The goal of this diploma thesis was to create a new marketing strategy for the chosen company. The company is seated in Prague and has been in the coffee industry business since 2003. The thesis was written to fulfill academic standards and to be a practical guide for the company itself. The first part of the thesis is the theoretical part containing theoretical principals of company strategy, situational analysis and marketing mix. In the second part we applied theory, real data, internal company workshops and our own survey to create a marketing strategy. The goal of the diploma thesis was fulfilled by creating a marketing strategy based on the company´s identity and values, carrying out a situational and market analysis and creation of a marketing mix.

Preventing flavor fade requires an understanding of the relationship between carbonyl amine and lipid oxidation reactions. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of lipids in peanuts makes them more susceptible to lipid oxidation. The major by-products of the oxidation reaction are nonanal, hexanal, octanal, and decanal. These chemicals are associated with cardboardy, painty, and oxidized flavors associated with flavor fade. The carbonyl-amine reaction yields a variety of pyrazines with positive flavor attributes. Initial flavor notes were explored through sensory work, Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry, and chemical analysis. The fresh roasted volatiles produced from roasted peanuts and the aldehydes resulting from oxidation were also evaluated using GC-FID to quantify and identify the pyrazines and hexanal over a 21 day storage period. Electronic Nose was used to determine differences between storage periods. Gas chromatography-Olfactometry identified potent pyrazines contributing to fresh roasted peanutty aroma in fresh peanuts. Using GC-FID a significant decrease (p<.05) in 2-ethylpyrazine and 2,3-diethylpyrazine concentration was found over a 21-day period. No significant difference (p>0.05) was noted in the other pyrazines evaluated. A significant increase (p<0.05) was noted in the hexanal concentration over a 21-day period. The peroxide values and sensory analysis correlated directly with the GC-FID results with a significant increase (p<0.05) in peroxide value at Day 14 and Day 21, and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in fresh roasted peanuty flavor from days 0-21 and a significant increase (p<.05) in painty, cardboardy and bitter from days 7-21. The electronic nose successfully separated Day 0 and Day 21 samples from Day 7 and 14, which were also separated, but with minimal overlap. / Ph. D.

The coffee consumption in Asia has experienced an exponential growth in recent years, it's a combination of a world trend that has embraced coffee drinking culture and elevated it to a Craft level drink, as well as the influence of western cultures. We can observe a sustained growth in Taiwan since in the last 5 years the composition of imports reflect a constant shift to import better and higher quality coffees. In recent years the main cities of Taiwan have seen an increased amount of specialty coffee shop options that focus and growing interest and trend of consumers that have made coffee their daily beverage of choice. As a result Taiwan is now a renowned location because of its talented coffee people that have won in recent years international competition in all of the different categories. We can observe that the market has been segregated in two categories, the high end with Starbucks as the leader in its category, followed by many independent coffee shops that offer high end specialty coffee. In the lower end we have low priced coffee options offered in Chain store coffee shops and convenience stores. The average price of the high end is double the price of the low end options, creating a gap and a market that is currently not being addressed in the market. To be able to differentiate from the low end price options in the market and attract the right consumers to our stores, we will carefully curate our offerings based on market research to determine the right positive price and quality ratio for our consumers. Our product offering will include: Coffee drinks, light pre¬prepared food, as well as roasted coffee and coffee brewing accessories. Our Coffee Shops will create a unique coffee experience that engages the 5 human senses (sight, smell, touch, listening and taste), of the consumer when they enter our strategically located store in a high traffic area, where we will serve on-the¬go as well as 10 sitting tables of 3 people. We will hire coffee passionate consumer oriented Baristas that will familiarize and educate our consumer with the different coffee options available, while we prepare the coffee using innovative coffee preparation methods. With a initial investment of NTD$2,407,000, we expect to have a gross margin of 38%, while serving 450 consuming customers per month at the end of the first year, be cash positive in the 8th month, and be able to return our investment in the middle of the 2nd year.

No description available.

Abstract There are eight foods that contribute to food allergies in the western world and peanut is the most common. Currently, there are no medical treatments that can cure an individual of food allergy, so avoidance of the allergic food is the only option. In the United States, there are three immunodominant allergic proteins accountable for patient sensitization to peanut, Arachis hypogea 1, 2, and 3 (Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3). Therefore, research into why peanuts are more allergic than other foods that have homologous proteins is critical and may be obtained by studying the structural and allergenic properties of individual allergens and the changes that occur due to food processing. In this study, the basic and acidic subunits of Ara h 3 were cloned, expressed, and purified, and compared with each other and with the native Ara h 3 purified from peanut for differences in binding to IgE from peanut allergic individuals. Also, an in vitro Maillard reaction was performed on purified native raw Ara h 3 and patient serum IgE western blots were performed. This study concluded that an in vitro Maillard reaction enhanced IgE binding to Ara h 3, IgE binding to native Ara h 3 was in most cases higher than to the recombinant Ara h 3 subunits, and recognition of the acidic subunit was much higher than the and basic subunits in both the recombinant and native forms of the protein were investigated. Keywords:

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os voláteis importantes para o aroma da carne de frangos suplementados com diferentes concentrações de beta-ácidos do lúpulo. Para isso, 1440 frangos de corte Cobb 500 foram alimentados ad libitum durante 42 dias com dietas basais suplementadas com 0 (controle negativo), 30, 60 e 120 mg kg-1 de &beta;- ácidos do lúpulo. Após 42 dias de experimento, os animais foram abatidos e o músculo peitoral maior (peito do frango) foi retirado, separado do tecido conjuntivo, da pele e da gordura subcutânea. Os filés de peito foram imediatamente congelados a -80 °C até o momento das análises. Nos filés foi determinado o perfil de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de ionização em chama. E a carne dos animais suplementados com 30 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi a que apresentou a maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos insaturados de cadeia longa araquidônico (C20:4-n6) e docosaexaenoico (C22:6-n3), cujas propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias são benéficas para saúde humana. Para a caracterização dos voláteis da carne assada foi desenvolvido e otimizado um procedimento de extração dos voláteis da carne por microextração em fase sólida de headspace (HS-SPME) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Para isso, foram testados cinco tipos de fibras comerciais de SPME quanto a sua capacidade de extração dos voláteis da carne assada de frango e, para fibra que apresentou maior capacidade de extração (CAR/PDMS), foram otimizadas as condições de temperatura e tempo de extração por meio de delineamento composto central rotacional. As condições ótimas de extração foram: temperatura de extração de 81°C e tempo de extração de 45 min. Foram identificados 70 compostos voláteis na carne assada de frango por GC-MS majoritariamente aldeídos, alcanos, álcoois, ésteres e pirazinas. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) foi capaz de separar as amostras em função da suplementação com beta ácidos, o que indica que os diferentes níveis de suplementação podem originar diferentes voláteis na carne assada. O tratamento controle negativo (0 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos) foi caracterizado principalmente por aldeídos e ácidos como octanal, decanal, benzaldeido e ácido n-hexanóico, o tratamento com 30 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi caracterizado por pirazinas (2, 6 - dimetil prirazina e 3- etil, 2, 5 dimetil pirazina), o tratamento com 60 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi caracterizado por uma maior quantidade de álcoois, aldeídos e furanos (hexanal, 1-octen-3 ol e pentilfurano), enquanto que o tratamento com 120 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi caracterizado pela presença docomposto 2- metil pentanal.<br /> / The aim of this research was to identify volatiles that are important for the aroma of chicken meat supplemented with different concentrations of hops &beta;-acids. To carry out this research, 1440 Cobb 500 broilers were fed ad libitum during 42 days with basal diets supplemented with 0 (negative control), 30, 60, 120 and 240 mg kg-1 of hops &beta;-acids. After 42 days, the animals were slaughtered and the pectoralis major muscle (chicken breast) was removed, separated from the conjunctive tissue, the skin, and the subcutaneous fat. The breast fillets were immediately frozen at -80° C until the time of analysis. The fatty acid profile in the steaks was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The meat of the animals supplemented with 30 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids presented the highest amount of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (C20:4-n6) and docosaexaenoico (C22:6-n3), which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties benefical to human health. For the characterization of the roasted meat volatiles, an extraction procedure was developed and optimized by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six different types of SPME commercial fibers were tested regarding their ability to extract volatiles from chicken roasted meat, and to the fiber that showed the highest extraction capacity (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperature and time of extraction were optimized through central composite design. The optimum extraction conditions were: extraction temperature of 81 °C and extraction time 45 minutes. It was possible to characterize 70 volatiles in the volatile fraction of roasted chicken meat by GC-MS, The majority of them were aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols, esters and pyrazines. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was able to separate the samples according to the supplementation with hops &beta;-acids, which indicates that different levels of supplementation may yield different volatile compounds on roasted chicken meat. The negative control treatment (0 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids) was characterized mainly by aldehydes and acids like octanal, decanal, benzaldehyde and n-hexanoic acid, the treatment with 30 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids was characterized by pyrazines (2,6 - dimethyl pyrazine, and 3-ethyl, 2,5- dimethyl pyrazine, the treatment with 60 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids was characterized by a major quantity of alcohols, aldehydes and furans (hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and pentylfuran), whereas the treatment with 120 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids was characterized by the presence of 2 the compound 2-methyl pentanal.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os voláteis importantes para o aroma da carne de frangos suplementados com diferentes concentrações de beta-ácidos do lúpulo. Para isso, 1440 frangos de corte Cobb 500 foram alimentados ad libitum durante 42 dias com dietas basais suplementadas com 0 (controle negativo), 30, 60 e 120 mg kg-1 de &beta;- ácidos do lúpulo. Após 42 dias de experimento, os animais foram abatidos e o músculo peitoral maior (peito do frango) foi retirado, separado do tecido conjuntivo, da pele e da gordura subcutânea. Os filés de peito foram imediatamente congelados a -80 °C até o momento das análises. Nos filés foi determinado o perfil de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de ionização em chama. E a carne dos animais suplementados com 30 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi a que apresentou a maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos insaturados de cadeia longa araquidônico (C20:4-n6) e docosaexaenoico (C22:6-n3), cujas propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias são benéficas para saúde humana. Para a caracterização dos voláteis da carne assada foi desenvolvido e otimizado um procedimento de extração dos voláteis da carne por microextração em fase sólida de headspace (HS-SPME) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Para isso, foram testados cinco tipos de fibras comerciais de SPME quanto a sua capacidade de extração dos voláteis da carne assada de frango e, para fibra que apresentou maior capacidade de extração (CAR/PDMS), foram otimizadas as condições de temperatura e tempo de extração por meio de delineamento composto central rotacional. As condições ótimas de extração foram: temperatura de extração de 81°C e tempo de extração de 45 min. Foram identificados 70 compostos voláteis na carne assada de frango por GC-MS majoritariamente aldeídos, alcanos, álcoois, ésteres e pirazinas. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) foi capaz de separar as amostras em função da suplementação com beta ácidos, o que indica que os diferentes níveis de suplementação podem originar diferentes voláteis na carne assada. O tratamento controle negativo (0 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos) foi caracterizado principalmente por aldeídos e ácidos como octanal, decanal, benzaldeido e ácido n-hexanóico, o tratamento com 30 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi caracterizado por pirazinas (2, 6 - dimetil prirazina e 3- etil, 2, 5 dimetil pirazina), o tratamento com 60 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi caracterizado por uma maior quantidade de álcoois, aldeídos e furanos (hexanal, 1-octen-3 ol e pentilfurano), enquanto que o tratamento com 120 mg kg-1 de &beta;-ácidos foi caracterizado pela presença docomposto 2- metil pentanal.<br /> / The aim of this research was to identify volatiles that are important for the aroma of chicken meat supplemented with different concentrations of hops &beta;-acids. To carry out this research, 1440 Cobb 500 broilers were fed ad libitum during 42 days with basal diets supplemented with 0 (negative control), 30, 60, 120 and 240 mg kg-1 of hops &beta;-acids. After 42 days, the animals were slaughtered and the pectoralis major muscle (chicken breast) was removed, separated from the conjunctive tissue, the skin, and the subcutaneous fat. The breast fillets were immediately frozen at -80° C until the time of analysis. The fatty acid profile in the steaks was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The meat of the animals supplemented with 30 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids presented the highest amount of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (C20:4-n6) and docosaexaenoico (C22:6-n3), which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties benefical to human health. For the characterization of the roasted meat volatiles, an extraction procedure was developed and optimized by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six different types of SPME commercial fibers were tested regarding their ability to extract volatiles from chicken roasted meat, and to the fiber that showed the highest extraction capacity (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperature and time of extraction were optimized through central composite design. The optimum extraction conditions were: extraction temperature of 81 °C and extraction time 45 minutes. It was possible to characterize 70 volatiles in the volatile fraction of roasted chicken meat by GC-MS, The majority of them were aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols, esters and pyrazines. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was able to separate the samples according to the supplementation with hops &beta;-acids, which indicates that different levels of supplementation may yield different volatile compounds on roasted chicken meat. The negative control treatment (0 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids) was characterized mainly by aldehydes and acids like octanal, decanal, benzaldehyde and n-hexanoic acid, the treatment with 30 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids was characterized by pyrazines (2,6 - dimethyl pyrazine, and 3-ethyl, 2,5- dimethyl pyrazine, the treatment with 60 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids was characterized by a major quantity of alcohols, aldehydes and furans (hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and pentylfuran), whereas the treatment with 120 mg kg-1 of &beta;-acids was characterized by the presence of 2 the compound 2-methyl pentanal.

O café, rico em substâncias bioativas, está entre os maiores contribuintes para a ingestão de antioxidantes em vários países. O tipo de torra dos grãos influencia em sua atividade antioxidante. Estudos indicam que o consumo moderado de café filtrado está envolvido na redução do risco de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis, geralmente associadas entre si e que se constituem em graves problemas de saúde pública. Entretanto, a literatura não apresenta consenso sobre a ação benéfica do café na redução do risco destas doenças. Objetivos: Comparar a atividade antioxidante de dois graus de torras de café (torra média-clara e média) e seus efeitos sobre biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: A caracterização de antioxidantes nas bebidas foi realizada pelas análises de compostos fenólicos totais, perfil de ácidos fenólicos, cafeína, melanoidinas e capacidade antioxidante total - TAC (sequestro do radical DPPH e capacidade de absorbância do radical oxigênio - ORAC). Após 1 semana de washout, vinte voluntários saudáveis (20 a 65 anos) ingeriram café filtrado preparado com torra média-clara ou torra média por 4 semanas e com o outro tipo de torra por mais 4 semanas em um ensaio clínico randomizado do tipo crossover, o qual durou 9 semanas. Lipídeos plasmáticos, lipoproteína (a), homocisteína total, biomarcadores glicêmicos e pressão arterial de 24 horas foram medidos antes do período de intervenção a após a ingestão de cada torra. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada no plasma e em eritrócitos respectivamente pela TAC (kit Total Antioxidant Status e ORAC) e da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase - SOD, glutationa peroxidase - GPx e catalase - CAT). A capacidade de inibição da peroxidação lipídica foi avaliada no plasma pelas determinações de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) oxidadas e 8-isoprostano. Biomarcadores inflamatórios relacionados à disfunção endotelial foram medidos no plasma por imunoensaios. Resultados: Vinte voluntários saudáveis (49,5 + 8,9 anos) foram avaliados. A torra média-clara apresentou maior teor de ácidos clorogênicos (334 mg/150 mL; p < 0,001) e menor teor de cafeína (231 mg/150 mL; p = 0,003) que a torra média (210 mg/150 mL e 244 mg/150 mL, respectivamente). Os teores de melanoidinas foram significamente maiores na torra média (p < 0,001). A TAC não diferiu entre as bebidas. A ingestão de ambas as torras causou aumento nas concentrações de colesterol total e LDL (10 e 12 por cento para a torra média-clara; 12 por cento e 14 por cento para a torra média) (p < 0,05). A ingestão da torra média também aumentou a concentração da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) em 7 por cento (p = 0,003). Houve aumento nos índices de Castelli após o consumo da torra média-clara (5 por cento no índice I; p = 0,01 e de 6 por cento no índice II; p = 0,03). O TAS dos indivíduos aumentou 21 por cento e 26 por cento , respectivamente, após consumo da torra média-clara e média (p < 0,001). Os indivíduos também tiveram aumento de 13 por cento e 13 por cento na atividade da CAT, 52 por cento e 75 por cento na SOD e 62 por cento e 49 por cento na GPx após a ingestão da torra média-clara e torra média (p < 0,001), respectivamente. Ambas as torras aumentaram as concentrações da molécula de adesão celular vascular-1 solúvel (sVCAM-1), sendo 18 por cento para a torra média-clara e 14 por cento para a torra média) (p < 0,05). A concentração de fibrinogênio plasmático aumentou 8 por cento após ingestão da torra média (p = 0,01) e a selectina-E solúvel (sE-selectina) aumentou 12 por cento após a torra média-clara (p = 0,02). Embora o consumo de café tenha elevado os níveis de colesterol total e LDL, não se relacionou à alteração de homocisteína total, lipoproteína (a) e biomarcadores de diabetes e de peroxidação lipídica. Conclusão: O consumo moderado de café filtrado apresentou alguns efeitos maléficos sobre o perfil de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos saudáveis, independente de sua atividade antioxidante / Introduction: Coffee is rich in bioactive substances and it is among the major contributors to the total antioxidant ingestion in several countries. The roasting degree of coffee is important for its antioxidant activity. Studies indicate that the moderate consumption of filtered coffee is involved in the prevention of chronic diseases, which are usually associated and constitute serious problems of public health. However, literature does not present consensus about the beneficial effects of coffee in the prevention of these diseases. Objectives: To compare the antioxidant activity of the two coffee roasts (medium light and medium roast) and their effects on biomarkers of the cardiovascular risk in healthy volunteers. Methods: The antioxidant characterization of the coffee beverages was performed by the total phenolic content analysis, phenolic profile, caffeine, melanoidins and total antioxidant capacity - TAC (DPPH radical scavenging capacity and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity - ORAC assays). After 1-week washout, twenty healthy volunteers (20 to 65 years old) consumed medium light roast or medium roast paperfiltered coffee for 4 weeks and then switched to the other roast for an additional 4 weeks in a randomized crossover trial that lasted 9 weeks. Plasma lipids, lipoprotein (a), total homocysteine, serum glycemic biomarkers, and twenty-four hours blood pressure were measured at baseline and after each intervention. Levels of total antioxidant status (TAS) and ORAC were evaluated in plasma, and antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase - SOD, glutathione peroxidase - GPx and catalase - CAT) in erythrocytes. Lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity was determined in plasma by oxidized LDL and 8-isoprostane assays. Endothelial dysfunction-related inflammation biomarkers were measured in plasma by immunoassays. Results: Twenty healthy volunteers (49.5 + 8.9 years) were evaluated. Medium light roast coffee showed higher chlorogenic acids (334 mg/150 mL; p < 0.001) and less caffeine (231 mg/150 mL; p = 0.003) than medium roasting (210 mg/150 mL and 244 mg/150 mL, respectively). Melanoidins were significant higher in medium roast than medium light roast (p < 0.001). There was an increase in the Castelli indexes after medium light roast consumption (5 per cent in the index I; p = 0.01, and 6 per cent in the index II; p = 0.03). No significant differences were observed for TAC between the medium light roast and medium roast. Both roasts increased plasma total cholesterol and LDL concentrations (10 per cent , and 12 per cent for medium light roast; 12 per cent , and 14 per cent for medium roast, respectively) (p < 0.05). Medium roast also increased HDL concentration by 7 per cent (p = 0.003). Compared with baseline, subjects had an increase of 21 per cent and 26 per cent in TAS, 13 per cent and 13 per cent in CAT, 52 per cent and 75 per cent in SOD, and 62 per cent and 49 per cent in GPx after medium light and medium roast consumption (p < 0.001), respectively. Both roasts increased soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) concentrations (18 per cent for medium light roast and 14 per cent for medium roast) (p < 0.05). Plasma fibrinogen concentration increased 8 per cent after medium roast intake (p = 0.01), and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) increased 12 per cent after medium light roast intake (p = 0.02). Although coffee beverages have increased total cholesterol and LDL levels, they were not related to elevation in total homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and biomarkers of diabetes and lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: Moderate paper-filtered coffee consumption may have some undesirable impact on cardiovascular risk in healthy subjects regardless of its antioxidant content.

O café, rico em substâncias bioativas, está entre os maiores contribuintes para a ingestão de antioxidantes em vários países. O tipo de torra dos grãos influencia em sua atividade antioxidante. Estudos indicam que o consumo moderado de café filtrado está envolvido na redução do risco de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis, geralmente associadas entre si e que se constituem em graves problemas de saúde pública. Entretanto, a literatura não apresenta consenso sobre a ação benéfica do café na redução do risco destas doenças. Objetivos: Comparar a atividade antioxidante de dois graus de torras de café (torra média-clara e média) e seus efeitos sobre biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: A caracterização de antioxidantes nas bebidas foi realizada pelas análises de compostos fenólicos totais, perfil de ácidos fenólicos, cafeína, melanoidinas e capacidade antioxidante total - TAC (sequestro do radical DPPH e capacidade de absorbância do radical oxigênio - ORAC). Após 1 semana de washout, vinte voluntários saudáveis (20 a 65 anos) ingeriram café filtrado preparado com torra média-clara ou torra média por 4 semanas e com o outro tipo de torra por mais 4 semanas em um ensaio clínico randomizado do tipo crossover, o qual durou 9 semanas. Lipídeos plasmáticos, lipoproteína (a), homocisteína total, biomarcadores glicêmicos e pressão arterial de 24 horas foram medidos antes do período de intervenção a após a ingestão de cada torra. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada no plasma e em eritrócitos respectivamente pela TAC (kit Total Antioxidant Status e ORAC) e da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase - SOD, glutationa peroxidase - GPx e catalase - CAT). A capacidade de inibição da peroxidação lipídica foi avaliada no plasma pelas determinações de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) oxidadas e 8-isoprostano. Biomarcadores inflamatórios relacionados à disfunção endotelial foram medidos no plasma por imunoensaios. Resultados: Vinte voluntários saudáveis (49,5 + 8,9 anos) foram avaliados. A torra média-clara apresentou maior teor de ácidos clorogênicos (334 mg/150 mL; p < 0,001) e menor teor de cafeína (231 mg/150 mL; p = 0,003) que a torra média (210 mg/150 mL e 244 mg/150 mL, respectivamente). Os teores de melanoidinas foram significamente maiores na torra média (p < 0,001). A TAC não diferiu entre as bebidas. A ingestão de ambas as torras causou aumento nas concentrações de colesterol total e LDL (10 e 12 por cento para a torra média-clara; 12 por cento e 14 por cento para a torra média) (p < 0,05). A ingestão da torra média também aumentou a concentração da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) em 7 por cento (p = 0,003). Houve aumento nos índices de Castelli após o consumo da torra média-clara (5 por cento no índice I; p = 0,01 e de 6 por cento no índice II; p = 0,03). O TAS dos indivíduos aumentou 21 por cento e 26 por cento , respectivamente, após consumo da torra média-clara e média (p < 0,001). Os indivíduos também tiveram aumento de 13 por cento e 13 por cento na atividade da CAT, 52 por cento e 75 por cento na SOD e 62 por cento e 49 por cento na GPx após a ingestão da torra média-clara e torra média (p < 0,001), respectivamente. Ambas as torras aumentaram as concentrações da molécula de adesão celular vascular-1 solúvel (sVCAM-1), sendo 18 por cento para a torra média-clara e 14 por cento para a torra média) (p < 0,05). A concentração de fibrinogênio plasmático aumentou 8 por cento após ingestão da torra média (p = 0,01) e a selectina-E solúvel (sE-selectina) aumentou 12 por cento após a torra média-clara (p = 0,02). Embora o consumo de café tenha elevado os níveis de colesterol total e LDL, não se relacionou à alteração de homocisteína total, lipoproteína (a) e biomarcadores de diabetes e de peroxidação lipídica. Conclusão: O consumo moderado de café filtrado apresentou alguns efeitos maléficos sobre o perfil de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos saudáveis, independente de sua atividade antioxidante / Introduction: Coffee is rich in bioactive substances and it is among the major contributors to the total antioxidant ingestion in several countries. The roasting degree of coffee is important for its antioxidant activity. Studies indicate that the moderate consumption of filtered coffee is involved in the prevention of chronic diseases, which are usually associated and constitute serious problems of public health. However, literature does not present consensus about the beneficial effects of coffee in the prevention of these diseases. Objectives: To compare the antioxidant activity of the two coffee roasts (medium light and medium roast) and their effects on biomarkers of the cardiovascular risk in healthy volunteers. Methods: The antioxidant characterization of the coffee beverages was performed by the total phenolic content analysis, phenolic profile, caffeine, melanoidins and total antioxidant capacity - TAC (DPPH radical scavenging capacity and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity - ORAC assays). After 1-week washout, twenty healthy volunteers (20 to 65 years old) consumed medium light roast or medium roast paperfiltered coffee for 4 weeks and then switched to the other roast for an additional 4 weeks in a randomized crossover trial that lasted 9 weeks. Plasma lipids, lipoprotein (a), total homocysteine, serum glycemic biomarkers, and twenty-four hours blood pressure were measured at baseline and after each intervention. Levels of total antioxidant status (TAS) and ORAC were evaluated in plasma, and antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase - SOD, glutathione peroxidase - GPx and catalase - CAT) in erythrocytes. Lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity was determined in plasma by oxidized LDL and 8-isoprostane assays. Endothelial dysfunction-related inflammation biomarkers were measured in plasma by immunoassays. Results: Twenty healthy volunteers (49.5 + 8.9 years) were evaluated. Medium light roast coffee showed higher chlorogenic acids (334 mg/150 mL; p < 0.001) and less caffeine (231 mg/150 mL; p = 0.003) than medium roasting (210 mg/150 mL and 244 mg/150 mL, respectively). Melanoidins were significant higher in medium roast than medium light roast (p < 0.001). There was an increase in the Castelli indexes after medium light roast consumption (5 per cent in the index I; p = 0.01, and 6 per cent in the index II; p = 0.03). No significant differences were observed for TAC between the medium light roast and medium roast. Both roasts increased plasma total cholesterol and LDL concentrations (10 per cent , and 12 per cent for medium light roast; 12 per cent , and 14 per cent for medium roast, respectively) (p < 0.05). Medium roast also increased HDL concentration by 7 per cent (p = 0.003). Compared with baseline, subjects had an increase of 21 per cent and 26 per cent in TAS, 13 per cent and 13 per cent in CAT, 52 per cent and 75 per cent in SOD, and 62 per cent and 49 per cent in GPx after medium light and medium roast consumption (p < 0.001), respectively. Both roasts increased soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) concentrations (18 per cent for medium light roast and 14 per cent for medium roast) (p < 0.05). Plasma fibrinogen concentration increased 8 per cent after medium roast intake (p = 0.01), and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) increased 12 per cent after medium light roast intake (p = 0.02). Although coffee beverages have increased total cholesterol and LDL levels, they were not related to elevation in total homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and biomarkers of diabetes and lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: Moderate paper-filtered coffee consumption may have some undesirable impact on cardiovascular risk in healthy subjects regardless of its antioxidant content.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du café « Bourbon Pointu », Coffea arabica var. laurina, né d'une mutation spontanée de la variété Bourbon à l’île de La Réunion. Les teneurs moyennes des composés majoritaires non volatils du café vert sont (pourcentage de matière sèche) les suivantes : saccharose (7,1), trigonelline (1,3), caféine (0,75), acide caféoyl-5- quinique (4,7), acide palmitique (5,0), acide linoléique (6,5). L’analyse sensorielle a permis de mettre au point un profil de torréfaction original de courte durée. Parmi les 145 composés volatils extraits des poudres de café torréfié par SPME, cinq sont majoritaires (teneurs moyennes en ppm): acide acétique (34), 2-furaneméthanol (117), 5-méthyl-2-furfural (166), furfural (144), 2-méthylpyrazine (47). Ces cinq composés volatils extraits par SPE se retrouvent dans le café en tasse : acide acétique (23), 2-furaneméthanol (405), 5-méthyl-2-furfural (36), furfural (85), 2-méthylpyrazine (73) avec en plus, la -butyrolactone (97). Le ratio entre la concentration de la molécule et son seuil de perception définit l’Odor Activity Value (OAV). La conversion des concentrations des composés volatils en unités OAV a permis de dégager neuf molécules ayant un impact olfactif important : 2-furfurylthiol (café torréfié), 2-méthylpropanal (chocolat), dodécanal (agrume), 2-éthylhexan-1-ol (agrume), -pinène (boisé, agrume), furfural (boisé, caramel), 2-hydroxy-3-méthylcyclopent-2-én-1-one (érable), hex-2-énal (pomme verte), 2-méthylbut-2-énal (fruité, vert). La détermination de ces OAV a permis de différencier les trois catégories commerciales au niveau olfactif avec la prédominance d’aldéhydes pour les « Grand cru », le phénylacétaldéhyde pour les « Sublime », et les pyrazines pour les « Authentique ». Les conditions géoclimatiques et les transformations post-récoltes influencent de façon non négligeable la composition chimique du café vert et donc les arômes générés lors de la torréfaction et en conséquence, la répartition des cafés dans les trois catégories. L’ensemble de ces résultats fait du «Bourbon Pointu», un café haut de gamme classé parmi les «cafés gourmets». / This thesis is devoted to the study of “Bourbon Pointu” coffee, Coffea arabica var. laurina, born from a spontaneous mutation of the Bourbon variety in Reunion Island. The mean contents of non-volatile main compounds of green coffee are (percentage of dry matter): sucrose (7.1), trigonellin (1.3), caffeine (0.75), cafeoyl-5-quinic acid (1.7), palmitic acid (5.0), linoleic acid (6.5). Sensory analysis allowed to develop an original short time roasting profile. Among the 145 volatiles compounds extracted from roasted coffee powders by SPME, the mean contents of the five major components (ppm) are: acetic acid (34), 2-furanmethanol (117), 5-methyl-2-furfural (166), furfural (144), 2 methylpyrazine (47). These five volatile compounds extracted by SPE are found in the brew coffee: acetic acid (23), 2-furanmethanol (405), 5-methyl-2-furfural (36), furfural (85), 2- methylpyrazine (73) plus -butyrolactone (97). The ratio of molecule content to its perception threshold defines the “Odor Activity Value” (OAV). The conversion of the contents of volatile compounds in units OAV emphasized nine molecules with an important olfactory impact: 2-furfurylthiol (roasted coffee), 2-methylpropanal (chocolate), dodecanal (citrus), 2-ethylhexan-1-ol (citrus),-pinene (woody, citrus), furfural (woody, caramel), 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one (maple), hex-2-enal (green apple), 2-methylbut-2- enal (fruity, green). The determination of these OAV differentiated the three commercial categories related to their typical odor due to the predominance of aldehydes for the "Grand cru", phenylacetaldehyde for "Sublime" and pyrazines for "Authentic". Geoclimatic conditions and post-harvest processing have a significant influence on the green coffee composition, on the flavors generated during roasting and thus, on the coffee distribution in the three categories. All these results define the "Bourbon Pointu" as a premium coffee and classify it as a "specialty coffee."