Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы и приложения. В работе рассмотрен мировой опыт развития придорожного сервиса. Особенности строительства вне населенных пунктов. Изучены основные требования к придорожным многофункциональным зона, проведен анализ и оценка инфраструктуры дорожной сети, посчитана выручка по основному виду деятельности. Произведен расчет финансовых затрат на разработку группы проектов, проведена оценка экономической эффективности проекта, произведен расчет экономических показателей эффективности. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы и обобщены результаты исследования. / The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an Appendix. The paper considers the world experience of roadside service development. Features of construction outside settlements. The basic requirements for roadside multifunctional facilities were studied, the analysis and evaluation of the road network infrastructure was carried out, the revenue for the main activity was calculated. The calculation of financial costs for the development of a group of projects, the evaluation of the economic efficiency of the project, the calculation of economic performance indicators. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formulated and the results of the study are summarized.

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Highways are known to be a source of several toxic pollutants including the heavy metals lead, zinc and chromium. The need to manage highway runoff in a manner which reduces or eliminates the loading of heavy metals to receiving waters is evident, but more research has been required to develop cost-effective ways of meeting this need. Recent studies have indicated that the soil is a significant "sink" for heavy metals, allowing speculation that management practices which make use of the soil to retain metals from highway runoff should be employed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of the soil to retain heavy metals and to document some of the soil properties and reactions which are responsible for this ability. This was accomplished through a combined effort of literature review and laboratory analysis of in situ soils from the right-of-way area of 5 Central Florida highways. A total of 13 samples were analyzed, for pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, grain size, and concentrations of lead, zinc and chromium. The samples were separated into 6 fractions according to density and each fraction was analyzed for lead, zinc, and chromium. The step allowed reasonable estimates of the relative importance of soil components (clay minerals, organic matter) and/or soil-heavy metal interactions (precipitation, complex formation, etc.). It was found that the soils tested can likely retain between 10 and 500 times their existing lead content. Evidence for the formation of a dense lead compound (or precipitate) in edge of pavement surface soils was found. Organic matter was identified as an important soil component for retention of lead, zinc, and chromium. However, metal retention was found to be dependent on many soil properties and chemical reactions.

Yes / There is increasing legislative and public pressure for the design and build of road infrastructure schemes to achieve better sustainability performance. Roadside noise barriers (RNBs) form a major part of the growing road infrastructure system in mitigating undesirable road noise to impacted communities. However, the relative sustainability of common RNBs is little understood in the research and industry literature. This makes it difficult for stakeholders to make informed decisions with regards to the sustainable design and procurement of RNBs. This paper presents nowel research carried out to assess and rank the relative sustainability of 13 RNB types using three multi criteria analysis (MCA) techniques, i.e. Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Preference Ranking Organisation MeTHod for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE), and Elimination et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE III). The paper concludes that the presented sustainability rankings of the main RNB types from least sustainable to most sustainable will support the relevant stakeholders, involved in the planning, design, and procurement stages, to evaluate the sustainability of RNB options as either part of a large highways scheme or standalone project. The presented results will save significant analysis time and costs in cases whereby it is unfeasible to conduct MCAs. The presented sustainability asssessment methodology may also provide the basis for an industry sustainability certification sceheme and in turn support advancing the sustainability transport agenda. / FP7 Quiesst research grant funded by the EU.

The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the effectiveness of neutron activation analysis in studying a complex environmental problem. The area chosen for study was the exhaust emitted by automobiles and its dispersion into soil and selected plants near highways. The elements chosen for this study were the major traceable components of gasoline and automobile exhaust. Variations in the concentrations of these trace elements in soil, grass and wash off the grass at various distances from two highways were investigated. Of the elements found in gasoline and in automobile exhaust, bromine most clearly indicated where some of the atmospheric components were going and, therefore, would be the most suitable element for neutron activation studies of atmospheric and turbulence modeling and possibly for following biological effects of automobile traffic. / Master of Science

The primary goals of this research were: 1) to develop an alcohol intoxication detection aid (IDA) that can be used to estimate reliably and accurately another person's level of alcohol impairment; 2) to evaluate the effect of alcohol on a computer-controlled critical tracking task (CTT), which assesses skills important to driving a vehicle; and 3) to examine the relationships between these two instruments and measured blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Teplin and Lutz (1985) developed an alcohol intoxication checklist for use in a hospital emergency room. Their results indicated a high correlation (.85) between actual BAC and intoxication estimates obtained by applying their checklist. This thesis refined and extended this prior checklist procedure for use with college populations, and included procedures to measure its validity and reliability. The CTT is a computer task which requires a subject to make a response to a brief digital display. Dependent measures include subjects' response time and error rate. Subjects' performance was consequently correlated with their BAC. The subjects were university students (n = 232) consuming alcoholic beverages at three regularly scheduled weekend fraternity parties. Subjects were recruited for testing from among those in attendance at these parties. Subjects were of legal drinking age. Results for both instruments were instructive and encouraging. Although reliability and validity coefficients for use of the IDA during the first party were unacceptably low. the changes made in the experimental methodology after this testing proved beneficial. Results of IDA use at the third party showed substantial increases in both interrater reliability and correlation with actual BAC. These results, however, were found to vary across individual judges. With CTT performance, mean response time and mean error rate were both reliable indicators of intoxication, and results stood up fairly well under a signal detection approach to the data analysis. Implications for use of both instruments in real-world settings are discussed. / Master of Science

Single vehicle accidents are one of the most common types of accidents that occur on the Swedish road network. Depending on the design of the road, the presence of a crash barrier and embankment on the roadside, the outcome of a roadside collision can lead to serious injuries and even deaths.The aim of this project is to investigate the possibility of improving road safety by designing the optimal roadside area based on the results of a life cycle cost analysis (LCC).The questions that have been answered during the duration of this project are: 1) Describe the current technical solutions for roadside area design and the various barrier types used in Sweden.2) Complete an existing mathematical model that has been developed by Hawzheen Karim, for calculating life-cycle costs for various roadside areas.3) Calculate and compare the life cycle costs for the side area with a barrier and without a barrier. By performing an analysis of the documentation on the current guidelines and rules for shaping the roadside, was it possible to describe the current technical solutions for the formation the roadside as well as the current roadside barriers in use today. A mathematical model for calculating the life cycle costs of different barrier types had already been developed by Hawzheen Karim. This model was supplemented so that it could calculate life-cycle costs of the roadside region with and without a barrier. After the model was completed, an analysis was performed to obtain life-cycle costs of a roadside with and without a barrier.The result showed that there is a clear relationship between the slope inclination, fill height, and the rate at which the costs rise. This breakpoint is highly dependent on several factors such as the price of land, the presence of bedrock in the construction process and if the ballast material needs to be treated. A flatter slope causes an increase in both the volume of material and the area of land that needs to be obtained, while a steep slope with a barrier may result in higher costs to society due to fatal collisions with the barrier and higher operating and maintenance costs. / Singelolyckor är en av de vanligaste olyckstyperna som förekommer på det svenska vägnätet. Beroende på utformningen av vägen, förekomsten av vägräcke och slänten på sidoområdet kan förloppet av en avkörningsolycka leda till svåra skador och även dödsfall. Syftet med detta projektet är att undersöka möjligheten att öka trafiksäkerheten genom att utforma det optimala sidoområdet baserat på en livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCC-analys).De frågeställningar som har besvarats under projektets utförande är: 1) Beskriv de nuvarande tekniska lösningar för sidoområdets utformning och de olika typer av räcken som används i Sverige.2) Komplettera en befintlig matematisk modell som har tagits fram av Hawzheen Karim, för beräkningar av livscykelkostnader för olika sidoområden.3) Beräkna och jämför livscykelkostnader för sidoområdet med räcken och utan räcken. Genom att utföra en dokumentanalys på de nuvarande riktlinjer och bestämmelser kunde alla nuvarande tekniska lösningar för sidområdets utformning och olika räckestyper beskrivas. De nuvarande tekniska lösningar som finns för att utforma sidoområden är både enkla och mycket effektiva, och riktlinjerna som finns för utformning av sidoområden är också omfattande och lätta att förstå.En matematisk modell för beräkning av livscykelkostnader av olika räckestyper hade redan tagits fram av Hawzheen Karim. Denna model kompletterades för att kunna användas både på sidoområdet med och utan räcken. För att få fram de samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna var det nödvändigt att använda STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) för att räkna ut hur ofta avkörnings- och påkörningsolyckor i räcken leder till skador och dödsfall vilket blir stora kostnader för samhället. Efter att modellen kompletterats kunde en analys utföras för att få fram livscykelkostnader för ett sidoområde med och utan räcken. Resultatet redovisades grafiskt och skärningspunkterna visade den fyllnadhöjd då det blev mer lönsamt att installera vägräcken med en brant slänt istället för att bygga en flackare slänt. Resultatet visade att det finns ett tydligt samband mellan släntens lutning, fyllnadshöjden och graden till vilken kostnaderna stiger. Denna brytpunkt är mycket beroende på en rad faktorer så som markpriset, förekomsten av berggrund i området och om friktionsmaterial behöver behandlas. En flackare slänt medför en ökning av både volymerna av material samt area mark som behöver inlösas, medans en brant slänt med räcken kan medföra högre samhällsekonomiska kostnader på grund av påkörningsolyckor med räcken samt högre drift-och underhållskostnader.

Roadside deals with themes of self-discovery, transcendence, and the search for camaraderie in modern America. Many of the stories take place on or adjacent to the road: that eternal path of transience and transformation. Whether metaphorically or literally on the "roadside," many of the characters contained within are marginalized in their own lives and communities. It is through their grasping and searching for greater meaning in their lives that they come to gain understanding of their places in the world.

The United States averages 40,000 traffic fatalities annually. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide cites run-off-the-road crashes as contributing greatly to this statistic, with about one-third of all traffic deaths [1]. This number has remained relatively constant over the past four decades, and despite a major increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), the rate of fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled has declined. However, this relatively large number of run-off-the-road crashes should remain a major concern in all roadway design. The Highway Safety Act of 1966 marks a defining moment in the history of roadside safety [ ]. Before this point, roadways were only designed for motorists who remained on the roadway, with no regard for driver error. As there was no legislation or guidelines concerning roadside design, roadways constructed prior to 1966 are littered with fixed objects directly off of the edge of pavement. Fortunately, many of these roads have reached their thirty year design lives and have become candidates for improvement. The following report examines roadside crashes on nine Atlanta urban arterial roadways. Accident type, severity, and location for all crashes on these were evaluated. It is found roadside collisions with utility poles and trees were more prone to occur at intersection locations than midblock locations. Also for the studied roadway corridors, on average, roadside collisions were more likely to result in serious injury or fatality. Based on these findings initial recommendations are offer for improving clear zone requirements.