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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Development of Actuators for the Whole Skin Locomotion Robot

Williams, Eric Andrew 24 March 2014 (has links)
The Whole Skin Locomotion robot propels itself using a motion similar to the cytoplasmic streaming exhibited by an amoeba. In the robot there are embedded ring actuators which evert the material of the robot to produce forward motion. The robot benefits from a highly flexible exterior allowing it to squeeze into constricted passageways or collapsed structures. The development of actuators for such a motion is performed by a shape memory alloy composite actuator. Unlike a typical composite model which utilizes a homogenization of fiber and matrix properties our model is developed for line loads produced in individual shape memory alloy wires onto the rod structure. The load vectors are determined in the deformed configuration of the actuator to account for the highly deformed actuator profiles that would be seen in operation. Also the load requirements for such actuators are developed in terms of the constriction forces and functional design limits are established. In addition, a helical spring backbone design is considered and stiffness properties for general helical springs are determined. The contact of spring coils is included in the analysis and a coupled constitutive model is developed for the spring when coils are in contact. The static design of helical springs for use in the actuators is performed and deformation and load restrictions are determined for subsequent design efforts. / Ph. D.
2

Um modelo geometricamente exato de barras com grandes deformações, que considera a distorção e o empenamento geral da seção transversal, e sua discretização pelo método dos elementos finitos. / A fully nonlinear geometrically exact multi-parameter rod model that incorporates general in-plane and out-of-plane cross-sectional changes, and its discretization by Finite Element Method.

Dasambiagio, Evandro Rossi 08 August 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta uma teoria de barras não-linear geometricamente exata, com multi-parâmetros para a representação geral de deslocamentos no plano da seção transversal (distorção) e também fora do plano da seção (empenamento). A formulação apresentada constitui-se em uma extensão de trabalhos anteriores, [1] a [6], [8] e [9], no sentido de que a hipótese de seção rígida (Timoshenko) e a função de empenamento elástico de Saint-Venant foram removidos. Essa abordagem define os esforços internos energeticamente conjugados, atuantes na seção transversal, em função de deformações e tensões generalizadas, baseadas no conceito de vetor diretor da seção transversal. Além da importância prática, o uso do vetor diretor simplifica a formulação das equações de equilíbrio e a imposição das condições de contorno, tanto na forma fraca quanto na forma forte do equilíbrio. Além disso, facilita a obtenção da matriz de rigidez tangente, resultando sempre simétrica pra materiais hiper-elásticos e carregamento externo conservativo, mesmo em situações distantes da condição de equilíbrio. Permite também a introdução de graus de liberdade independentes para descrever tanto os deslocamentos no plano quanto fora do plano da seção transversal. Equações constitutivas tri-dimensionais adequadas para problemas com grandes deslocamentos e grandes deformações podem ser implementadas sem a ocorrência de enrijecimentos espúrios. A formulação é absolutamente geral e sua extensão para materiais inelásticos, em particular materiais elasto-plásticos, é imediata uma vez qua a integração de tensões com carregamentos incrementais está disponível. Rotações finitas são tratadas através da expressão de Euler-Rodrigues em uma abordagem puramente Lagrangeana. Assume-se o eixo reto como configuração de referência da barra, porém, barras inicialmente curvas também podem ser consideradas como configurações de referência deformadas, sem tensões iniciais, obtidas a partir de configurações inicialmente retas [11]. É importante ressaltar que a teoria apresentada permite uma modelagem consistente e precisa de distorções da seção transversal, típicas de perfis metálicos esbeltos dobrados a frio. Acredita-se que esta seja uma das principais contribuições dessa formulação como opção ao uso de modelos de cascas. / The main purpose of this work is to present a fully nonlinear geometrically-exact multi-parameter rod model that incorporates general in-plane cross-sectional changes as well as general out-of-plane cross-sectional warping. The formulation constitutes an extension of the earlier works presented in [1] to [6], [8] and [9], in the sense that the restrictions to a rigid cross-section and to a Saint-Venant-like elastic warping are now removed from the theory. Our approach defines energetically conjugated cross-sectional resultants in terms of generalized stresses and strains, based on the concept of a cross-section director. Besides their practical importance, the use of cross-sectional resultants simplifies the derivation of equilibrium equations and the enforcement of boundary conditions, in either weak or strong senses. In addition, the corresponding tangent bilinear weak form is obtained in a more expedient way, rendering always symmetric for hyperelastic materials and conservative loadings (even far from equilibrium states). Definition of a cross-section director plays a central role in the present model. Accordingly, it allows the introduction of independent degrees-of-freedom to describe both the in-plane cross-sectional changes and the out-of-plane warping. Fully three-dimensional finite strain constitutive equations can therefore be employed with no spurious stiffening. The ideas are general and extension to inelastic rods, in particular to those of elastoplastic materials, is straightforward once a stress integration scheme within a time step is at hand. Finite rotations are treated here by the Euler-Rodrigues formula in a pure Lagrangean framework. We assume a straight reference configuration for the rod axis, but initially curved rods can also be considered if regarded as a stress-free deformed state from the straight position (see [11]). The use of convective non-Cartesian coordinate systems is this way avoided and only components on orthogonal frames are employed. Moreover, initial curvatures that are completely independent of the isoparametric concept are possible to be attained, which can be used even in (for example) straight finite elements. Altogether, the present assumptions allow a consistent basis for the proper representation of profile (distortional) deformations, which are typical of coldformed thin-walled rod structures. We believe this is one of the main features of our formulation, as the use of more complex shell models in order to capture such phenomena becomes unnecessary.
3

Um modelo geometricamente exato de barras com grandes deformações, que considera a distorção e o empenamento geral da seção transversal, e sua discretização pelo método dos elementos finitos. / A fully nonlinear geometrically exact multi-parameter rod model that incorporates general in-plane and out-of-plane cross-sectional changes, and its discretization by Finite Element Method.

Evandro Rossi Dasambiagio 08 August 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta uma teoria de barras não-linear geometricamente exata, com multi-parâmetros para a representação geral de deslocamentos no plano da seção transversal (distorção) e também fora do plano da seção (empenamento). A formulação apresentada constitui-se em uma extensão de trabalhos anteriores, [1] a [6], [8] e [9], no sentido de que a hipótese de seção rígida (Timoshenko) e a função de empenamento elástico de Saint-Venant foram removidos. Essa abordagem define os esforços internos energeticamente conjugados, atuantes na seção transversal, em função de deformações e tensões generalizadas, baseadas no conceito de vetor diretor da seção transversal. Além da importância prática, o uso do vetor diretor simplifica a formulação das equações de equilíbrio e a imposição das condições de contorno, tanto na forma fraca quanto na forma forte do equilíbrio. Além disso, facilita a obtenção da matriz de rigidez tangente, resultando sempre simétrica pra materiais hiper-elásticos e carregamento externo conservativo, mesmo em situações distantes da condição de equilíbrio. Permite também a introdução de graus de liberdade independentes para descrever tanto os deslocamentos no plano quanto fora do plano da seção transversal. Equações constitutivas tri-dimensionais adequadas para problemas com grandes deslocamentos e grandes deformações podem ser implementadas sem a ocorrência de enrijecimentos espúrios. A formulação é absolutamente geral e sua extensão para materiais inelásticos, em particular materiais elasto-plásticos, é imediata uma vez qua a integração de tensões com carregamentos incrementais está disponível. Rotações finitas são tratadas através da expressão de Euler-Rodrigues em uma abordagem puramente Lagrangeana. Assume-se o eixo reto como configuração de referência da barra, porém, barras inicialmente curvas também podem ser consideradas como configurações de referência deformadas, sem tensões iniciais, obtidas a partir de configurações inicialmente retas [11]. É importante ressaltar que a teoria apresentada permite uma modelagem consistente e precisa de distorções da seção transversal, típicas de perfis metálicos esbeltos dobrados a frio. Acredita-se que esta seja uma das principais contribuições dessa formulação como opção ao uso de modelos de cascas. / The main purpose of this work is to present a fully nonlinear geometrically-exact multi-parameter rod model that incorporates general in-plane cross-sectional changes as well as general out-of-plane cross-sectional warping. The formulation constitutes an extension of the earlier works presented in [1] to [6], [8] and [9], in the sense that the restrictions to a rigid cross-section and to a Saint-Venant-like elastic warping are now removed from the theory. Our approach defines energetically conjugated cross-sectional resultants in terms of generalized stresses and strains, based on the concept of a cross-section director. Besides their practical importance, the use of cross-sectional resultants simplifies the derivation of equilibrium equations and the enforcement of boundary conditions, in either weak or strong senses. In addition, the corresponding tangent bilinear weak form is obtained in a more expedient way, rendering always symmetric for hyperelastic materials and conservative loadings (even far from equilibrium states). Definition of a cross-section director plays a central role in the present model. Accordingly, it allows the introduction of independent degrees-of-freedom to describe both the in-plane cross-sectional changes and the out-of-plane warping. Fully three-dimensional finite strain constitutive equations can therefore be employed with no spurious stiffening. The ideas are general and extension to inelastic rods, in particular to those of elastoplastic materials, is straightforward once a stress integration scheme within a time step is at hand. Finite rotations are treated here by the Euler-Rodrigues formula in a pure Lagrangean framework. We assume a straight reference configuration for the rod axis, but initially curved rods can also be considered if regarded as a stress-free deformed state from the straight position (see [11]). The use of convective non-Cartesian coordinate systems is this way avoided and only components on orthogonal frames are employed. Moreover, initial curvatures that are completely independent of the isoparametric concept are possible to be attained, which can be used even in (for example) straight finite elements. Altogether, the present assumptions allow a consistent basis for the proper representation of profile (distortional) deformations, which are typical of coldformed thin-walled rod structures. We believe this is one of the main features of our formulation, as the use of more complex shell models in order to capture such phenomena becomes unnecessary.
4

Modélisation mathématique, simulation numérique et contrôle optimal des rétroactions entre biomécanique et croissance de l'arbre / Mathematical modelling, numerical simulation and optimal control of the interactions between tree growth and biomechanics

Guillon, Thomas 12 December 2011 (has links)
La hauteur des arbres est un trait écologique majeur représentant l'intensité de la compétition pour la lumière. De plus, la croissance des arbres est le résultat de multiples compromis afin de maintenir leur orientation verticale et leur stabilité mécanique tout en assurant les autres fonctions écophysiologiques. Le contrôle de l'orientation de la croissance est réalisé par deux mécanismes: la croissance différentielle au niveau du méristème apical et la formation de bois de réaction au cours de la croissance secondaire. Cependant, la modélisation simultanée de la croissance et des rétroactions biomécaniques dépasse le cadre classique de la mécanique des structures. En effet, le concept de configuration de référence devient imprécis dû à l'apparition de nouveaux points matériels libres de contraintes sur une surface déformée au cours de la croissance. Dans cette thèse, un nouveau formalisme mathématique est proposé à partir de la théorie des poutres et modélise simultanément les effets de la croissance et de la biomécanique de l'arbre. Afin de résoudre le système d'équations aux dérivées partielles, de nouvelles méthodes numériques sont développées et tiennent compte de la dépendance entre l'espace et le temps. Enfin, deux problèmes de contrôle optimal sont analysés, modélisant les stratégies d'allocation dynamique de la biomasse pour la croissance primaire et secondaire, en fonction de différents contextes écologiques. Ce travail offre de nouvelles perspectives sur les mathématiques de la mécanique de la croissance et ses applications en biologie. / Height is a major ecological trait for growing trees, representing the intensity for light competition. Moreover, tree height results from a trade-off between different functions, including tree mechanical stability. Trees develop growth strategies to maintain their vertical orientation and mechanical stability, in addition to other ecophysiological functions, through differential primary growth near the shoot apical meristem and formation of reaction wood during secondary growth. However, this coupling is a problematic issue since the progressive addition of new material on an existing deformed body makes the definition of a reference configuration unclear. This thesis presents a new mathematical framework for rod theory modelling simultaneously the interactions between the growth process and tree biomechanics. In order to solve the obtained system of partial differential equations, new numerical methods are developed and take into account the dependence between space and time, which is a specific feature of surface growth problems. Finally, the present work addresses the mathematical formulation of two optimal control problems characterising tree's growth strategies. Growth strategies are analysed with respect to the ecological context, through two variables, which are the ratio of biomass allocated to primary growth and the distribution of biomass allocated to secondary growth along the growing stem. This work gives new insights to the mathematical framework of surface growth mechanics and its applications in biology.

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