Collector well designs are necessary to maximize groundwater uptake and riverbank filtration without negatively impacting an aquifer. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information and research regarding the implementation of collector well design parameters. In the past, collector well installation was too costly, but recent advances in well technology have made collector wells more cost effective. This research will contribute a set of guidelines to optimize riverbank filtration and groundwater remediation. This study models the hydrodynamics surrounding collector well configurations in riverbank filtration and groundwater remediation. Visual Modflow® was utilized to run a variety of numerical models to test four areas: flux along the laterals of a collector well, collector well interactions with a river, collector well yield, and collector well remediation capability. The two design parameters investigated were lateral length (25 m, 50 m, and 100 m) and number of laterals (3 and 4). The lateral flux tests confirm flux increases towards the terminal end of each lateral and pumping rate is the controlling factor in flux amount obtained along the laterals. The analysis of the flux-river interaction shows the main factor in determining flux amount is the initial river geometry, followed by the pumping rate, regional background flow, and collector well design, respectively. The models suggest that the 4-lateral collector well design is more effective than the 3-lateral design and in addition, 100 meter length laterals provide the highest amount of yield with the least amount of drawdown. The remediation tests investigate the application of vertical well equations to evaluate collector well designs in two areas: minimum pumping rate to capture line source of particles and first arrival time of particles. The remediation models show 100 meter length laterals provide both the lowest pumping rate and the highest residence time with the surrounding aquifer for maximum remediation. Ultimately, these models provide basic design guidelines and explain which designs are most effective, depending on the collector well purpose.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19692号 / 工博第4147号 / 新制||工||1640(附属図書館) / 32728 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 正治, 教授 中川 一, 准教授 竹林 洋史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Morphological changes along several channels have raised concerns in the Province of Manitoba. This thesis presents a comprehensive study of fluvial morphological processes in open channels. Due to the recent concerns in the Province of Manitoba, the study mainly focused on the Red River in the city of Winnipeg, and two diversion channels in northern Manitoba. Morphodynamic conditions of these channels have become more complicated due to the cohesive nature of the channels bed and bank material and significant effects of subaerial processes. Several field measurement techniques, experimental setups, and numerical models were used to gain a better understanding of these complicated processes within the study reaches. Field measurements include soil sampling, water sampling, hydrometric surveys using an ADCP; the experimental setup includes several standard soil properties tests as well as an erosion measurement test; numerical modelling includes hydrodynamic and thermal modelling to quantify applied shear stress and seasonal freeze-thaw processes. Moreover, the effect of deposition processes on the final geomorphology of the study areas is discussed. / October 2016

Over the last decade in North America, an increasing number of microbiological drinking water regulations have been used to manage groundwater resources that are potentially influenced by surface water. Regulations such as the Ontario Ministry of Environment Regulation 505, which requires at least a 60 day groundwater travel time between surface waters and drinking water wells, have been created with limited understanding of subsurface pathogen transport processes. Groundwater Under Direct Influence studies (GUDI or GWUDI in USA) are conducted to assess the need to treat well water at an extraction point. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding factors that affect the transport of pathogens through porous media at the surface water-groundwater interface. Such information is required to supply sufficient quantities of drinking water in a cost effective and safe manner. <br /><br /> Factors that affect pathogen transport through porous media include: properties of the pathogen (i. e. surface charge, size, and morphology), properties of the granular media (i. e. mineralogy, size, texture, angularity) and properties of the water (i. e. pH, ionic strength and content, and natural organic matter). This study examines the effects of ionic strength, grain size and influent virus concentrations on pathogen transport in porous media. Fourteen column tests were conducted using the bacteriophage MS2 and 1. 5 µm microspheres; two commonly used non-pathogenic surrogates representative of human viruses and bacteria, respectively. Two size distributions of crushed silica sand, with median grain diameters of 0. 7 and 0. 34 mm, and two ionic strengths of 8 and 95 mmol/L were used. A 2² partial factorial design was used with a minimum of two replicates of each combination of the parameters. <br /><br /> The results show that complete breakthrough of both viruses and microspheres occurred in medium sand at low ionic strength. It was found that increasing ionic strength by Ca²⁺ addition precluded breakthrough of MS2 in both the medium and fine sands. This represents a greater than 8 log reduction in peak effluent concentration and essentially complete attenuation. <br /><br /> In fine sand, with low ionic strength water, a 5 log reduction in peak MS2 concentrations was observed. In the same sand at high ionic strength, no MS2 broke through the column, corresponding to a greater than 8 log removal. Since complete attenuation occurred in both grain sizes at high ionic strength, the effect of higher ionic strength in the fine sand was indistinguishable from the effect observed from raising the ionic strength in the medium sand. <br /><br /> In contrast to the viruses, microsphere transport was essentially unaffected by increasing ionic strength under the conditions investigated. A 1 log reduction in peak concentration was observed in the high ionic strength water in the medium sand. In spite of this, grain size had a profound effect on the attenuation of microspheres. There was no evidence of microsphere breakthrough in any of the fine sand columns at the low or high ionic strengths, yielding a greater than 5 log reduction in microsphere concentration associated with grain size alone. The effect of varying virus concentration was also investigated. It was found that varying the concentration of viruses between 10⁵ and 10⁷ pfu/ml had no discernable effect on their observed transport characteristics; normalised peak breakthrough concentration, percent attenuation and retardation relative to a bromide tracer. <br /><br /> Based on the results from this Thesis, in a riverbank filtration environment, there is reason to expect that, at comparable water qualities and in similar porous media, multiple logarithmic reductions of viruses and bacteria would occur over the much longer (than column length) flowpaths associated with RBF. There is also reason to expect this attenuation capability to vary based on riverbank grain size and water chemistry.

Over the last decade in North America, an increasing number of microbiological drinking water regulations have been used to manage groundwater resources that are potentially influenced by surface water. Regulations such as the Ontario Ministry of Environment Regulation 505, which requires at least a 60 day groundwater travel time between surface waters and drinking water wells, have been created with limited understanding of subsurface pathogen transport processes. Groundwater Under Direct Influence studies (GUDI or GWUDI in USA) are conducted to assess the need to treat well water at an extraction point. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding factors that affect the transport of pathogens through porous media at the surface water-groundwater interface. Such information is required to supply sufficient quantities of drinking water in a cost effective and safe manner. <br /><br /> Factors that affect pathogen transport through porous media include: properties of the pathogen (i. e. surface charge, size, and morphology), properties of the granular media (i. e. mineralogy, size, texture, angularity) and properties of the water (i. e. pH, ionic strength and content, and natural organic matter). This study examines the effects of ionic strength, grain size and influent virus concentrations on pathogen transport in porous media. Fourteen column tests were conducted using the bacteriophage MS2 and 1. 5 µm microspheres; two commonly used non-pathogenic surrogates representative of human viruses and bacteria, respectively. Two size distributions of crushed silica sand, with median grain diameters of 0. 7 and 0. 34 mm, and two ionic strengths of 8 and 95 mmol/L were used. A 2² partial factorial design was used with a minimum of two replicates of each combination of the parameters. <br /><br /> The results show that complete breakthrough of both viruses and microspheres occurred in medium sand at low ionic strength. It was found that increasing ionic strength by Ca²⁺ addition precluded breakthrough of MS2 in both the medium and fine sands. This represents a greater than 8 log reduction in peak effluent concentration and essentially complete attenuation. <br /><br /> In fine sand, with low ionic strength water, a 5 log reduction in peak MS2 concentrations was observed. In the same sand at high ionic strength, no MS2 broke through the column, corresponding to a greater than 8 log removal. Since complete attenuation occurred in both grain sizes at high ionic strength, the effect of higher ionic strength in the fine sand was indistinguishable from the effect observed from raising the ionic strength in the medium sand. <br /><br /> In contrast to the viruses, microsphere transport was essentially unaffected by increasing ionic strength under the conditions investigated. A 1 log reduction in peak concentration was observed in the high ionic strength water in the medium sand. In spite of this, grain size had a profound effect on the attenuation of microspheres. There was no evidence of microsphere breakthrough in any of the fine sand columns at the low or high ionic strengths, yielding a greater than 5 log reduction in microsphere concentration associated with grain size alone. The effect of varying virus concentration was also investigated. It was found that varying the concentration of viruses between 10⁵ and 10⁷ pfu/ml had no discernable effect on their observed transport characteristics; normalised peak breakthrough concentration, percent attenuation and retardation relative to a bromide tracer. <br /><br /> Based on the results from this Thesis, in a riverbank filtration environment, there is reason to expect that, at comparable water qualities and in similar porous media, multiple logarithmic reductions of viruses and bacteria would occur over the much longer (than column length) flowpaths associated with RBF. There is also reason to expect this attenuation capability to vary based on riverbank grain size and water chemistry.

Rockfill columns have been used to stabilize the clay riverbanks in the Winnipeg area for over two decades. The construction methods used in Manitoba are uniquely adapted to the local soil conditions. The performance of rockfill columns in Manitoba has generally been satisfactory, except that in some cases significant deformations have occurred during and after construction (Yarechewski and Tallin 2003). This thesis will discuss the full-scale test loading of a riverbank that was stabilized with rockfill columns. The purpose of the test was to measure the load-deformation characteristics of a reinforced slope in order to further the understanding of rockfill column behaviour. Rockfill column technology has evolved from granular shear key methods for stabilizing slopes. The relatively weak and soft lacustrine clay is reinforced with compacted columns of stronger and stiffer limestone rockfill. The research test site is located along the natural banks of the Red River in The City of Winnipeg. The project involved an extensive site investigation, and soils characterization program in preparation for the field test. Eleven columns, 2.1 m in diameter were tested by surcharging the slope with 1920 tonnes of fill. The deformations were measured with standard and in-place inclinometers while the porewater pressure response of the in-situ soils was continuously monitored with vibrating wire piezometers. The research further investigated the mobilization of resistance along the length of the rockfill columns with finite element models. The analysis of the model results illustrated the mobilization of shear resistance within the rockfill and the development of stresses across the column cross section. The important engineering characteristics of rockfill are discussed in the context of rockfill column design and the importance of effective compaction is highlighted. The results of this research are used to develop recommendations for rockfill column design, analysis and construction.

Rockfill columns have been used to stabilize the clay riverbanks in the Winnipeg area for over two decades. The construction methods used in Manitoba are uniquely adapted to the local soil conditions. The performance of rockfill columns in Manitoba has generally been satisfactory, except that in some cases significant deformations have occurred during and after construction (Yarechewski and Tallin 2003). This thesis will discuss the full-scale test loading of a riverbank that was stabilized with rockfill columns. The purpose of the test was to measure the load-deformation characteristics of a reinforced slope in order to further the understanding of rockfill column behaviour. Rockfill column technology has evolved from granular shear key methods for stabilizing slopes. The relatively weak and soft lacustrine clay is reinforced with compacted columns of stronger and stiffer limestone rockfill. The research test site is located along the natural banks of the Red River in The City of Winnipeg. The project involved an extensive site investigation, and soils characterization program in preparation for the field test. Eleven columns, 2.1 m in diameter were tested by surcharging the slope with 1920 tonnes of fill. The deformations were measured with standard and in-place inclinometers while the porewater pressure response of the in-situ soils was continuously monitored with vibrating wire piezometers. The research further investigated the mobilization of resistance along the length of the rockfill columns with finite element models. The analysis of the model results illustrated the mobilization of shear resistance within the rockfill and the development of stresses across the column cross section. The important engineering characteristics of rockfill are discussed in the context of rockfill column design and the importance of effective compaction is highlighted. The results of this research are used to develop recommendations for rockfill column design, analysis and construction.

This thesis examines conflicting attitudes regarding artistic authenticity and differing approaches to connoisseurship vis-à-vis the field of Chinese art and its reception in Europe and North America. Although this thesis examines both Chinese and Western approaches to the copy and highlights different cultural methods, this is not a Chinese versus the West argument. This thesis displays how concepts are combined in the Western art field to reach differing conclusions about a painting's authenticity. Specifically, this thesis analyzes the art of Chinese painter Zhang Daqian (1899-1983) and the debate surrounding Along the Riverbank, a painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection attributed to 10th century Chinese painter Dong Yuan (c. 934-c. 962). Many believe this painting is one of Zhang's forgeries. The controversies surrounding Zhang's art and forgeries reveal diverging conceptions of art education and methods of determining authenticity and the complexities of evaluating Chinese art in non-Chinese academic contexts.

This diploma thesis deals with the functional changes of the banks of the Vltava river in the territory of today's Capital City of Prague. There have been significant changes in the functional use of this area due to large interventions in the bank line and the redevelopment of the embankment. During last 150 years changes are closely monitored. Changes were also made conditional on connecting nearby rural communities to Prague. Theoretical bases are the concepts of shore-side changes in urbanized areas, complemented by examples from the world that serve as a comparative study. Furthermore, the thesis is based on the theory of photography and the iconographic approach, which are essential for this work. The methodology of the thesis is based on the analysis of historical and contemporary photographs and information, on field research and vectorization of historical maps, where the course of the flow is monitored in four time periods (the mid-19th century until present). The work captures functional changes of banks in text form, as images and fundamental changes in tables. Part of the work is also a web application, where the changes in cartographic, picture and text form are again accessible to the public. Key words Vltava river, Prague, riverbank, waterfront

No description available.