It was observed that many hydraulically fractured horizontal shale gas wells exhibit transient linear flow behavior. A half-slope on a type curve represents this transient linear flow behavior. Shale gas wells show a significant skin effect which is uncommon in tight gas wells and masks early time linear behavior. Usually 70-85 percent of frac water is lost in the formation after the hydraulic fracturing job. In this research, a shale gas well was studied and simulated post hydraulic fracturing was modeled to relate the effect of frac water to the early significant skin effect observed in shale gas wells. The hydraulically fractured horizontal shale gas well was described in this work by a linear dual porosity model. The reservoir in this study consisted of a bounded rectangular reservoir with slab matrix blocks draining into neighboring hydraulic fractures and then the hydraulic fractures feed into the horizontal well that fully penetrates the entire rectangular reservoir. Numerical and analytical solutions were acquired before building a 3D 19x19x10 simulation model to verify accuracy. Many tests were conducted on the 3D model to match field water production since initial gas production was matching the analytical solutions before building the 3D simulation model. While some of the scenarios tested were artificial, they were conducted in order to reach a better conceptual understanding of the field. Increasing the water saturation in the formation resulted in increasing water production while lowering gas production. Adding a fractured bottom water layer that leaked into the hydraulic fracture allowed the model to have a good match of water and gas production rates. Modeling trapped frac water around the fracture produced approximately the same amount of water produced by field data, but the gas production was lower. Totally surrounding the fracture with frac water blocked all gas production until some of the water was produced and gas was able to pass through. Finally, trapped frac water around the fracture as combined with bottom water showed the best results match. It was shown that frac water could invade the formation surrounding the hydraulic fracture and could cause formation damage by blocking gas flow. It was also demonstrated that frac water could partially block off gas flow from the reservoir to the wellbore and thus lower the efficiency of the hydraulic fracturing job. It was also demonstrated that frac water affects the square root of time plot. It was proven by simulation that the huge skin at early time could be caused by frac water that invades and gets trapped near the hydraulic fractures due to capillary pressure.

The effects of polyamines, indole-3-acetic acid ( IAA ) and gibberellic acid ( GA3 ) on root elongation in radish ( Raphanus sativus L. cv. Luh Chin ) were studied. Incubation of radish seedlings in spermine or spermidine at 0.01 mM for 1hour, and then transferred to deionized water for 24 hours at 25¢J in the dark promoted root elongation as compared with concentration at 0.1 or 2 mM. When roots were treated with spermine or spermidine at 1 mM for 5 minutes, and then transferred to deionized water for 24 hours, root length increased significantly compared with controls. However, root length reduced gradually with increasing treatment times. Putrescine did not affect root elongation when treated in the same manner as spermine or spermidine. Exogenous spermidine synthesis inhibitor ( cyclohexylamine ) at 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 2 mM to the roots inhibited root elongation. The inhibition of root elongation was parallel to cyclohexylamine doses. Root length increased when spermine at 1 mM plus IAA at 10¡Â¹ ¡Ñ 6 nM was applied for 1 hour, and then transferred to deionized water for 24 hours compared with spermine at 1 mM plus IAA 10¡Â² or 1¡Ñ 6 nM. Root length was longer when treated with spermidine at 1 mM plus IAA at 10¡Â²¡Ñ 6 nM than at 10¡Â¹ or 1¡Ñ 6 nM. Root treated with spermine at 1 mM plus GA3 at 10¡Â²¡Ñ3 £gM Resulted in a longer root than treated with spermine at 1 mM plus GA3 at 10¡Â¹ or 1¡Ñ 3 £gM. Roots treated with spermidine at 1 mM plus GA3 at 10¡Â²¡Ñ3 £gM promoted root elongation. However, any treatments of spermine or spermidine in combination with IAA or GA3 significantly reduced the root length when compared with controls. Furthermore, either IAA or GA3 could not restore the inhibitory effects of root elongation caused by spermine or spermidine treatment at 1 mM for 1 hour and then transferred to deionized water for 24 hours. Endogenous spermidine and spermine contents after exogenous spermine plus GA3 treatment increased by increasing GA3 concentrations. But endogenous spermidine and spermine contents was the least in spermine 1 mM plus IAA 10¡Â¹ ¡Ñ 6 nM treatment. However, endogenous spermidine contents after exogenous spermidine plus IAA or GA3 application reduced significantly when compared with controls. But there is no significant difference of spermidine content between different exogenous IAA doses. In contrast, spermidine content maintained at a high level in spermidine at 1 mM plus GA3 at 10¡Â²¡Ñ3 £gM as compared with other spermidine plus GA3 combinations. However, endogenous spermine contents were not affected by exogenous spermidine plus IAA or GA3.

Because of economic globalization and prosperous growing international trade, the problem of international currency exchange derived from these situations becomes more serious. The exchange rate is the index for measuring the currency changing rate internationally, and the changing of exchange rate regime from fixed to floating will cause the volatility of exchange rate fluctuation. For Taiwan, a small open economy, and its exporting intensive policy, it is more difficult to avoid this impact. Therefore, it is meaningful to study the fluctuating of exchange rate. The study compares the sources of real exchange rate fluctuations between Taiwan and North America, Europe and Asia in the long run over the period 1981:1 to 2003:4. The theoretical model of Clarida and Gali (1994) is used to observe related output, real effective exchange rate, and domestic money supply which are variables of this study. In empirical, the unit root is used to confirm that the unit root is exist and through the cointegration test to make sure that there is no relation of cointergration. And then, make use of the way provided by Blanchard and Quah (1989), using the long run restriction to construct the structural VAR model, and impulse response function and variance decomposition is derived to analyze the problem. Through the empirical result, we can find that when Taiwan compare to North America and Europe, the source of long run real exchange rate fluctuation comes from demand shock, and this result is the same as Lastrapes (1992), Clarida and Gali (1994) and Chen and Wu (1997). For countries in Asia, which are developing countries mainly, the source of long run real exchange rate fluctuation comes from supply shock, and it explains the importance of effect of output .Besides, the long term monetary neutrality come into existence in each region, empirically.

The studies of exchange rate theory in international finance are divided into several schools. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is one important hypothesis in both the Monetary Exchange Rate theory and the main theory in the Open Macroeconomics Model. Although many models are found upon the existence of PPP, but it still has not been proved empirically. That is why it¡¦s important to examine the existence of PPP. In the past, the statistic analyzing processes are all made directly under the models since all variables have been assumed stationary. However, regressing two non-stationary variables may result in Spurious Regression. The Unit Roots Test and Cointegration Test are developed in order to avoid the problem of spurious regression. Therefore, Unit Roots Test and Cointegration Test should be applied to the variables before estimating during regression analyses. Concerning the power deficiency of Unit Roots Test and Cointegration Test, many researches have adopted the combination time-series and cross-section Panel Data Model in order to improve the power and limitation of small samples. The Panel-Unit Root Test and Panel-Cointegration Test have therefore been developed to avoid Spurious Regression. However, Panel-Unit Root Test and Panel-Cointegration Test are applied with long time-series and large cross-section. Nevertheless, obtaining the data has always been the toughest difficulty during empirical researches, let alone the need for long period and large unit data. These Panel Data Models can only be applied to studies for long period, but not to the short periods. In order to avoid these problems; Binder, Hsiao and Pesaran (2004) have developed the Short Panel Vector Autoregressions (sPVAR) Model, a Panel Data Model developed with short time-series and large cross-section. Therefore, this paper will focus on Purchasing Power Parity under the sPVAR Model with the examination of PPP for the 30 countries since the introduction of Euro (1998 to 2004).

Abstract Generally speaking, when dealing with some data, our analysis will be limited because of the given data was incompletely or hidden. And these kinds of errors in calculation will arrive at a statistics answer. This thesis adopts an analysis based on the Gibbs sampling trying to recover the part of hidden data. Since we found out whether time series is unit root or not, the effects of the simulated series will be similar to the true value. After observing the differences between the hidden data and the recovered data in unit root, we noticed that the hidden data has a bigger size and a weakened power over the recovered data. Finally, as an example, we give the unsecured loans at the Japanese money market to prove our issues by analyzing the data from January, 1999 to July, 2004. Since we found out that the numerical value of loan is zero at several months these past several years. In order to observe the Japanese money market, if we substitute the data of zero loan and use the traditional way to inspect unit root without taking model of average value into account, the result will be I(0). And if we simulate the hidden data with Gibbs sampling and substitute the data to inspect the Japanese money market without taking model of average value into account, the result will be I(0) also. But if we take model of average value into account, the of the Japanese Money Market will be I(1). And if we simulate the hidden data with Gibbs sampling and substitute the data to inspect the Japanese money market, the result will be I(I) also.

In this thesis, a brand new first-order low pass square root domain filter (SRD filter) based on operational transconductors amplifiers (OTAs) is presented. The SRD filter consists of a translinear filter and two OTAs. We improve Cruz¡¦s SRD filter [15], reduce the number of transconductors from 3 to 2, and replace Class-AB linear transconductors with OTAs. The circuit has the least number of transistors up to date, therefore, the least power consumption and least chip area. The circuit has been fabricated with 0.35£gm CMOS technology. It operates with a supply voltage 1.5V and the biasing current varies from 0.05uA to 15uA. Measurement results show that the cutoff frequency of the filter can be tuned from 250 Hz to 29 kHz when the external capacitance C is 1nF and the cutoff frequency can be tuned from 1.8 kHz to 237kHz when the external capacitance C is 100pF. The total harmonic distortion is 1.03% and 1.01% when the external capacitance C is 1nF and 100pF and the power consumption is 116£gW.

Synthetic auxin, naphthaleneacetic acid ( NAA ), promoted rooting in soybean ( Glycine max ) hypocotyls. The activities of anionic peroxidases (PODs, pI 3.5 and pI 3.7 ) and cationic PODs ( pI 8.3, pI 9.1 and pI 9.4 ) in soybean hypocotyls were significantly inhibited by exogenous NAA during the induction of adventitious roots. In addition, the reduction in the activity of PODs ( pI 4.4, pI 8.3 and pI 9.4 ) were correlated with a reduction of their corresponding transcription activity. The PODs patterns and transcription in the NAA-treated hypocotyls demonstrated the specific effect of NAA on POD ioszymes, indicating that NAA might suppress PODs genes expression during the adventitious root formation. The decline of PODs activity in the NAA-treated hypocotyls was accompanied by the decrease of lignin contents. We suggest that both of anionic and cationic PODs might be in part responsible for lignin synthesis in soybean hypocotyls.

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In-process Optical Coordinate Measuring Machine (OCMM) offers the potential of diagnosing in a timely manner variation sources that are responsible for product quality defects. Such a sensor system can help manufacturers improve product quality and reduce process downtime. Effective use of sensory data in diagnosing variation sources depends on the optimal design of a sensor system, which is often known as the problem of sensor placements. This thesis addresses coordinate sensor placement in diagnosing dimensional variation sources in assembly processes. Sensitivity indices of detecting process mean and variance components are defined as the design criteria and are derived in terms of process layout and sensor deployment information. Exchange algorithms, originally developed in the research of optimal experiment deign, are employed and revised to maximize the detection sensitivity. A sort-and-cut procedure is used, which remarkably improve the algorithm efficiency of the current exchange routine. The resulting optimal sensor layouts and its implications are illustrated in the specific context of a panel assembly process.

There should be more interpretations which are derived from data, presented by those professional analysts. The empirical rules and knowledge do help as making statistical inference in Econometrics. The approaches from classical statistical analysis make judges simply resulting from historical data. To be frank, the advantage of this analysis is the objectivity, but there is a fatal drawback. That is, it does not pay attention to some logically extra information. This paper is born for the applications of Bayesian, which has the essential characteristic of accepting subjective outlook, applying empirical rules to study unit root test on exchange rate market. Furthermore, the various distributions of data may have direct effect on the classical statistical inference we use, such as Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron test. To take those defects into consideration, this paper tends not to take the assumption of disturbances in normal distribution as granted. For instance, it is quite common for us to confront the heavy-tailed distribution when studying some data of time series related to stocks and targets of investment. Hence, we will apply more generalized model to do research on Bayesian unit root test. Use the model of Schotman and Van Dijk (1991) and assuming disturbance shaped as independent student-t distribution to revise the unit root test, next, applying to exchange rate market. This is the motif of this paper.