Inaug.-diss. - Freiburg I.B.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-136).

Inaug.-Diss.--Strassburg.

Diss.--Nijmegen--Katholieke universiteit, 1998. / Contient des résumés en anglais et en néerlandais. Bibliogr. p. 522-541.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Abdulaziz M. AlNowiser, for the Master of Science degree in Computer Science, presented on November 1, 2013, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: TOWARD ENERGY-EFFICIENT SCHEDULING USING WEIGHTED ROUND- ROBIN AND VM REUSE MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Michelle M. Zhu In recent years, the rapid evolving Cloud Computing technologies multiply challenges such as minimizing power consumption and meeting Quality-of-Services (QoS) requirements in the presence of heavy workloads from a large number of users using shared computing resources. Powering a middle-sized data center normally consumes 80,000kW power every year and computer servers consume around .5% of the global power [1]. Statistics for 5000 production servers over a six-month period show that only 10-50% of the total capacity has been effectively used, and a large portion of the resources is actually wasted. In order to address the skyrocket energy cost from the high level resource management aspect, we propose an energy efficient job scheduling approach based on a modified version of Weighted Round Robin scheduler that incorporates VMs reuse and live VM migration without compromising the Service Level Agreement (SLA). The Weighted Round Robin scheduler can monitor the running VMs status for possible VM sharing for job consolidation or migration. In addition, the VMs utilization rate is observed to start live migration from the over-utilizing Processing Element (PE) to under-utilized PEs or to the hibernated PEs by sending WOL (Wake-On-LAN) signal to activate them. The simulation experiments are conducted under the CloudReports environment based on open source CloudSim simulator. The comparisons with other similar scheduling algorithms demonstrate that our enhanced Weighted Round Robin algorithm (EWRR) can achieve considerable better performance in terms of energy consumption and resource utilization rate.

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Objetivos: descrever as características dos lactentes com Sequência de Robin (SR) atendidos no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP) e identificar as variáveis associadas a um protocolo terapêutico: documentar as síndromes associadas; verificar o tipo de obstrução respiratória, os sintomas clínicos e intervenções terapêuticas; verificar a ocorrência de disfagia, complicações, comorbidades e óbitos. Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 223 lactentes com SR, menores de um ano de idade, internados no HRAC-USP no período de julho de 2003 a junho de 2008. Resultados: 52% dos lactentes eram do sexo masculino, 121 (54%) apresentavam provável Sequência de Robin isolada (SRI) e102 (46%) apresentavam Sequência de Robin associada à síndrome ou associada a outras anomalias (SRS). As síndromes mais freqüentes foram síndrome de Stickler e síndrome de Moebius. 45% dos lactentes internaram antes de um mês de idade e o tempo médio de hospitalização foi de 20 dias. O tipo de obstrução respiratória mais freqüente, diagnosticado pela nasofaringoscopia, foi tipo 1, presente em 68% dos casos. A maioria dos lactentes (81%) foi tratada conservadoramente e a intubação nasofaríngea foi o tratamento mais utilizado (48%). A traqueostomia foi realizada em 19% dos lactentes e destes a maioria era do grupo SRS. A quase totalidade dos lactentes apresentava disfagia, a qual foi mais grave nos que apresentavam obstrução tipo 3 e 4, nos submetidos à traqueostomia e nos do grupo SRS. A gastrostomia foi realizada em 25% dos lactentes e a doença de refluxo gastroesofágico ocorreu em 54% do total de lactentes estudados. A complicação mais freqüente foi pneumonia e a mortalidade foi 5,38%, sendo que todos os pacientes que evoluíram para óbito eram sindrômicos. Conclusões: A maioria dos lactentes com SR pode ser tratada conservadoramente e a intubação nasofaríngea foi o método mais empregado. As dificuldades alimentares foram universais e relacionadas ao grau de obstrução respiratória. / Objectives: to describe the characteristics of infants with Robin Sequence (SR) treated at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP) and identify the variables associated with a therapeutic protocol; record the associated syndromes; verify the type of respiratory obstruction, clinical symptoms and therapeutic interventions; and to verify the occurrence of dysphagia, complications, comorbities and death. Material and Methods: A total of 223 infants with SR were retrospectively evaluated, all younger than one month of age, hospitalized at HRAC-USP in the period July 2003 to June 2008. Results: 52% of the infants were males, 121 (54%) presented probable Isolated Robin Sequence (SRI) and 102 (46%) exhibited Robin Sequence with associated syndrome or anomalies (SRS). The most frequent syndromes were Stickler syndrome and Moebius syndrome. Among the infants, 45% were hospitalized before one month of age and the mean time of hospitalization was 20 days. The most frequent respiratory obstruction diagnosed through nasopharyngoscopy was type 1, present in 68% of cases. Most of the infants were treated conventionally and nasopharyngeal intubation was the most used procedure (48%). Tracheostomy was performed in only 19% of infants, most of whom were syndromic. Nearly all infants presented dysphagia, which was more severe in infants with obstruction type 3 and type 4, submitted to tracheostomy, and in the SRS group. Gastrostomy was performed in 25% of infants and gastroesophageal reflux occurred in 54% of SR infants. The most frequent complication was pneumonia and the mortality rate was 5.38%; all cases of death occurred among syndromic children. Conclusions: Most of the SR infants were treated conventionally and nasopharyngeal intubation was the most used procedure. Feeding difficulties were universal and related to the degree of respiratory obstruction.

Objetivos: Avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de crianças com Sequência de Robin isolada (SRI), submetidas ao tratamento de obstrução das vias aéreas conforme protocolo do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP), com intubação nasofaríngea (INF) ou tratamento postural. Verificar se o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor do grupo INF difere do grupo postural, e avaliar a eficácia da INF em evitar sequelas de hipóxia. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo realizado no HRAC/USP, com crianças com SRI, de 2 a 6 anos, divididas em dois grupos de acordo com o tipo de tratamento realizado: INF (Grupo 1), e postural (Grupo 2). Dados do tempo de uso da INF e sonda nasogástrica (SNG), cirurgia de miringotomia, classificação socioeconômica, grau de escolaridade dos pais, entre outros, foram coletados. Os participantes foram avaliados por meio do Teste de Screnning de desenvolvimento de Denver II (Teste de Denver II) e Exame Neurológico Evolutivo Adaptado (ENEA). Resultados: Total de 62 crianças foram avaliadas, sendo 38 do Grupo 1 e 24 do Grupo 2. Os resultados do Teste de Denver II demonstraram que 73,7% das crianças do Grupo 1 e 79,2% do Grupo 2 apresentaram desenvolvimento normal. Os resultados do ENEA apresentaram-se normais para 89,5% das crianças do Grupo 1 e 87,5% do Grupo 2. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos no Teste de Denver (p=0,854) e no ENEA (p=0,789). Realizaram a miringotomia 47,3% das crianças do Grupo 1 e 58,3% do Grupo 2. Nos resultados dos dois testes, a área do desenvolvimento mais prejudicada foi a linguagem, o que pode ser reflexo das oscilações de audição e da disfunção velofaríngea. Houve concordância moderada (k=0,563) entre os resultados dos dois testes aplicados no Grupo 1, e concordância substancial (k=0,704) no Grupo 2. O tempo médio de uso da INF foi de 60 ± 28 dias. Na análise socioeconômica do Grupo 1, 42,1% se encaixavam na classificação baixa superior, e 28,9% na média inferior; no Grupo 2, 20,8% se encaixavam na baixa inferior, e 58,3% na baixa superior, sem diferença entre os grupos (p=0,211). Não houve associação significativa entre a classificação socioeconômica e os resultados dos testes de desenvolvimento aplicados. O nível de escolaridade mais encontrado entre os pais dos participantes foram: 3º grau completo (Grupo 1) e 2º grau completo (Grupo 2), sem diferença estatística entre os grupos. Conclusões: A maioria das crianças com SRI tratadas com INF apresentaram desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor normal, semelhante aos casos menos graves do grupo postural. As crianças tratadas com INF não apresentaram sinais clínicos evidentes de sequelas neurológicas da hipóxia. / Objectives: To assess the neurological and psychomotor development of children with Isolated Robin Sequence (IRS), submitted to the treatment of airway obstruction according to the protocol of the Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP), with nasopharyngeal intubation (NPI) or postural treatment. Verify if the neurodevelopment of the NPI group differs from postural group, and evaluate the effectiveness of NPI to prevent sequels of hypoxia. Materials and Methods: Prospective study conducted at HRAC/USP, with children SRI, with 2 to 6 years old, divided into two groups according to the type of treatment performed: NPI (Group 1) and postural (Group 2). Time data of use NPI, nasogastric tube (NGT), myringotomy surgery, socioeconomic status, education level of parents, among others, were collected. Participants were assessed through the development of Screnning Denver II Test (Denver II) and Neurologic Evolutionary Examination Adapted (NEEA). Results: The total of 62 children was evaluated, being 38 in the Group 1 and 24 in the Group 2. The results of the Denver Developmental Screening Test II showed that 73.7% of Group 1 and 79.2% of Group 2 presented with normal development. The results of NEEA had presented normal for 89.5% of children in the Group 1 and 87.5% in the Group 2. There was no significantly difference between the two groups at Denver Test (p=0.854) and in the NEEA Test (p=0.789). The myringotomy was performed by 47.3% of children in the Group 1 and 58.3% of children in the Group 2. The results showed language as the most impaired area, which may reflect fluctuations of hearing and velopharyngeal dysfunction. There was moderate agreement (k=0.563) between the results of the two tests applied in the Group 1, and substantial agreement (k=0.704) in the Group 2. The average time of use of the NPI was 60 ± 28 days. In the socioeconomic analysis of Group 1, 42.1% fit the low ranking higher, and 28.9% in the average lower. In the analyses of Group 2, 20.8% were in the low ranking lower, and 58.3% were in the low ranking the top. There was no different statistic between groups (p=0.211). There was no significant association between socioeconomic status and results of development tests performed. The levels of education most found between the participants parents were: completed graduation (Group 1), and secondary school (Group 2) with no statistical difference between groups. Conclusions: Most of children with IRS treated with NPI showed normal neurological and psychomotor development, similar of minor cases of postural group. The children treated with NPI didn\'t show evident clinical signs of neurological sequels of hypoxia.