[pt] Neste trabalho, a fosforimetria em temperatura ambiente em substrato sólido (SSRTP) foi utilizada para o desenvolvimento de método para determinação ultra-traço e seletiva de criseno e de pireno em amostras complexas contendo diversos outros hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA). O criseno e o pireno foram selecionados por serem classificados pela Agência Americana de Proteção ao Meio Ambiente (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA) como dois dos dezesseis HPA poluentes prioritários e por serem conhecidos como uma ameaça à saúde pública e à integridade dos ecossistemas marinhos. A capacidade seletiva da SSRTP foi explorada por meio do efeito externo seletivo do átomo pesado e do ajuste de pH da solução carreadora de solução de analito para o substrato de celulose. O efeito da modificação da celulose com o surfactante SDS também foi investigado, assim como o uso da varredura de modo sincronizado para melhoria da resolução espectral. O nitrato de prata em substratos contendo SDS foi identificado como indutor seletivo de fosforescência do criseno em relação ao pireno e demais HPA em estudo (antraceno, benzo[a]pireno, 1-hidroxipireno, fluoranteno, fenantreno, benzo[ghj]perileno e 1,2 benzoantraceno). Já o pireno foi determinado seletivamente com varredura convencional e sincronizada de fosforescência em substratos contendo nitrato de chumbo como indutor seletivo e soluções carreadoras de analito em meio básico (pH 12). Essa seletividade foi em relação aos HPA citados, e ao 1- hidroxipireno, mesmo este tendo uma estrutura molecular muito semelhante a do pireno. O planejamento fatorial foi usado, principalmente visando verificar as interações mútuas entre os efeitos das diferentes variáveis do método desenvolvido, e, conseqüentemente, a escolha da melhor condição experimental. Neste estudo, foram enfatizados: (i) a análise experimental estatística (testou-se a significância dos efeitos dos fatores usando a análise de variância, teste F e teste t), (ii) o uso do método gráfico (gráfico de Pareto) para a interpretação das interações (entre as variáveis) e dos resultados obtidos, assim como o refinamento do modelo, se necessário, excluindo variáveis irrelevantes. As características de desempenho foram obtidas, a fim de se validar o método proposto, obtendo assim a credibilidade técnica das medições. Testes estatísticos (testes de hipótese) com o uso de material de referência certificado (SRM NIST 1647d) e método de referência alternativo (HPLC com detecção por fluorescência) também foram incluídos no processo de validação e os resultados encontrados estão dentro do nível de 95% de confiança. Os limites de detecção do criseno e do pireno em termos de massa efetiva do analito depositada no substrato (limite de detecção absoluto - LDA) encontram-se na ordem do ng. A quantificação das fontes de variação associadas à medição, a incerteza da medição, foi estimada pelo ISO GUM e método de simulação de Monte-Carlo. Testes de seletividade com criseno e pireno na presença de outros HPA também foram realizados e os resultados obtidos permitiram que a técnica fosse utilizada para determinações seletivas. A aplicação do método em diferentes tipos de matrizes (bílis de peixe e aguardente de cana) também foi realizada e os percentuais de recuperação encontrados foram 109 (+ -) 18% (criseno) e 108 (+ -) 20% (pireno). Esses resultados são comparáveis com os obtidos por HPLC-fluorescência: 104 (+ -) 13% (criseno) e 102 (+ -) 15% (pireno). Estudos de caracterização, homogeneidade e estabilidade do criseno em matriz biológica, bílis de peixe da espécie Mugil liza, e a estimativa da incerteza da medição do material analisado também foram realizados. A incerteza da medição encontra-se na ordem do ng (referente à massa efetiva depositada no substrato de celulose). / [en] In this work, solid surface room-temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) was used to develop ultra-trace and selective methods for determination of chrysene and pyrene in complex samples containing several other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Both chrysene and pyrene were selected because they are classificated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as two out of the sixteen major pollutants, affecting public health and marine ecosystems. The selective capability of SSRTP was explored through the selective external heavy atom effect and the adjustment of pH of the analyte solution used to carry out the analyte to the cellulose substrate. Cellulose modification with the use of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphat (SDS) has also been evaluated as well as the use of synchronous scanning to improve its spectral resolution. Silver nitrate together with SDS was identified as selective phosphorescence inducer for chrysene in the presence of pyrene and other PAHs which are being studied (anthracene, benzo[a] pyrene, 1- hidroxipyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, benzo[ghi] perylene and 1,2 benzoanthracene). On the other hand, pyrene was selectively determined with synchronous and conventional phosphorescence scanning in substrates treated with lead nitrate as a selective inducer and using analyte carrier solution with pH 12. This selectivity towards pyrene was achieved in the presence of all the other tested PAHs, including the 1- hidroxipyrene, even though they have quite similar molecular structures. A factorial design was applied in order to verify mutual interactions among factors of the different variables and to find the best experimental conditions. It has been emphasized in this study: (i) statistical experimental analysis (testing the significance of the factors using the analysis of variation, F-test and t-test), (ii) graphic method (Pareto´s chart) to the interpretation and evaluation of the interactions among all the variables and obtained results, the model was refined whenever necessary so exclude irrelevant variables. After choosing the best experimental condition, the performance characteristics were obtained validating the proposed method. Statistical tests were applied in order to compare results obtained using a standard reference material analysis (NIST SRM 1647d). The proposed method was also compared with a reference analytical technique (HPLC with fluorescence detection) and the results obtained are within 95% confidence level. Chrysene and pyrene absolute detection limits were found in the ng order. The quantification of the variation sources associated to the measurement (the measurement´s uncertainty) was estimated based on ISO GUM and Monte-Carlo simulation method. Selectivity tests for chrysene and pyrene, in presence of the other PAHs were also performed. The methods were applied to different types of samples (fish bilis and spirit drink from sugar cane) and the recoveries were 109 (+ -) 18% (chrysene) and 108 (+ -) 20% (pyrene) by SSRTP. These results are comparable to ones obtained by HPLCFluorescence: 104 (+ -) 13% (chrysene) and 102 (+ -) 15% (pyrene). Characterization, homogeny and stability studies in a biological matrix (fish bilis of the type Mugil liza) and the estimation of uncertainty of the analysed material were also done. The measurement uncertainty was found in ng order (in terms of the effective mass deposit in the cellulose substrate).

[pt] No presente trabalho, a cromatografia eletrocinética capilar micelar (MECC) e a fosforimetria em temperatura ambiente em substrato sólido (SSRTP) foram utilizadas como técnicas analíticas para a determinação de duas estrobilurinas (picoxistrobina e piraclostrobina) e de uma fluoroquinolona (enrofloxacina), respectivamente. As condições ótimas de analise por MECC foram determinadas a partir de um estudo univariado dos seguintes parâmetros experimentais e instrumentais: pH do eletrólito de corrida, concentração do tampão, concentração de surfactante (dodecil-sulfato de sódio - SDS), tipo e quantidade de modificador orgânico, temperatura de trabalho e diferença de potencial aplicada. Depois de definidas as condições ótimas (tampão borato 40 mmol L-1, pH igual a 8,5; SDS 30 mmol L-1; acetonitrila 15 por cento em volume, 25 gruas Celsius e 25 kV) foi realizado um estudo para diminuir o limite de detecção (LD) e o limite de quantificação (LQ) do método. Para tal, foi usado o modo de pré-concentração no capilar denominado modo de empilhamento normal (NSM). Nessa abordagem, as soluções de padrões e amostras foram dissolvidas em uma solução de maior impedância (água: borato 40 mmol L-1 pH igual a 8,5 50:50 por cento v/v). Uma cela de caminho óptico alongado também foi utilizada para a tentativa de aumentar a sensibilidade do método. As curvas analíticas foram construídas com o uso de padrão interno (azoxistrobina) e apresentaram comportamento linear e homocedástico com valores de R2 próximos a 0,999. Com o modo NSM, os valores de LD (xb mais 3sb) e de LQ (xb mais 10sb) para a picoxistrobina e para a piraclostrobina ficaram na ordem de 10-7 mol L-1. A precisão do método (repetitividade e reprodutibilidade interna) apresentaram valores entre 5 e 8 por cento para tempo de migração e área dos picos. O método foi aplicado na análise de urina e água de riacho, ambas fortificadas com as estrobilurinas. As amostras de urina foram previamente passadas em coluna de extração em fase sólida (C-18). As recuperações obtidas para a piraclostrobina foram 75 mais ou menos 4 por cento para as amostras de urina e 94 ou menos 10 por cento para as amostras de água de riacho. Para a picoxistrobina os valores de recuperação foram de 109 mais ou menos 9 por cento e 102 mais ou menos 9 por cento para as amostras de urina e água do riacho respectivamente. As características fosforescentes da enrofloxacina foram estudadas de modo univariado em função de vários parâmetros experimentais tais como o tipo e quantidade de sal de átomo pesado indutor de fosforescência, presença de surfactante modificador de superfície de celulose, influência de concentração hidrogeniônica na solução do analito e estudo do tempo de exposição ao UV para a formação de fotoproduto de sinal mais estável. As melhores condições para o método fosforescente para enrofloxacina foram obtidas em solução básica (solução acetona: NaOH 0,05 mol L-1 50:50 por cento v/v) irradiada com UV por 30 min e substrato contendo 80 Vg de TlNO3. O método foi aplicado em formulações farmacêuticas contendo enrofloxacina e que são utilizadas na medicina veterinária (solução e comprimidos). Um método com a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) adaptado da literatura foi utilizado para análise das amostras de enrofloxacina, sendo os resultados comparáveis àqueles obtidos por SSRTP. A curva analítica apresentou resposta linear e homoscedástica na faixa de trabalho escolhida com R2 maior que 0,99. Os valores de LD (xb mais 3sb) e de LQ (xb mais 10sb) foram respectivamente 2,1 and 4,8 ng respectivamente. A precisão (repetitividade e reprodutibilidade interna com troca de analista) do método apresentaram valores entre 2 e 19 por cento. A incerteza de medição do sinal fosforescente foi calculada usando o método sistemático indicado no ISO GUM e valores entre 18 e 26 por cento foram alcançados, com valores de repetitividade com troca de substrato a fonte mais importante de incerteza. No procedimento de validação, os valores de concentração de enrofloxacina encontrados nas amostras de medicamento analisadas por SSRTP e por HPLC foram estatisticamente semelhantes (valor de texperimental iguais a 0,48 e 1,04 sendo menor que o valor de tcrítico igual a 2,23). / [en] In the present work, micellar electrokinectic capillary chromatography (MECC) and solid surface room-temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) were used as analytical techniques for the determination of two strobilurins (picoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) and of one fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin), respectively. The experimental conditions for MECC have been optimized using an univariate approach for the following experimental and instrumental parameters: pH of the working electrolyte, concentration of the buffer, concentration of surfactant (sodium dodecyl-sulphate - SDS), type and amount of organic modifier, working temperature and applied potential. After defined the best conditions (borate buffer 40 mmol L(-1) pH=8.5; 30 SDS mmol L(-1); acetonitrile 15% in volume, 25 ºC and 25 kV), a study was carried through to improve the limit of detention (LD) and the limit of quantification (LQ) of the method. In order to do that, an on-line analyte pre-concentration called normal stacking mode (NSM) was used. In such approach, the standards and samples have been dissolved in a solution of higher impedance (water: borate 40 mmol L(-1) pH=8.5 50:50% v/v). A high sensitivity detection cell also was used to attempt the increasing of the sensitivity of the method. The analytical curves have been constructed with the use of an internal standard (azoxystrobin) and a linear response and homocedastic behavior were observed with R2 values of at least 0.999. The NSM mode allowed the values of LD (x(b) + 3(sb)) and of LQ (x(b) + 10(sb)) in the order of 10(-7) mol L(-1) for picoxystrobina and pyraclostrobina. The precision of the method (repeatability and intermediate precision) was characterized by values between 5 and 8%. The method was applied in the analysis urine and stream water, both type of samples fortified with the strobilurins. The urine sample was previously passed through a solid phase extraction column (C-18). The recoveries achieved for pyraclostrobina were 75  +- 4% for urine and 94  +- 10% for stream water samples. For picoxystrobin, the recovery values were 109  +- 9% and 102  +- 9% respectively for urine and stream water samples. The phosphorimetric characteristics of enrofloxacin have been studied in an unvaried way for experimental parameters such as the type and quantity of phosphorescence inducer (heavy atom salt), surfactant used as cellulose surface modifier, influence of the hidrogenionic concentration in the analyte solution and study of the UV exposition time for the formation of a more signal stable photoproduct. The best conditions for the phosphorimetric method for enrofloxacin were the use of basic solution (solution acetone: NaOH 0.05 mol L-1 50:50% v/v) irradiated with UV for 30 min and cellulose substrates containing 80 Vg of TlNO3. The method was applied in pharmaceutical formulations containing enrofloxacin employed in veterinary medicine (solution and pills). A method based on high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC), adapted from literature, was used as a reference method and the the results obtained for enrofloxacin was comparable to the ones achieved by SSRTP. The analytical curve presented linear and homocedastic behavior with R2 values higher than 0.99. The LD (x(b) + 3(sb)) and the LQ (x(b) + 10(sb)) values were 2.1 and 4.8 ng respectively. The precision (repeatability and intermediate precision with change of analyst) of the method presented values between 2 and 19%. The uncertainty of the phosphorescence measurement was calculated using the systematic method indicated in the ISO GUM. Values between 18 and 26% had been achieved, with the repeatability with substrate change the most important source uncertainty. In the validation procedure, enrofloxacin concentration values found in the medicine samples analyzed by SSRTP and HPLC were statistically similar ( t(experimental) value of 0.48 and 1.04 smaller than the t(critic) value of 2.23).

Yes / Silica is one of the most efficient gas barrier materials, and hence is widely used as anencapsulating material for electronic devices. In general, the processing of silica is carried out at hightemperatures, i.e., around 1000◦C. Recently, processing of silica has been carried out from a polymercalled Perhydropolysilazane (PHPS). The PHPS reacts with environmental moisture or oxygen andyields pure silica. This material has attracted many researchers and has been widely used in manyapplications such as encapsulation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) displays, semiconductorindustries, and organic solar cells. In this paper, we have demonstrated the process optimization ofthe conversion of the PHPS into silica in terms of curing methods as well as curing the environment.Various curing methods including exposure to dry heat, damp heat, deep UV, and their combinationunder different environments were used to cure PHPS. FTIR analysis suggested that the quickestconversion method is the irradiation of PHPS with deep UV and simultaneous heating at 100◦C.Curing with this method yields a water permeation rate of 10−3g/(m2·day) and oxygen permeationrate of less than 10−1cm3/(m2·day·bar). Rapid curing at low-temperature processing along withbarrier properties makes PHPS an ideal encapsulating material for organic solar cell devices and avariety of similar applications. / King Saud University

The implementation of energy storage systems in the current electrical grid will increase the grid's reliability and e ciency. Room temperature sodium batteries are seen as potential technology, especially to assist renewable energy generation sources. Currently, suggested negative electrode materials, however, are still not satisfactory for practical use in terms of fabrication costs, gravimetric /volumetric energy densities, cyclability, and irreversible capacity losses occur at the rst cycle. The literature describes various strategies that enhance the specific capacity and/or the cyclability of negative electrode materials but all involve increasing the fabrication costs due to the chosen synthesis or the complexity of the electrode's design. Furthermore, strategies, that reduce the irreversible capacity loss at first cycle, are not discussed. In this present experimental research work, presodiating bulk metallic negative electrode materials prior to cycling, prepared via a simple, cheap and easy-to-scaleup synthesis route, is introduced as a new strategy to improve the cyclability and to effectively reduce the first cycle irreversible capacity loss. Electrochemical and structural experiments were carried out to investigate sodiumtin-antimony powders. Presodiating mechanically bulk Sn-Sb negative electrode materials e ectively reduces the irreversible capacity loss at first cycle and enhances the specific capacity when compared to the non-presodiated powder, while the proper choice of electrode composite and electrolyte formulation improves the cycle life of the electrodes. The enhancement of the electrochemical properties of the presodiated NaSnSb powder, composed of the ternary phase Na5Sb3Sn and an unknown ternary phase crystallising in a hexagonal setting P6, is associated with the stabilisation of the SnSb as desodiation product. Presodiating bulk SnSb negative electrode material is a viable strategy to reduce the first cycle irreversible capacity loss, alleviating the volume changes. With an optimised system, this approach may be extended to other negative electrode materials, reducing the fabrication costs of high capacity negative electrode materials for room temperature sodium batteries. Presodiated NaSnSb negative electrode material may be combined with non-sodiated positive electrode material, such as sulphur to develop competitive room temperature sodium-sulphur batteries. / Die Implementierung von Energiespeichersystemen im bereits bestehenden Stromnetz ist eine der Lösungen, um die Zuverlässigkeit und die Effizienz des Netzes zu nutzen. Raumtemperatur Natrium-Batterien gelten als erfolgsversprechende Technologie insbesondere zur Unterstützung erneuerbarer Energieerzeugungsquellen. Jedoch sind die naheliegenden negativen Elektrodenmaterialien für eine praktische Anwendung hinsichtlich Herstellungskosten, gravimetrischer oder volumetrischer Energiedichte, Zyklenfestigkeit und irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlusten im ersten Zyklus noch nicht zufriedenstellend. Die Literatur beschreibt verschiedene Strategien, die die spezifische Kapazität und / oder die Zyklenfestigkeit von negativen Elektrodenmaterialien verbessern. Diese führen jedoch alle zu einer Erhöhung der Herstellungskosten aufgrund der gewählten Synthese oder des Designs der komplexierten Elektrode. Darüber hinaus werden Strategien zur Reduzierung des irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlusts im ersten Zyklus nicht erörtert. Diese experimentelle Forschungsarbeit präsentiert mit Natrium angereicherte metallische negative Elektrodenmaterialien vor der Wechselbeanspruchung/dem periodischen Durchlaufen, die durch einen schlichten, billigen und einfach zu skalierenden Syntheseweg hergestellt wurden, als eine neue Strategie zur Verbesserung der Zyklenfestigkeit und zur wirksamen Verringerung des irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlusts im ersten Zyklus. Elektrochemische und strukturelle Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um mit Natrium angereichertes Zinn-Antimon-Pulver zu untersuchen. Die mechanischen mit Natrium angereichertes Sn-Sb-negativen Elektrodenmaterialien verringert effektiv den irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlust im ersten Zyklus und erhöht die spezische Kapazität im Vergleich zu dem ohne Natrium angereicherte Pulver, während die richtige Wahl der Elektrodenzusammensetzung und der Elektrolytformulierung die Lebenszyklus der Elektroden verbessert. Die Verbesserung der elektrochemischen Eigenschaften des mit Natrium angereicherten NaSnSb-Pulvers, bestehend aus der ternären Phase Na5Sb3Sn und einer unbekannten ternären Phase, die in einer hexagonalen Aufbau P6 kristallisiert, ist mit der Stabilisierung des Enddesodiationsproduktes beim periodischen Zyklus verbunden, wobei das intermetallische SnSb nach Rekristallisation vorliegt. Mit Natrium angereicherte SnSb negativen Elektrodenmaterialien sind eine tragfähige Strategie zur Verringerung des irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlustes im ersten Zyklus, die Volumenänderungen abschwächen. Mit einem optimierten System kann dieser Ansatz auf andere negative Elektrodenmaterialien erweitert werden um die Herstellungskosten von negativen Elektrodenmaterialien mit hoher Kapazität für Raumtemperatur-Natrium-Batterien zu verringern. Mit Natrium angereichertes NaSnSb-negatives Elektrodenmaterial kann mit nicht mit Natrium versetztem positivem Elektrodenmaterial wie Schwefel kombiniert werden, um realisierbare Raumtemperatur Natrium-Schwefel-Batterien zu entwickeln.

The implementation of energy storage systems in the current electrical grid will increase the grid's reliability and e ciency. Room temperature sodium batteries are seen as potential technology, especially to assist renewable energy generation sources. Currently, suggested negative electrode materials, however, are still not satisfactory for practical use in terms of fabrication costs, gravimetric /volumetric energy densities, cyclability, and irreversible capacity losses occur at the rst cycle. The literature describes various strategies that enhance the specific capacity and/or the cyclability of negative electrode materials but all involve increasing the fabrication costs due to the chosen synthesis or the complexity of the electrode's design. Furthermore, strategies, that reduce the irreversible capacity loss at first cycle, are not discussed. In this present experimental research work, presodiating bulk metallic negative electrode materials prior to cycling, prepared via a simple, cheap and easy-to-scaleup synthesis route, is introduced as a new strategy to improve the cyclability and to effectively reduce the first cycle irreversible capacity loss. Electrochemical and structural experiments were carried out to investigate sodiumtin-antimony powders. Presodiating mechanically bulk Sn-Sb negative electrode materials e ectively reduces the irreversible capacity loss at first cycle and enhances the specific capacity when compared to the non-presodiated powder, while the proper choice of electrode composite and electrolyte formulation improves the cycle life of the electrodes. The enhancement of the electrochemical properties of the presodiated NaSnSb powder, composed of the ternary phase Na5Sb3Sn and an unknown ternary phase crystallising in a hexagonal setting P6, is associated with the stabilisation of the SnSb as desodiation product. Presodiating bulk SnSb negative electrode material is a viable strategy to reduce the first cycle irreversible capacity loss, alleviating the volume changes. With an optimised system, this approach may be extended to other negative electrode materials, reducing the fabrication costs of high capacity negative electrode materials for room temperature sodium batteries. Presodiated NaSnSb negative electrode material may be combined with non-sodiated positive electrode material, such as sulphur to develop competitive room temperature sodium-sulphur batteries. / Die Implementierung von Energiespeichersystemen im bereits bestehenden Stromnetz ist eine der Lösungen, um die Zuverlässigkeit und die Effizienz des Netzes zu nutzen. Raumtemperatur Natrium-Batterien gelten als erfolgsversprechende Technologie insbesondere zur Unterstützung erneuerbarer Energieerzeugungsquellen. Jedoch sind die naheliegenden negativen Elektrodenmaterialien für eine praktische Anwendung hinsichtlich Herstellungskosten, gravimetrischer oder volumetrischer Energiedichte, Zyklenfestigkeit und irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlusten im ersten Zyklus noch nicht zufriedenstellend. Die Literatur beschreibt verschiedene Strategien, die die spezifische Kapazität und / oder die Zyklenfestigkeit von negativen Elektrodenmaterialien verbessern. Diese führen jedoch alle zu einer Erhöhung der Herstellungskosten aufgrund der gewählten Synthese oder des Designs der komplexierten Elektrode. Darüber hinaus werden Strategien zur Reduzierung des irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlusts im ersten Zyklus nicht erörtert. Diese experimentelle Forschungsarbeit präsentiert mit Natrium angereicherte metallische negative Elektrodenmaterialien vor der Wechselbeanspruchung/dem periodischen Durchlaufen, die durch einen schlichten, billigen und einfach zu skalierenden Syntheseweg hergestellt wurden, als eine neue Strategie zur Verbesserung der Zyklenfestigkeit und zur wirksamen Verringerung des irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlusts im ersten Zyklus. Elektrochemische und strukturelle Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um mit Natrium angereichertes Zinn-Antimon-Pulver zu untersuchen. Die mechanischen mit Natrium angereichertes Sn-Sb-negativen Elektrodenmaterialien verringert effektiv den irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlust im ersten Zyklus und erhöht die spezische Kapazität im Vergleich zu dem ohne Natrium angereicherte Pulver, während die richtige Wahl der Elektrodenzusammensetzung und der Elektrolytformulierung die Lebenszyklus der Elektroden verbessert. Die Verbesserung der elektrochemischen Eigenschaften des mit Natrium angereicherten NaSnSb-Pulvers, bestehend aus der ternären Phase Na5Sb3Sn und einer unbekannten ternären Phase, die in einer hexagonalen Aufbau P6 kristallisiert, ist mit der Stabilisierung des Enddesodiationsproduktes beim periodischen Zyklus verbunden, wobei das intermetallische SnSb nach Rekristallisation vorliegt. Mit Natrium angereicherte SnSb negativen Elektrodenmaterialien sind eine tragfähige Strategie zur Verringerung des irreversiblen Kapazitätsverlustes im ersten Zyklus, die Volumenänderungen abschwächen. Mit einem optimierten System kann dieser Ansatz auf andere negative Elektrodenmaterialien erweitert werden um die Herstellungskosten von negativen Elektrodenmaterialien mit hoher Kapazität für Raumtemperatur-Natrium-Batterien zu verringern. Mit Natrium angereichertes NaSnSb-negatives Elektrodenmaterial kann mit nicht mit Natrium versetztem positivem Elektrodenmaterial wie Schwefel kombiniert werden, um realisierbare Raumtemperatur Natrium-Schwefel-Batterien zu entwickeln.

Les Liquides Ioniques [LI] à température ambiante forment une nouvelle classe de matériaux, prometteurs dans des applications diverses. Les avantages que les LI soulèvent par rapport aux autres liquides moléculaires ou sels fondus résident dans la facilité à changer leurs propriétés intrinsèques en jouant sur la nature chimique de la combinaison [cation-anion]. Cependant, on n’est pas encore près à prédire les propriétés d’un LI en connaissant uniquement sa composition chimique. Par conséquent, nous avons fait des expériences de diffraction de rayons-x et de neutrons, complétées par une série de simulations de dynamiques moléculaires sur une famille de LI à bases de cations d’alkyl-methylimidazolium et d’anion Bromure. Ainsi, en changeant la longueur de la chaine alkyl, nous avons comparé la structure et la dynamique de trois LI de chaines ethyl, butyl et hexyl. La comparaison des résultats structuraux obtenus par la simulation avec ceux des rayons-x donnèrent complète satisfaction. Des résultats intéressants ont été obtenus, spécialement ceux issus de la comparaison de la structure et la dynamique du LI 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide en phase cristalline et liquide. Par ailleurs, l’hétérogénéité en phase volumique a pu être quantifiée ce qui a permis de déterminer que la ségrégation augmente avec la longueur de la chaine alkyl cationique. / Room temperature ionic liquids constitute a class of materials with many promising applications in very diverse fields. Their potentiality stems from the fact that their properties are very different from those of typical molecular solvents and furthermore they can be tailored by modifying the combination of ions forming the liquid. However it is not yet possible to predict which species will produce a particular set of properties. Therefore we have done a systematic computer simulation study on a series of three room temperature ionic liquids based on the alkyl-methylimidazolium cation combined with the bromium anion. The length of the alkyl chain of the cation and the anions has been increased progressively, going from ethyl to butyl and hexyl, in order to explore the structural and dynamical changes brought about by such change. Simulation results are also compared satisfactorily to high-energy x-ray diffraction and quasi elastic neutron scattering data obtained by us. Our results show that the structure of liquid 1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium Bromide presents large similarities with the crystal one. This resemblance appears also when the local dynamics of the ethyl chain is investigated using neutron spectroscopy. Moreover we have quantified the heterogeneity found in the bulk state, finding that segregation is favored by the length of the cation’s alkyl chain.

[pt] Neste trabalhou desenvolveu-se métodos analíticos baseados na fosforimetria em temperatura ambiente em substrato sólido (FTASS) para determinação seletiva de fluorquinolonas. Mais especificamente, avaliou-se a viabilidade do uso do nitrato de tório como sal de átomo pesado indutor de fosforescência visando a determinação seqüencial de norfloxacino (NOR) e levofloxacino (LEV), determinação seletiva de NOR em presença de ciprofloxacino (CIP), assim como a determinação seletiva de CIP em presença de gatifloxacino (GAT) ou moxifloxacino (MOX). Realizou-se uma cuidadosa comparação entre o sinal fosforescente obtido com o uso do nitrato de tório e os obtidos pelos sais indutores tradicionalmente utilizados na FTASS. Estudou-se univariadamente o efeito da quantidade de sal indutor de átomo pesado depositado no substrato sólido, a quantidade de um surfactante modificador de superfície e a concentração hidrogeniônica da solução carreadora de analito na magnitude do sinal fosforescente. Também foram avaliadas possíveis interações entre esses fatores experimentais por meio de um planejamento fatorial 23. Com a estratégia de análise bem definida, desenvolveram-se metodologias para a determinação de NOR, LEV e CIP em formulações farmacêuticas comerciais e simuladas e em urina enriquecida sem que se fosse aplicado procedimentos de separação do analito de interesse das outras substâncias concomitantes. Para tal, a estratégia de varredura sincronizada foi fundamental. Os parâmetros analíticos de mérito obtidos com o uso do nitrato de tório foram comparados com os obtidos com o do acetato de cádmio (átomo pesado indutor de fosforescência de fluorquinolonas já descrito na literatura). Em todos os casos estudados, a resposta analítica apresentou comportamento linear em função da massa depositada de NOR, LEV e CIP no substrato (R2>0,99), com boa repetitividade e sensibilidade (avaliada pelos limites de detecção e quantificação absolutos na ordem de ng). Tanto nas formulações farmacêuticas quanto em urina enriquecida, os resultados obtidos com o método desenvolvido com o uso do sal de tório na determinação seqüencial de NOR/LEV e na determinação seletiva de NOR/CIP foram mais vantajosos que os obtidos com o uso do sal de cádmio. Em ambos os casos, o método desenvolvido com o uso do Th(NO3) 4 mostrou-se válido desde que a proporção molar das misturas NOR/LEV e NOR/CIP não ultrapassem a condição de 1 (analito) para 5 (interferente). Para o método desenvolvido na determinação seletiva de CIP em misturas contendo GAT, o Th(NO3)4 também mostrou-se mais adequado que o acetato de cádmio, Cd(OAc)2, sendo obtidos resultados satisfatórios, desde que a proporção molar CIP/GAT não ultrapassasse 1 para 2. No entanto, interferências do tipo nãoespectral foram observadas na presença de quantidades maiores de GAT (até 10 vezes mais), as quais podem ser facilmente corrigidas utilizando o método de adição do analito. Já nas misturas contendo CIP/MOX, o método desenvolvido para a determinação seletiva de CIP com o uso do sal de tório foi muito favorável em proporções equimolares e em quantidades contendo duas vezes mais MOX. Em misturas contendo maiores quantidades de MOX, observou- se interferências do tipo espectral que não puderam ser contornadas por sincronização, devido seus (Lambda)sinc.muito próximos. Porém, utilizando Cd(OAc) 2 nas misturas contendo CIP/MOX em razões molares maiores que 1:2 se observou interferências apenas do tipo não-espectral, que podem ser corrigidas por procedimento adequado de calibração. Esse caso foi o único cujo sal de cádmio mostrou-se superior ao método desenvolvido com o uso do sal de tório. / [en] In this work, analytical methods based on solid surface room-temperature phosphorimetry were developed aiming the selective determination of fluorquinolones. More spectilly, thorium nitrate was evaluated as phosphorescence inducer aiming the sequential determination of norfloxacin (NOR) and levofloxacin (LEV), selective determination of NOR in presence of ciprofloxacin (CIP), as well as the selective determination of CIP in the presence gatifloxacin (GAT) or moxifloxacin (MOX). In order to that, the phosphorescence induced by thorium nitrate was compared with the ones achieved using other traditionally employed heavy atom enhancers in solid surface room-temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP). Univariated studies were made in order to evaluate the effect of the amounts of heavy atom salt and surface modifier present in the substrate as well as the influence of the pH of the analyte carrier solution. The interaction among these factors were also studied through experimental factorial desings (23). After the definition of the analytical strategy to be employed, analytical methods were developed for the determination of NOR, LEV and CIP in simulated mistures and analyte spiked urine without employing any procedure to physically separate the analyte from the others components of the sample. In order to do that, the use of syncronized scanning was fundamental. The analytical figures of merit achieved using thorium nitrate and cadmium acetate (heave atom inducer already reported in the literature for fluorquinolones) were campared. In both cases, linear analytical responses in function of the amount of analyted present in the substrate were achieved (R2>0,99). Good repetitivity of results and sensibility (evaluated through the estimation of the limits of detection and quantification) were in the ng order. When testing pharmaceutical formulations and spiked urine, the use of Th(NO3)4 showed clear advantage over Cd(OAc)2, allowing the sequential determination of NOR/LEV and the selective determination of NOR in the presence of CIP. The selective determination of NOR using Th(NO3)4 could be made for mixtures containing up to five times more LEV or CIP in molar proportion. For the developed method aiming the determination of CIP in mistures containing GAT, Th(NO3)4 was found to be more adequate heavy atom enhancer than Cd(OAc)2. The method was free from interferences for samples containing two times more GAT than CIP (in molar proportion). However, interferences observed for mixtures containing higher amounts of GAT could be easily corrected by the using of the standard addition method for quantification. In mixtures containing CIP and MOX, the developed method using Th(NO3)4 was suitable for mixtures containing equimolar proportions of these two fluorquinolones. Spectral interferences were observed for higher amounts of MOX. Such interference could not be resolved due to close (lambda) values characteristic for the two FQs. However, for the method using Cd(OAc)2 in mixtures containing CIP/MOX in molar proportion more them 1:2 only non spectral interferences were observed, but this interferences can be corrected by the use of proper calibration strategy. This was the only situation where Cd(OAc)2 demonstrate better results than Th(NO3)4.

La réduction (« scaling ») continue des dimensions des transistors MOSFET nous a conduits à l'ère de la nanoélectronique. Le transistor à effet de champ multi-grilles (MultiGate FET, MuGFET) avec l'architecture «nanofil canal» est considéré comme un candidat possible pour le scaling des MOSFET jusqu'à la fin de la roadmap. Parallèlement au scaling des CMOS classiques ou scaling suivant la loi de Moore, de nombreuses propositions de nouveaux dispositifs, exploitant des phénomènes nanométriques, ont été faites. Ainsi, le transistor monoélectronique (SET), utilisant le phénomène de «blocage de Coulomb», et le transistor à atome unique (SAT), en tant que transistors de dimensions ultimes, sont les premiers dispositifs nanoélectroniques visant de nouvelles applications comme la logique à valeurs multiples ou l'informatique quantique. Bien que le SET a été initialement proposé comme un substitut au CMOS («Au-delà du dispositif CMOS»), il est maintenant largement considéré comme un complément à la technologie CMOS permettant de nouveaux circuits fonctionnels. Toutefois, la faible température de fonctionnement et la fabrication incompatible avec le procédé CMOS ont été des contraintes majeures pour l'intégration SET avec la technologie FET industrielle. Cette thèse répond à ce problème en combinant les technologies CMOS de dimensions réduites, SET et SAT par le biais d'un schéma d'intégration unique afin de fabriquer des transistors « Trigate » nanofil. Dans ce travail, pour la première fois, un SET fonctionnant à température ambiante et fabriqués à partir de technologies CMOS SOI à l'état de l'art (incluant high-k/grille métallique) est démontré. Le fonctionnement à température ambiante du SET nécessite une île (ou canal) de dimensions inférieures à 5 nm. Ce résultat est obtenu grâce à la réduction du canal nanofil ‘‘trigate'' à environ 5 nm de largeur. Une étude plus approfondie des mécanismes de transport mis en jeu dans le dispositif est réalisée au moyen de mesures cryogéniques de conductance. Des simulations NEGF tridimensionnelles sont également utilisées pour optimiser la conception du SET. De plus, la cointégration sur la même puce de MOSFET FDSOI et SET est réalisée. Des circuits hybrides SET-FET fonctionnant à température ambiante et permettant l'amplification du courant SET jusque dans la gamme des milliampères (appelé «dispositif SETMOS» dans la littérature) sont démontrés de même que de la résistance différentielle négative (NDR) et de la logique à valeurs multiples. Parallèlement, sur la même technologie, un transistor à atome unique fonctionnant à température cryogénique est également démontré. Ceci est obtenu par la réduction de la longueur de canal MOSFET à environ 10 nm, si bien qu'il ne comporte plus qu'un seul atome de dopant dans le canal (diffusée à partir de la source ou de drain). A basse température, le transport d'électrons à travers l'état d'énergie de ce dopant unique est étudié. Ces dispositifs fonctionnent également comme MOSFET à température ambiante. Par conséquent, une nouvelle méthode d'analyse est développée en corrélation avec des caractéristiques à 300K et des mesures cryogéniques pour comprendre l'impact du dopant unique sur l'échelle MOSFET à température ambiante. / Continuous scaling of MOSFET dimensions has led us to the era of nanoelectronics. Multigate FET (MuGFET) architecture with ‘nanowire channel' is being considered as one feasible enabler of MOSFET scaling to end-of-roadmap. Alongside classical CMOS or Moore's law scaling, many novel device proposals exploiting nanoscale phenomena have been made either. Single Electron Transistor (SET), with its unique ‘Coulomb Blockade' phenomena, and Single Atom Transistor (SAT), as an ultimately scaled transistor, are prime nanoelectronic devices for novel applications like multivalued logic, quantum computing etc. Though SET was initially proposed as a substitute for CMOS (‘Beyond CMOS device'), it is now widely considered as a compliment to CMOS technology to enable novel functional circuits. However, the low operation temperature and non-CMOS fabrication process have been major limitations for SET integration with FET. This thesis makes an effort at combining scaled CMOS, SET and SAT through a single integration scheme enabling trigate nanowire-FET, SET or SAT. In this work, for the first time, fabrication of room temperature operating SET on state-of-the-art SOI CMOS technology (featuring high-k/metal gate) is demonstrated. Room temperature operation of SET requires an island (or channel) with dimensions of 5 nm or less. This is achieved through reduction of trigated nanowire channel to around 5 nm in width. Further study of carrier transport mechanisms in the device is carried out through cryogenic conductance measurements. Three dimensional NEGF simulations are also employed to optimize SET design. As a step further, cointegration of FDSOI MOSFET and SET on the same die is carried out. Room temperature hybrid SET-FET circuits enabling amplification of SET current to micro-ampere range (proposed as ‘SETMOS device' in literature), negative differential resistance (NDR) and multivalued logic are shown. Alongside this, on the same technology, a Single Atom Transistor working at cryogenic temperature is also demonstrated. This is achieved through scaling of MOSFET channel length to around 10 nm that enables having a single dopant atom in channel (diffused from source or drain). At low temperature, electron transport through the energy state of this single dopant is studied. These devices also work as scaled MOSFETs at room temperature. Therefore, a novel analysis method is developed correlating 300 K characteristics with cryogenic measurements to understand the impact of single dopant on scaled MOSFET at room temperature.