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Note: / This dissertation examines the position of Inuit (Eskimo) kinship and· its associated behavioral concomitants as they effect the patterning of Inuit ecological relations. The study seeks to demonstrate the role such features, functioning as one component within the cultural ecological system, play in organizing and maintaining the observed pattern of man-land interactions. In so doing, it focuses on particular internal attributes, such as task group formation and decision-making networks, which contribute to the material substance of the local adaptation.Th~approach employed in the research may be termed that of systems-oriented cultural ecology. Within this approach, social-cultural features of the society are seen as forming a knowledge set which, along with data derived from the environment, contribute information necessary for the inplementation of specific strategies of resource exploitation. Social organization elements, therefore, provide a framework for the arrangement of environmental, as well as sociological, relations. Inuit subsistence activities, then, ar~ perceived not simply in terms of isolated actions;but as a process which encompasses a broad range of societal components. / La presente dissertation etudie la position de la parente des Inuit (Esquimaux) et des problemes accessoires de comportement qui affeetent 1a structuration des relations des Inuit. L'etude vise a demontrer Ie role que ces aspects, qui s'exercent eomme un element au sein du systeme eco1ogique culturel, jouent dans l'organisation et Ie maintien du schema des rapp0rts observe entre l'hom.ne et la terre. Ce faisan..:, elle se eoncentre sur les attributs internes particu1iers tels que la formation des groupes d'etudes et les reseaux de prise de decision qui contribuent aux relations d'ordre materiel de l'adaptation locale.L'approche utilisee pour 1a recherche peut etre qualifiee d'ec010gie culture11e axee sur les systemes. Selon cette approche, on considere que les aspects socio-culture1s de la societe forment un ensemble de connaissances qui, combinees aux donnees derivees de l'environnement, fournissent l' it-formation necessaire a 1.' implantatiotl de stratlgiE:.s propres a l'exploitation des ressources. Les elements de l'organisation sociale offrent done Ie cadre de la structuration des relations sur Ie plan de l'environnement ainsi que sur Ie plan sociologique. Les activites deployees par les Inuit pour assurer leur subsistance sont alors per~ues non pas simplement comme des actions isolees mais comme un processus qui enblobe une vaste gamme de composantes de 1a societe.

This study investigates channel bed scour and fill as a result of individual flood events in a gravel-bed channel. Given the complexity of interactions between hydraulic force, the texture and arrangement of bed material, and input of sediment to a particular point of the channel bed, study objectives were pursued with the view that bed material movement is a stochastic phenomenon. A two-year field program was conducted in Carnation Creek, a small gravel-bed stream draining 11 km2 on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In the 900 m study reach, an array of measurement techniques, including scour indicators, magnetically-tagged stones, and conventional survey, yielded information about the fluctuations of the channel bed elevation and movement of scoured material for individual flooding periods. Frequency distributions of scour and fill depths associated with individual flooding periods are adequately modeled by negative exponential functions over the range of flood peak magnitudes observed in Carnation Creek. Analysis of scour depths measured in streams on the Queen Charlotte Islands demonstrates the applicability of the exponential model to flooding periods and flood seasons. Further, exploratory analysis suggests that a regional scour depth model is possible. Power functions relating mean depths of scour and fill to flood peak discharge show that depth increases with an increase in peak magnitude. Observed maximum scour depths in flooding periods are linked, in general, to streambed conditions influenced by antecedent flow conditions. These patterns in scour and fill exist within an overall pattern of increasing variability in depths of scour and fill as peak discharge increases. Evaluation of a heuristic model for mean travel distance as a function of particle size proposed by Church and Hassan (1992) provides convincing evidence for its general merit. Mean travel distance decreases inversely with particle size as size increases beyond the median diameter of subsurface sediment. This trend is consistent in both individual flooding periods as well as flood seasons. The majority of material finer than the median diameter of surface sediment is supplied from subsurface material, which influences the travel distances of these finer fractions because of burial. Computation of volumetric transport rates of bed material, based on the active scour depth and width of the channel bed, the virtual velocity of particle movement, and sediment porosity, suggests the potential for building scale correlations with streamflow, which have usually been defined by bedload sampling during floods. Error analysis indicates that determination of active width contributes most significantly to the imprecision of transport rate estimates. Results underscore the stochastic nature of sediment transport in gravel-bed channels.

The purpose of this thesis is twofold: first, to review the literature on economic impact analysis in general, and port-economic impact literature in particular; and second, to use this background to undertake an economic impact assessment. The case study for this thesis is Fraser Port, which is located along the lower reaches of the Fraser River in British Columbia's Lower Mainland metropolitan region. The port is administered by the Fraser River Harbour Commission. This thesis is about production, people, and the economic significance of Fraser Port. This thesis is not an analysis of economic impact theory, but a review and application of port impact identification techniques. All data and impacts presented relate to 1992. Ports perform a necessary function in a nation's trading system by providing a transshipment connection between land and water modes of transport. As such, the port is strategically connected to the production of the many goods passing through its facilities. For this thesis, the impact of the various commodities passing through the port is termed port-associated. The port also manifests its presence through its daily operations and generates numerous employment opportunities both within and beyond the confines of the waterfront. The economic impact driven by this activity is termed port-industry and most closely reflects the impact of the working waterfront. To complete the impact assessment of the port-industry category, a survey was undertaken to collect sales revenue and employment information. This data was then aggregated into specific industry sectors and a total economic impact was estimated using appropriate economic multipliers. The result was a picture of direct, indirect, and induced activity resulting from the daily operations of the port. The port-associated category was assessed in a slightly different manner. The value of each cargo was determined and, where appropriate, was assessed for the economic activity related to its production. This activity is not generated by the port, but is associated with Fraser Port through the use of its transshipment services. The results of the assessment reveal that the port-industry category generates approximately one quarter of a billion dollars of provincial gross domestic product (GDP). This led to a total GDP impact across Canada of close to $275 million. Employment amounted to about 2,113 full-time equivalent positions in B.C. and nearly 3,400 across Canada. In 1992, the total value of import and export cargo passing through Fraser Port was approximately $6.1 billion, $3.8 billion of which was international imports. The remainder, $2.3 billion, was made up of domestic outbound and inbound cargoes, and international exports. It is important to recognize that these two categories of port activity are measures of different effects. The results of the port-industry and port-associated categories should not be added to produce a total Fraser Port impact. Adhering to this recommendation will ensure that the figures, and thus Fraser Port, will not be misrepresented to the public.

In the canyon where the Fraser River flows through the Cascade mountains, migrating salmon supported a large, dense native population. By 1850 the Hudson’s Bay Company had several forts on other parts of the Fraser River and its tributaries but found the canyon itself inaccessible. Prior to the gold rush, whites rarely ventured there. Discoveries of gold in Fraser River in 1856 drew the attention of outsiders and a rush of miners, and led eventually to permanent white settlement on mainland British Columbia. Contrary to much historiography, these were not foregone results. Instead, the gold rush was a complex process of negotiation and conflict among competing groups as they sought to profit from gold discoveries. The Hudson’s Bay Company sought to gain and retain control of the resource by incorporating it into its trade and by excluding outsiders. But miners arrived by the thousands, and the Company was forced to try to regulate miners’ access to the resource. However, as a group, miners were cohesive and self-reliant; they had little need for outside intervention. The Hudson’s Bay Company was unable to regulate them while pursuing its own ideas of profit. The British government subsequently revoked the Hudson Bay Company’s trade license, and proclaimed British Columbia a colony. In efforts to impose its own ideals of order on the gold fields, the government introduced a new colonial administration which, following a chain of command extending from London through Victoria to the Fraser, sought to organize the population in the spaces of the Fraser Canyon. Government authority was reinforced by the legal system’s flexible responses to the diverse population’s activities it deemed illegal. By studying the interactions of natives, miners, traders, administrators, and the legal system, I have attempted to untangle the ways in which white men negotiated their particular racist and masculinist ideals and sought to impose them in the spaces of the Fraser Canyon.

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For hundreds of years, the riverside area of Shanghai was one of the city's most vibrant places, making it an important part of Shanghai’s history. By following the story of the rivers, the life and culture of Shanghai's riverside neighbourhoods can be traced. While the river has always been important to the inhabitants of central Shanghai, it has become largely inaccessible during the last several decades. First, the booming manufacturing industries of the 20th century resulted in heavily polluted rivers. Second, physical barriers such as walls and roads were built, preventing access to the rivers. Both of these combine to create a landscape in which urban neighbourhoods are separated from the river as well as from each other. This thesis proposes ways in which a redesign of the riverside can strengthen the culture and community of neighbourhoods while also looking towards the present and future needs of residents and visitors.

Habitat fragmentation can influence the genetics of a population through the direct loss of genetic diversity, and by the genetic processes that occur as a result of small remnant populations or the geographic isolation of populations. I examined the population genetics of two woodland amphibian species in localities with different land-use histories. The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) use the same general habitat but differ with respect to a few key life-history characteristics relating to dispersal. I then compared between species the relative influence each land-use scenario had on the population genetic structure. I found that habitat fragmentation affected the population genetics of the two amphibians and did so differently for each species. The differential population genetic response of these two amphibians to habitat fragmentation reinforces the important role of life-history characteristics in how the genetic structure of a population is shaped over time.