Tires play an extremely important role in the operation of a vehicle as they transmit forces between the ground and the vehicle. Consistent efforts have been made over the years towards modeling and simulation of tires and more recently, there has been an increasing need to understand the transient response of tires to various high-frequency events such as anti-lock braking and short-wavelength disturbances from the road. Major thrust has been provided by the tire industry to develop simulation models that accurately predict the dynamic response of tires without the use of computationally intensive tools such as FEA. The objective of this research is to explain the development, implementation and validation of a simulation tool based on a dynamic tire model that would assist in the analysis of the effect of tire belt vibrations on the braking performance of a vehicle. A rigid ring tire model, tandem elliptical cam enveloping model and a rule-based ABS model have been developed for this purpose. These were combined together in a quarter vehicle model and implemented in Matlab-Simulink. These models were developed for adaptation with CarSim to provide a simulation tool that can be utilized in both tire and vehicle design processes. In addition to model implementation, a parameterization procedure was developed to estimate the parameters of the rigid ring tire and enveloping model based on experimental data for a given tire. Validation studies have also been performed to ensure the accuracy and validity of the tire model. Following this, the braking performance of ABS under different road surfaces were evaluated. Based on the simulation results, final conclusions were drawn with regards to the analysis and detailed recommendations for future work directed towards the improvement of the tool were provided. / Master of Science

Automotive and Tire companies spend extensive amounts of time and money to tune their products through prototype testing at dedicated test facilities. This is mainly due to the limitations in the simulation capabilities that exist today. With greater competence in simulation, comes more control over designs in the initial stages, which in turn lowers the demand on the expensive stage of tuning. The work presented, aims at taking today's simulation capabilities a step forward by integrating models that are best developed in different software interfaces. An in-plane rigid ring model is used to understand the transient response of tires to various high frequency events such as Anti-Lock Braking and short wavelength road disturbances. A rule based ABS model performs the high frequency braking operation. The tire and ABS models have been created in the Matlab-Simulink environment. The vehicle model has been developed in CarSim. The models developed in Simulink have been integrated with the vehicle model in CarSim, in the form of a design tool that can be used by tire as well as vehicle designers for further tuning of the vehicle functional performances as they relate to in-line braking scenarios. Outdoor validation tests were performed to obtain data from a vehicle that was measured on a suspension parameter measuring machine (SPMM) in order to complement this design tool. The results of the objective tests performed have been discussed and the correlations and variations with respect to the simulation results have been analyzed. / Master of Science

Tires are the most influential component of the vehicle as they constitute the only contact between the vehicle and the road and have to generate and transmit forces necessary for the driver to control the vehicle. The demand for the tire models are increasing due to the need to study the variations of force generation mechanisms due to various variables such as load, pressure, speed, and road surface irregularities. Another need from the vehicle manufactures is the study of potential incompatibilities associated with safety systems such as Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and tires. For vehicle dynamic simulations pertaining to the design of safety systems such as ABS, ESC and ride controllers, an accurate and computationally efficient tire model is required. As these control algorithms become more advanced, they require accurate and extended validity in the range of frequencies required to cover dynamic response due to short wavelength road disturbances, braking and steering torque variations. Major thrust has been provided by the tire industry to develop simulation models that accurately predict the dynamic response of tires without the use of computationally intensive tools such as FEA. The objectives of this research are • To develop, implement and validate a rigid ring tire model and a simulation tool to assist both tire designers and the automotive industry in analyzing the effects of tire belt vibrations, road disturbances, and high frequency brake and steering torque variations on the handling, braking, and ride performances of the vehicle. • To further enhance the tire model by considering dynamic stiffness changes and temperature dependent friction properties. • To develop, and implement novel control algorithms for braking, stability, and ride performance improvements of the vehicle / Ph. D.

Noise and vibration transmitted through the tire and suspension system are strong indicators of overall vehicle ride quality. Often, during the tire design process, target specifications are used to achieve the desired ride performance. To validate the design, subjective evaluations are performed by expert drivers. These evaluations are usually done on a test track and are both quite expensive and time consuming due to the several experimental sets of tires that must be manufactured, installed, and then tested on the target vehicle. In order to evaluate the performance, expert drivers tune themselves to the frequency response of the tire/vehicle combination. Provided the right models exist, this evaluation can also be achieved in a laboratory. The research presented here is a method which utilizes the principles of frequency based substructuring (FBS) to separate or combine frequency response data for the tire and suspension. This method allows for the possibility of combining high fidelity tire models with analytical or experimental suspension data in order to obtain an overall response of the combined system without requiring an experimental setup or comprehensive simulations. Though high fidelity models are not combined with experimental data in the present work, these coupling/decoupling techniques are applied independently to several quarter car models of varying complexity and to experimental data. These models range from a simplified spring-mass model to a generalized 3D model including rotation. Further, decoupling techniques were applied to simulations of a rigid ring tire model, which allows for inclusion of nonlinearities present in the tire subsystem and provides meaningful information for a loaded tire. By reducing the need for time consuming simulations and experiments, this research has the potential to significantly reduce the time and cost associated with tire design for ride performance. In order to validate the process experimentally, a small-scale quarter car test rig was developed. This novel setup was specifically designed for the challenges associated with the testing necessary to apply FBS techniques to the tire and suspension systems. The small-scale quarter car system was then used to validate both the models and the testing processes unique to this application. By validating the coupling/decoupling process for the first time on the tire/vehicle system with experimental data, this research can potentially improve the current process of tire design for ride performance. / Ph. D. / Noise and vibration transmitted through the tire and suspension system of a vehicle strongly influence the comfort of passengers. Often, during the tire design process, target specifications are used to achieve the desired vibrational characteristics. Subjective evaluations are then performed by expert drivers in order to validate the tire design. These evaluations are usually done on a test track and are both quite expensive and time consuming due to the several experimental sets of tires that must be manufactured, installed, then tested on the target vehicle. The research presented here utilizes techniques from the field of Dynamic Substructuring which allow frequency data for the tire and suspension systems to be separated or combined. This method allows for the possibility of combining high fidelity tire models with analytical or experimental suspension data in order to obtain an overall response of the combined system without requiring an experimental setup or comprehensive simulations. Several analytical tire and suspension models were developed for this work and the process of separating/combining the frequency data was performed. Then, a small scale test system was developed and used to establish experimental procedures to collect the data necessary to carry out the Dynamic Substructuring techniques. Finally, the process was validated by repeating the process of separating/combing the frequency properties of the experimental data.