lls_me_botfca.pdf: 315511 bytes, checksum: 1c704179aaf952553a743ea80191f02c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da assistência de ar junto à barra de pulverização e três volumes de aplicação na dessecação e deposição da calda em arroz vermelho sob cultivo de nabo forrageiro em recuperação de áreas de várzeas, pulverizado com herbicida paraquat e corante azul brilhante, respectivamente. Os volumes de calda de pulverização foram 100, 200 e 300 L ha-1, da solução contendo corante alimentício (0,15%, p/v). Tanto na presença do ar junto à barra quanto na sua ausência foram utilizadas pontas de pulverização de jato plano tipo AXI 110015 a pressão de 117,3 kPa, AXI 11002 e AXI 11003 a pressão de 276 kPa. A avaliação da deposição da pulverização deu-se em folhas de plantas de arroz vermelho. Verificou-se nos resultados que houve diferença na deposição entre diferentes técnicas e volumes de calda testados nas plantas de arroz vermelho. Maior deposição foi alcançada pelo maior volume aplicado (300 L ha-1) com a assistência de ar junto à barra pulverizadora. Não se constatou diferença na deposição quando aplicados os volumes de 100, 200 e 300 L ha-1 sem assistência de ar e 200 e 300 L ha-1 com assistência de ar. As maiores porcentagens de dessecação de arroz vermelho foram constatadas com a aplicação de 300 L ha-1, tanto na presença quanto na ausência de assistência de ar junto à barra pulverizadora. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of air-assistance on spraying at three volumes in the dessecation and deposition on red rice under fodder radish cultivation. To evaluate the dessecation and spray deposition were used paraquat herbicide and a Brilliant Blue dye, respectively. The three volumes of spray were 100, 200 and 300 L ha-1, using a tracer dye at 0,15% (w/v). Both solution used flat fan nozzles AXI 110015 at 117.3 kPa, AXI 11002 and AXI 11003 at 276 kPa. The evaluation of deposition was made on red rice leaves. We observed no significant different deposition between spray techniques and application volumes on red rice plants. Higher deposition was obtained by 300 L ha-1 application with air assistance in the spray boom. No difference it was observed on spray deposition at 100, 200 and 300 L ha-1 volumes without air assistance and at 200 as well as 300 L ha-1 with air assistance. The highest percentages of red rice dessecation were observed with 300 L ha-1 application with or without air assistance at the sleeve boom sprayer.

Further in vivo and in vitro studies using the truncated OsRMR1 proteins from the culture media of transgenic BY-2 cells demonstrated that OsRMR1 functioned as a receptor in transporting vicilin-like storage proteins via specific interaction with their vacuolar sorting determinants. Taken together, the OsRMR1 is a sorting receptor for the PSV pathway that defines a novel organelle as PVC for PSV in rice. / Receptor-mediated protein sorting is one of the mechanisms for transporting soluble proteins to the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in plant cells. Members of vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR) family proteins and receptor homology region-transmembrane domain-RING-H2 (RMR) family proteins have been shown to function in mediating the transport of storage proteins to PSVs in plants. However, no prevacuolar compartment (PVC) for the PSV pathway has been identified. In this study, I used a rice RMR protein (OsRMR1) as a probe to study the PSV pathway in rice. Using confocal immunofluorescent and immunogold electron microscopy (EM) with specific OsRMR1 antibodies, I have identified a novel organelle as a PVC for the PSV pathway, because OsRMR1 antibodies labeled the Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the novel organelle in both rice cultured cells and developing rice seeds, as well as the protein body Type II (PBII) in developing rice seeds. This novel organelle is morphologically distinct from the lytic PVC or multivesicular body (MVB). / Shen, Yun. / "May 2008." / Adviser: Liwen Jiang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1428. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-139). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

by Zeng Naiyan. / "December 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-213) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

No description available.

O Brasil é o 9° produtor mundial de arroz e o primeiro fora do continente asiático, com produção de 12,2 milhões de toneladas em 2,4 milhões de hectares na safra 2013/14. A incidência de doenças é um dos principais fatores que afeta a produção do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) no Brasil e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas é atividade recente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a interferência da aplicação de fungicidas na qualidade das sementes de arroz, em função do período e do ambiente de armazenamento. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizadas sementes de arroz dos cultivares SCS 118, BRS Pampa e IRGA 424, 3 lotes de cada cultivar, representadas pelo controle e pelas aplicações dos fungicidas Penflufem + Trifloxistrobina, Metalaxil + Tiabendazol + Fludioxonil e Piraclostrobina + Tiofanato-metílico + Fipronil, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150 ml / 100 kg de sementes de arroz, respectivamente; as sementes foram avaliadas 1, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias após o tratamento. O armazenamento das sementes foi realizado por 120 dias, em ambientes natural e controlado (10ºC e 20% UR). Para determinar a qualidade das sementes foram avaliados o teor de água, a germinação, o vigor (primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântula e testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de frio) e a sanidade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com análise de variância para cada cultivar e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Os resultados permitem concluir: a) O tratamento das sementes de arroz com fungicidas, independente do genótipo, é adequado para manter a qualidade das sementes, por um período de armazenamento de até cento e vinte dias; b) Há influência do fungicida, do ambiente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e no vigor das sementes de arroz; c) A interferência do fungicida na qualidade da semente de arroz varia de acordo com o lote e com o cultivar; d) Os três fungicidas são eficientes para o controle dos principais fungos associados às sementes de arroz, com destaque para Tiabendazol + Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil para o controle de Microdochium oryzae e Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina para o controle de Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp. / Brazil is the 9th largest producer of rice and the first outside Asia, with production of 12.3 million tonnes at 2.4 million hectares in harvest 2013/14. The incidence of disease is a major factor affecting rice production in Brazil and the seed treatment with fungicides is a recent study. This research has the purpose to evaluate the interference of fungicide application on the quality of rice seeds, according to the environment and period of storage. The research was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, being used rice seeds of the cultivars SCS 118, BRS Pampa and IRGA 424, three seed lots from each cultivar, were represented by the control and the applications of fungicides Penflufem + Trifloxystrobin, Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin + Thiophanate-methyl + Fipronil, at doses of 50, 100 and 150 ml / 100 kg seed of rice, respectively; the seeds were evaluated 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment. These seeds were stored for 120 days in two environments: natural and dry cold room (10 °C and 20% RH). To determine the seed quality were evaluated water content, germination, vigor (first count of germination, seedling length, accelerated aging and cold tests) and sanity. The experimental design was completely randomized, with analysis of variance for each cultivar and comparison of average by Tukey test (5%). The results indicate: a) The treatment of rice seeds with fungicides, regardless of genotype, it is appropriate to maintain the quality of the seeds, for a storage period of one hundred and twenty days; b) There is influence of fungicide, environment and storage period on the germination and vigor of rice seeds; c) The interference of the fungicide varies according to the genotype and seed quality; d) The three fungicides are effective for the control of major fungi associated with rice seeds, especially Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil in control of Microdochium oryzae and Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina in control of Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.

A cinza da casca do arroz (CCA) é um resíduo rico em sílica amorfa. Um método simples e de baixo consumo energético para extração desta sílica foi pesquisado, obtendo-se um material com baixo teor de impurezas e alta reatividade, adequado para a síntese de zeólitas e wolastonita (CaSiO3). As zeólitas sintéticas, que não possuem estruturas similares na natureza, são cada vez mais valorizadas no mercado devido a pureza e eficiência em aplicações específicas nas áreas de troca iônica, peneira molecular e catálise. A wolastonita com elevado grau de pureza tem várias aplicações na indústria e agricultura. O mineral wolastonita pode ser formado de várias maneiras na natureza. Em geral é aceito que existem dois processos de formação; os quais envolvem o metamorfismo (calor e pressão) do calcário. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um novo processo para a síntese das zeólitas e da wolastonita, ambas a partir da sílica coloidal da CCA; tendo como objetivo um processo de um menor custo energético, menor número de etapas e menor consumo de reagentes. Foram sintetizadas neste trabalho as zeólitas: A, usada em detergentes, e a ZSM-5, empregada na indústria petroquímica, devido a sua alta seletividade em reações catalíticas e grande estabilidade térmica e resistência aos ácidos. A primeira etapa na síntese da wolastonita foi estudada com o objetivo da formação do hidrossilicato de cálcio (CSH). Contudo, onze hidrossilicatos de cálcio diferentes ocorrem no sistema Ca(OH)2-SiO2-H2O que em uma segunda etapa passam por um tratamento térmico para dar formação a fase wolastonita. / Rice hull ash (RHA) is a industry scrap rich in amorphous silica. A simple and low-energy cost method for the extraction of this silica was researched. A low level of impurity and high reactivity material was produced, which is appropriate for the synthesis of zeolites and wolastonite (CaSiO3). The synthetic zeolites, has not similar structures in nature, and they have been more and more valued in the market due to their purity and efficiency in specific applications like ion exchange, molecular sieve and catalysis areas. High purity wolastonite has many applications in manufacturing and agriculture. The mineral wolastonite can be formed in nature in different ways; it is generally accepted two forming processes, both encompassing limestone metamorphism (heat and pressure). In this work, a new process for the synthesis of zeolites and wolastonite from RHA colloidal silica was developed. Moreover, the process is aimed at lower energy costs, fewer stages and fewer reactants consume. In this work, zeolite A used in detergent and zeolite ZSM-5, employed in the petrochemical industry due to its high selectivity in catalytic reactions and its high thermo and acid stability, were synthesized. The first step of the wolastonite synthesis was studied, with the purpose of obtaining calcium hydrosilicate. Eleven different hydrosilicates occur in the system Ca(OH)2-SiO2-H2O, in the second step, it was annealed to form the wolastonite phase.

O Brasil é o 9° produtor mundial de arroz e o primeiro fora do continente asiático, com produção de 12,2 milhões de toneladas em 2,4 milhões de hectares na safra 2013/14. A incidência de doenças é um dos principais fatores que afeta a produção do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) no Brasil e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas é atividade recente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a interferência da aplicação de fungicidas na qualidade das sementes de arroz, em função do período e do ambiente de armazenamento. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizadas sementes de arroz dos cultivares SCS 118, BRS Pampa e IRGA 424, 3 lotes de cada cultivar, representadas pelo controle e pelas aplicações dos fungicidas Penflufem + Trifloxistrobina, Metalaxil + Tiabendazol + Fludioxonil e Piraclostrobina + Tiofanato-metílico + Fipronil, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150 ml / 100 kg de sementes de arroz, respectivamente; as sementes foram avaliadas 1, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias após o tratamento. O armazenamento das sementes foi realizado por 120 dias, em ambientes natural e controlado (10ºC e 20% UR). Para determinar a qualidade das sementes foram avaliados o teor de água, a germinação, o vigor (primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântula e testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de frio) e a sanidade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com análise de variância para cada cultivar e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Os resultados permitem concluir: a) O tratamento das sementes de arroz com fungicidas, independente do genótipo, é adequado para manter a qualidade das sementes, por um período de armazenamento de até cento e vinte dias; b) Há influência do fungicida, do ambiente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e no vigor das sementes de arroz; c) A interferência do fungicida na qualidade da semente de arroz varia de acordo com o lote e com o cultivar; d) Os três fungicidas são eficientes para o controle dos principais fungos associados às sementes de arroz, com destaque para Tiabendazol + Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil para o controle de Microdochium oryzae e Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina para o controle de Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp. / Brazil is the 9th largest producer of rice and the first outside Asia, with production of 12.3 million tonnes at 2.4 million hectares in harvest 2013/14. The incidence of disease is a major factor affecting rice production in Brazil and the seed treatment with fungicides is a recent study. This research has the purpose to evaluate the interference of fungicide application on the quality of rice seeds, according to the environment and period of storage. The research was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, being used rice seeds of the cultivars SCS 118, BRS Pampa and IRGA 424, three seed lots from each cultivar, were represented by the control and the applications of fungicides Penflufem + Trifloxystrobin, Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin + Thiophanate-methyl + Fipronil, at doses of 50, 100 and 150 ml / 100 kg seed of rice, respectively; the seeds were evaluated 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment. These seeds were stored for 120 days in two environments: natural and dry cold room (10 °C and 20% RH). To determine the seed quality were evaluated water content, germination, vigor (first count of germination, seedling length, accelerated aging and cold tests) and sanity. The experimental design was completely randomized, with analysis of variance for each cultivar and comparison of average by Tukey test (5%). The results indicate: a) The treatment of rice seeds with fungicides, regardless of genotype, it is appropriate to maintain the quality of the seeds, for a storage period of one hundred and twenty days; b) There is influence of fungicide, environment and storage period on the germination and vigor of rice seeds; c) The interference of the fungicide varies according to the genotype and seed quality; d) The three fungicides are effective for the control of major fungi associated with rice seeds, especially Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil in control of Microdochium oryzae and Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina in control of Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.