>Magister Scientiae - MSc / This research project had two different parts: The first was about the mapping of a section of the Warm Zand Structure and the collection of strain data. The second part focused on the analysis of the finite strain and strain pattern in the Warm Zand Structure. The Warm Zand Structure consists of strongly deformed calc-silicates of the Puntsit formation and feldpathic quarzites of the Goede Hoop formation which gradually change into pure quartzites in some locations. The second phase of folding F2 in the calc-silicates gave open folds. Strain markers are very scarce in the Warm Zand Structure; on the Emmanuel Farm pebbles were not found. However on the Compion Farm, pebbles are scattered and occur in few number. In the study area boudins were found in loose rocks hence they could not be used to estimate orientation of the XY plane of the strain ellipsoid (Ramsay, 1967). Folds on the other hand was common and was used to investigate the bulk shortening of the rocks and to understand the kinematical folding mechanisms involved in the folding process of the rock in the Warm Zand Structure. The strain contour map and the Sherwin and Chapple graph were used to investigate the strain and viscosity contrast respectively. The viscosity contrast of the folds collected in the Puntsit falls between 100-53 whereas the bulk shortening on the other hand is between 60-53%. The values of the shortening found agree with those found by van Bever Donker (1980). The numerical modelling on the other demonstrated that in addition to layer parallel shortening and the flattening mention by van Bever Donker (1980) Tangential Longitudinal Strain and Flexural Flow are also involved in the folding process of the fold collected in the Puntsit Formation.

This work is a stepping stone towards developing higher order shell element for simulating composite manufacturing procedure. In this study, a continuum approach suitable for combined material and geometrically nonlinear analysis for an eight node solid shell element SS8 is explained. The formulation of SS8 comprises two ingredients to alleviate undesirable locking effects: 1) Assumed Natural Strain concept, which has proven to alleviate the curvature thickness and transverse shear locking problems. 2) Enhanced Assumed Strain, which adds enhanced degrees of freedom to improve the in-plane response of the element and the curvature thickness locking problem. This formulation has been extended to represent geometric and material non-linearity using Total Lagrangian approach. Finally, finite strain formulation has been verified by numerical examples. Results when compared to continuum shell element in ABAQUS show a reasonable agreement with a relative error of less than 2%.

Strain within the crust is accommodated along vertical gradients, but a general characterization is difficult given the heterogeneity of the earth's outermost layer. The western termination of the Chugach metamorphic complex in southern Alaska includes a uniquely well exposed crustal section ideal for obtaining the vertical profile of a crustal section. Field studies in this area resulted in the characterization of deformational fabric and analysis of finite strain magnitude and orientation. These observational data provide constraints for kinematic modeling following results presented in Teyssier and Cruz (2004). By optimizing the fit between field data, finite strain analysis, and modeling, a complex ductile stratification of the crust is inferred. I conclude that strain was concentrated within the lower crust, becoming more diffuse in upper ductile levels. This unconventional crustal stratification and vertical strain gradient was consistent with an anomalously high thermal gradient created by the adjacent subducting spreading ridge.

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学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2841号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1418 ; 整理番号: 25526 / The consolidation of peat is complex due to the resultant large strain associated with the highly compressible nature of natural peat deposits and to the rapid changes in soil properties during the consolidation process. In addition, the consolidation process is further complicated by the occurrence of secondary compression which significantly contributes to the overall settlement of peaty soil. Therefore, it is necessary to take these properties into account in order to obtain better predictions from peat consolidation analyses. In the present study, the consolidation behavior of peaty clay found in Sri Lanka is extensively studied using a model based on the elasto-viscoplastic theory. The model can describe the prominent creep behavior of peaty soil as a continuous process. In addition, the model can accommodate the effect of structural degradation on the consolidation process. The analysis takes into account all the main features involved in the peat consolidation process, namely, finite strain, variable permeability, and the effect of secondary compression. Also, it considers the variable compressibility for stage-constructed embankments which exert high levels of pressure on the peaty subsoil. The constitutive equations used in the model and the procedure adapted to account for the above-mentioned features of the analysis are described. The constitutive model is based on Perzyna’s type viscoplastic theory and the Cambridge elasto-plastic theory combined with empirical evidence. In the finite element formulations, which are based on the finite deformation theory, an updated Lagrangian method is adopted. A description of the material parameters used in the model and the procedures applied to evaluate them, with standard laboratory and field tests, are explained. In addition, a performance of the model incorporating the original and the modified Cam-clay theory is evaluated by simulating triaxial test results. A comparison shows that with the present definition of the parameters, the original model yields more representative results than the model based on the modified Cam-clay theory. Initially, the capability of the constitutive model to capture the consolidation behavior is verified using the consolidation model test data on peaty clay found in Sri Lanka. It is confirmed that the constitutive model is able to predict the observed creep characteristics and the effect of sample thickness on settlement predictions for the material under consideration. The performance of the model in predicting the consolidation behavior under field conditions is studied using field data on instrumented earth fill constructed on peaty clay. One-dimensional compression is assumed for the peaty clay due to the large plane area of the fill. Separate analyses are carried out by the model considering the infinitesimal strain theory, the finite strain theory, and the finite strain theory together with the effect of structural degradation in order to explore how these features describe the observed field behavior. Analyses reveal that it is necessary to consider finite deformation together with the effect of structural degradation in order to successfully simulate the resultant large strain and the stagnated pore water pressure observed in the field. The construction of road embankments over peat deposits is quite problematic, and thus, it is often done after first improving the properties of the peaty soil through the utilization of appropriate ground-improvement techniques. Understanding the field response of peaty clay during this improvement process is naturally of great importance. A constitutive model is applied to predict the field performance of embankments constructed on peaty clay using different ground-improvement techniques. The back analysis of embankments constructed with the preloading method indicates that the model can be successfully applied to predict both the deformation and the stability of structures constructed on peaty clays. The stability of the embankment during and after construction is verified by investigating the stress-strain characteristics of the subsoil. The model applications used to predict the consolidation behavior of embankments constructed by the preloading method, combined with other ground-improvement techniques, are then discussed. Embankments constructed with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and sand compaction piles (SCPs) are considered, and finite element analyses are carried out in all cases by converting the actual three-dimensional conditions that exist around the drains into simplified two-dimensional plane strain conditions. The field behavior when PVDs are installed in the peaty clay is simulated using the equivalent vertical permeability for the PVD-improved subsoil. In the case of SCPs, a conversion scheme is used to transform the axisymmetric nature of sand columns into equivalent plane strain conditions. A comparison of the predicted results with the field observations shows a reasonable agreement. An analysis of the PVD-improved foundation indicates that the installation of PVDs not only accelerates the rate of consolidation, but influences the deformation pattern of the subsoil due to embankment loading. The analysis also shows that the use of PVDs can significantly increase embankment stability. The model prediction for the SCP-improved foundation reveals that the stiffness and the area replacement ratio used in the conversion scheme play vital roles in predicting the behavior of SCP-improved soft grounds. The observed improvements in the bearing capacity of the subsoil and in the stability of the embankment, brought about by the installation of SCPs, can be simulated by the model. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13370号 / 工博第2841号 / 新制||工||1418(附属図書館) / 25526 / UT51-2007-Q771 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡 二三生, 教授 田村 武, 准教授 木元 小百合 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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<p dir="ltr">Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are a type of smart material composed of ferrous particles suspended in a solid elastic matrix [5, 6]. When an external magnetic field is applied to an MRE, the ferrous particles tend to align with the field, causing either deformation and/or a change in the mechanical properties of the system. MREs are utilized in applications such as soft robotics, actuators, sensors, vibration control systems, and mechanical metamaterials[20, 19, 27, 5, 6, 13]. Recent demand for theses technologies has motivated an increasing focus on the material properties of MRE’s over the last 20 years [6]. Multiple authors have proposed a variety of hyperelastic mechanical and magnetomechanical models to describe these materials [16, 12, 15, 25, 14, 38, 2, 6, 8, 24]. The research presented in this dissertation focuses on the modeling and characterization of MRE’s using a systematic development of the conservation and balance laws, Maxwell’s equations, and constitutive equations needed to describe the MRE as a multi-constituent system. The material parameters resulting from the derived constitutive equations are estimated using data collected from a series of compression experiments coupled with an externally applied magnetic field. The multi-constituent constitutive equations predicted the stress of the MRE in these compression experiments for a variety of ferrous particle concentrations.</p>

An increased environmental awareness, legal demands and the large part of total costs attributable to fuel cost are all incentives for the automotive industry to reduce fuel consumption. The optimal driveline to enable this reduction depends on the operational conditions and the available infrastructure. Moreover, special care is needed when developing the driveline isolators, since the demands on noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) are the same regardless of driveline. To this end, computer aided calculations can be used in order to evaluate a large number of configurations. However, these calculations are only, at best, as good as the material models employed. In the foreseeable future, rubber with reinforcing fillers will be used in vibration isolators in order to obtain the desired properties of these components. However, the stiffness and damping of rubber with reinforcing fillers are highly non-linear functions, and the available material models in commercial software and in the literature are often insufficient. Therefore, a finite strain viscoplastic material model is derived in the time domain and implemented as a user defined material model in Abaqus Explicit. The model captures the strain amplitude and frequency dependency of the storage and loss modulus for a carbon black filled natural rubber. The model is accurate over a wide range of shear strain amplitudes and frequencies, 0.2-50 % and 0.5-20 Hz, respectively, using only 5 material parameters. In addition, the model correctly captures the response from bimodal excitations. The implementation in Abaqus Explicit enables component characteristics to be evaluated early in the development phase, with material parameters derived from simple test specimens. The improved accuracy of simulations of these components can aid engineers develop more optimized solutions faster than with conventional methods. / En ökad miljömedvetenhet, juridiska krav och den stora delen av de totala kostnaderna som kan hänföras till bränslekostnader är alla incitament för fordonsindustrin att minska bränsleförbrukningen. Den optimala drivlinan för att möjliggöra denna minskning beror på driftförhållanden och den tillgängliga infrastrukturen. Dessutom ställs höga krav på utvecklingen av drivlineisolatorer, eftersom kraven på buller och vibrationer (NVH) är desamma oavsett drivlina. För detta ändamål kan datorstödda beräkningar användas för att utvärdera ett stort antal konfigurationer. Dessa beräkningar är, i bästa fall, endast så bra som de använda materialmodellerna. Inom en överskådlig framtid kommer gummi med förstärkande fyllmedel användas i vibrationsisolatorer för att erhålla de önskade egenskaperna hos dessa komponenter. Men styvheten och dämpningen i gummi med förstärkande fyllmedel är kraftigt icke-linjära funktioner, och de tillgängliga materialmodellerna i kommersiella programvaror och i litteraturen är ofta otillräckliga. Därför är en viskoplastisk materialmodell för finita deformationer framtagen i tidsdomänen och implementeras som ett användardefinierat material i Abaqus Explicit. Modellen fångar töjningsamplitud- och frekvensberoendet av lagrings- och förlustmodulen för ett kimröksfyllt naturgummi. Den är korrekt över ett brett intervall av skjuvtöjningsamplituder och frekvenser, 0.2-50% respektive 0.5-20 Hz, och kräver endast 5 materialparametrar. Dessutom fångar modeller responsen från bimodala excitationer. Implementeringen i Abaqus Explicit gör att komponentegenskaper kan utvärderas tidigt i utvecklingsfasen, med materialparametrar som härrör från enkla provkroppar. Den förbättrade noggrannheten i simuleringar av dessa komponenter kan hjälpa ingenjörer att utveckla mer optimerade lösningar snabbare än med konventionella metoder. / <p>QC 20160406</p>

Dans le cadre d’une collaboration avec la société PHYTOREM, nous avons élaboré un prototype de distribution autorégulé afin d’épandre des Eaux Usées après un simple dégrillage et via la Phytorémédiation (dépollution par les plantes).La première approche du projet de thèse a été de comprendre les comportements rhéologiques des effluents, mis à disposition par Phytorem, et mécaniques du matériau élastomère de type EPDM. Nous avons exposé les différentes façons de retrouver leurs propriétés rhéologiques et mécaniques par le biais de divers tests de rhéométrie, concernant les effluents, et de traction uni-, bi- et équibi-axiale, pour la partie matériau. Ceci nous a permis d’obtenir d’une part, la viscosité de nos effluents, et d’autre part, la loi de comportement la mieux adaptée à notre matériau.La deuxième et dernière approche porte sur les interactions entre un fluide et une membrane hyperélastique ayant pour fonction de réguler un écoulement. Le comportement de la membrane contrainte par la pression a été simulé sous Abaqus. Ces résultats ont permis de modéliser l’écoulement (code CFD commercial) lorsque la membrane est déformée et de déterminer numériquement la loi débit/pression du dispositif. Ces développements numériques s’appuient sur la méthode des éléments finis et un couplage partitionné simple en une étape pour une première approche entre le fluide, la membrane et la structure. Les modèles numériques sont validés expérimentalement. Ces travaux participent à l’élaboration d’un prototype de distributeur auto-régulé. / In collaboration with PHYTOREM, we have developed a prototype of self-regulated drip emitter to spread the Wastewater after a simple screening using phytoremediation (remediation by plants).The first approach of the thesis project was to understand the rheological behaviour of waste provided by PHYTOREM, and mechanical properties behaviour of EPDM elastomer type. We have explained the different ways to find their rheological and mechanical properties through various rheometry tests on waste, and tension uni-, biand equibi-axiale, for the material part. This allowed us to obtain first, the viscosity of our waste, and secondly, the behaviour law of best suited to our material.The second and final approach focuses on the interactions between a fluid and a hyperelastic membrane whose function is to regulate flow. The membrane behaviour under pressure stress was simulated using Abaqus. These results were used to model the flow (commercial CFD) when the membrane is distorted and to determine numerically its flow versus pressure law. These developments are relying on numerical finite element method and partitionned into a single coupling step for a first approach between fluid, membrane and structure. The numerical models are validated experimentally. This work contributes to the development of a prototype of self-regulated drip emitter.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la propagation dynamique de fissure dans les membranes élastomères du point de vue expérimental. Elle a pour but d’identifier les paramètres qui gouvernent la cinématique de ces fissures se propageant à grande vitesse, afin d’en prédire la trajectoire. Fondé sur l’utilisation conjointe d’une caméra à haute résolution et d’une caméra rapide, le dispositif expérimental permet de mesurer des champs à partir de la corrélation d’images au cours de la propagation de la fissure. Mis en pratique sur un polyuréthane, ce dispositif permet de retrouver la configuration de référence de l’éprouvette pendant la propagation de fissure, préalable indispensable à l’étude mécanique du problème. En plus des champs cinématiques, la densité d’énergie élastique et les contraintes sont évaluées grâce à une loi de comportement hypérélastique Les résultats de ces essais constituent une large base de données sur la rupture dynamique de membranes élastomères. La méthode permet de réaliser une analyse cinématique et énergétique de la propagation stationnaire et instationnaire, toujours dans la configuration de référence. La propagation supersonique est observée pour les hauts niveaux de déformation de la membrane. Enfin,ces observations permettent une discussion sur l’utilisation de l’approche énergétique de la rupture dynamique et de la pertinence des mesures de champs actuelles pour caractériser ce type de propagation de fissure. / This PhD thesis tackles the issue of dynamic fracture of elastomer membranes from an experimental point of view. It aims at providing some insight to predict the trajectories of high speed cracks under large strain. An experimental procedure involving high resolution and high speed cameras is developed in order to perform full-field measurements based on digital image correlation during crack propagation. Tested with a highly stretchable elastomer (polyurethane), this set-up permits to retrieve the material configurations of the sample all along crack growth, which is a crucial step toward a complete mechanical analysis of the problem. In addition to the kinematic fields,both strain energy density and stress fields are estimated thanks to a hyperelastic model, which is issued from mechanical characterisation of the material. Results of these experiments provide a comprehensive database on dynamic fracture of membranes. The method is designed to perform kinematic and energetic analyses of both steady and unsteady crack propagation in the reference configuration. Supersonic crack growth is observed for large prescribed deformation of the membranes. Finally, these observations lead to a discussion on the energetic approach in dynamic crack growth and the current applicability of full-field measurements to characterise dynamic crack growth in elastomers.