Text in English, Tswana / Low nutrient intake affects metabolism and growth in pregnant heifers and limits milk production in lactating cows on communal area smallholder dairy farms of the subtropics. Two studies were conducted during the current research. The first study evaluated effects of nutrient supply in standardized dairy diets on the growth and body reserves of pregnant Jersey heifers raised on communal area smallholder farms in a semi-arid zone of South Africa. Twenty-two farms with a total of 42 heifers, aged 22 to 28 months which were seven months pregnant at the beginning of the study were selected for the study. These represented the total number of farms with dairy cows in the area that were supported through a structured Dairy Development Program (DDP) of South Africa. Each farm had at least two pregnant Jersey heifers during the summer season of 2016. Each heifer was supplied 2.5 kg of a far-off (60-30 d prepartum) dry cow concentrate and increased to 3.3 kg of the same concentrate at close-up period (29-0 d prepartum). Feeding of concentrate was based on a standardized feeding program as recommended by DDP. During this study, no feeding treatment was imposed on the heifers. Eragrostis curvula hay was supplied by DDP. Daily intake of 7.2 and 5.4 kg; respectively for heifers at 60-30 d prepartum and 29-0 d prepartum was determined based on residual hay. Heifer diet (HD1) and heifer diet HD2 were therefore simulated respectively for cows at 60-30 d preparpartum and 29-0 d prepartum, respectively. Diets were assessed for nutrient composition using chemical analyses and in vitro ruminal degradation. Post ruminal nutrient absorption and animal responses were predicted using the Large Ruminant Nutrition System (LRNS) version 1.0.33 (level 1). Actual measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) were done and blood was collected and analysed for proteins monthly. Heifers’ responses were validated against the model predicted values and comparative analysis of animal performance during pregnancy was done against the National Research Council (NRC, 2001) reference values. Relative to the minimum requirement for ruminants, both HD1 and HD2 diets had relative feed value (RFV) below 144. About 35% of HD1 dietary crude protein (CP) was within the slowly degrade neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction which is the neutral detergent fibre insoluble crude protein (NDFICP) while 32% was not available as the acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP). Equally, HD2 diet had effectively 5.2% of CP as available protein and the fraction of the slowly degraded NDF constituted only 52.3% of the effective available protein. Energy density of HD1 and HD2 were 25% and 16% higher than expected at far-off and close-up period, respectively. The intake of metabolzable protein (MP) were 32 and 25% higher than predicted for the far-off and close-up period, respectively. Supply of MP was 37 % and was higher than NRC predictions of daily requirement in Jersey cow. This allowed BW gain of 29 kg and BCS of 0.33 which was within 25th percentile for pregnant heifers. Mean concentration of blood urea at both far-off and close-up periods deviated by 25% from NRC values. Creatinine (CR) concentration was 145 μmol /L at far-off and 155 μmol /L at close-up period. The second study assessed the adequacy of two lactation diets fed to 42 primiparous Jersey cows, aged 24 to 30 months during early (1-30 d postpartum) and peak (31-60 d postpartum) periods on the lactation performance of the cows. Cows received 4.5 and 5 kg of dairy concentrate at 1-30 d postpartum and peak milk (31-60 d postpartum) respectively. Eragrostis curvula hay was supplied ad libitum and dry matter intake (DMI) was estimated at 7.2 kg of hay/cow/day from residual hay. No feeding treatment was imposed except for the standardised diets typical to the production environment. Two simulated lactation diets (LD1 and LD2) were prepared based on dry matter intake (DMI) of grass hay and lactation concentrate. Diets were assessed for nutrient composition using wet chemistry and in vitro ruminal degradation. Nutrient supply of diets and absorption from the small intestines as well as cows’ responses were predicted using the Large Ruminant Nutrition System (LRNS) version 1.0.33 (level 1). Body weight and BCS were monitored, blood was collected and analysed for proteins monthly. A record of milk yield was taken daily, and milk was analysed for fat, protein, lactose and urea nitrogen weekly. Cows had DMI of 11.2 kg which was 12% higher than the expected at 1-30 d postpartum period and 11.6 kg which was 21% higher than the expected in 31-60 d postpartum cows. Diets had low available protein as % of dietary protein (LD1=46%; LD2=45%) and the slowly degraded NDF fraction (NDFICP) constituted 64% of the available protein. Intake of energy was 20% and 17% lower than the predicted value for the cows, respectively, at 1-30 d postpartum and 31-60 d postpartum period. Cows had negative energy balance of -6.5 and -5.6 Mcal respectively at 1-30 d postpartum and 31-60 d postpartum cows. Protein intake of lactating cows was low, which resulted in negative protein balance of 59% and 42% of cow’s daily requirement, respectively, at 1-30 d postpartum period and 31-60 d postpartum period. There was loss of BW and BCS, low milk yield, energy corrected milk (ECM: 9.50 kg/d) and feed efficiency (FE) of less than 1 (LD1= 0.85; LD2 =0.89) in cows at both periods. Composition of fat, protein and lactose in milk were negatively affected by the low level of dietary protein. Somatic cell count (SCC) in milk was 121 ± 13 x 103/ml and cows did not show signs of illness. Mean milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration was 12 ± 2.7 mg/dl reflecting the low protein status of the lactating cows. Cows had high creatinine concentration of 116 and 102 μmol /L at 1-30 d postpartum and 31-61 d postpartum period, respectively, which may indicate muscle breakdown due to heat stress relative to the hot production environment. Results showed that diets fed to dairy cows on communal area smallholder farms in Sekhukhune and Vhembe districts in Limpopo province had low feeding value and their low nutrient supply affected rumen fermentation, heifers’ ‘growth, body reserves and early lactation in Jersey dairy cows. In conclusion, diets supplied to dairy cows raised on smallholder farms are low in nutrients and do not support efficient growth in heifers and optimal milk production in early lactation. Development of a nutrition plan for improved dairy diets is required to maximise production and longevity in cows and enhance sustainability of dairy production on the smallholder farms in South Africa. / Go ja dijo tse di nang le dikotla tse di kwa tlase go ama metaboliseme le kgolo ya meroba e e dusang mme e ngotla tlhagiso ya mašwi ya dikgomo tse di tlhagisang mašwi mo dipolaseng tse dinnye tse di tlhakanetsweng mo mafelong a a mogote. Go dirilwe dithutopatlisiso di le pedi jaaka karolo ya patlisiso ya ga jaana. Thutopatlisiso ya ntlha e sekasekile ditlamorago tsa tlamelo ya dikotla mo dijong tsa teri tse di rulagantsweng mo kgolong le dirasefe tsa mmele tsa meroba ya Dijeresi e e dusang mo dipolaseng tse dinnye tse di tlhakanetsweng mo karolong e e batlileng e nna sekaka mo Aforika Borwa. Go tlhophilwe dipolase di le 22 tse di nang le meroba e le 42, e e bogolo jo bo magareng ga dikgwedi tse 22 le 28 mme e na le dikgwedi tse supa e ntse e dusa kwa tshimologong ya thutopatlisiso. Tsone di emetse palogotlhe ya dipolase tse di mo karolong eo tse di tshegediwang ke Lenaneo le le rulaganeng la Tlhabololo ya Teri (DDP). Polase nngwe le nngwe e ne e na le bonnye meroba ya Jeresi e le mebedi e e dusang ka paka ya selemo sa 2016. Moroba mongwe le mongwe o ne o fepiwa ka 2.5 kg ya dijo tse di omileng tsa dikgomo tsa fa go sa ntse go le kgakala (malatsi a le 60-30 pele ga go tsala) mme tsa okediwa go nna 3.3 kg fa malatsi a atamela (malatsi a le 29-0 pele ga go tsala). Dijo tseno di ne di di rulagantswe go ya ka lenaneo le le rulagantsweng la kotlo le le atlenegisitsweng ke DDP. Mo nakong ya thutopatlisiso eno, ga go na kalafi epe ya kotlo e e neng e patelediwa meroba. DDP e ne e tlamela ka furu ya eragrostis curvula. Go ja ga letsatsi le letsatsi ga meroba ga 7.2 le 5.4 kg ka nako ya malatsi a le 60-30 pele ga go tsala le malatsai a le 29-0 pele ga go tsala go ne go ikaegile ka furu e e setseng. Ka jalo go ne ga tlhagisiwa gape kotlo ya meroba ya 1 (HD1) le kotlo ya meroba ya 2 (HD2) mo dikgomong tse di mo malatsing a le 60-30 pele ga go tsala le malatsi a le 29-0 pele ga go tsala. Dikotlo tseno di ne tsa sekwasekwa go bona go nna gona ga dikotla mo go tsona go dirisiwa tshekatsheko ya dikhemikale mo mogodung. Go ne ga bonelwa pele monyelo ya dikotla morago ga go feta mo mpeng ya ntlha le tsibogo ya diphologolo go ya ka Thulaganyo ya Kotlo ya Diotli tse Dikgolo (LRNS) mofuta wa 1.0.33 (legato 1). Go dirilwe tekanyo ya boima jwa mmele (BW) le maduo a seemo sa mmele (BCS) mme go ne ga tsewa madi le go a sekaseka go bona diporoteini kgwedi le kgwedi. Tsibogo ya meroba e ne ya tlhomamisiwa ka dipalo tse di bonetsweng pele tsa sekao mme ga dirwa tshekatsheko e e tshwantshanyang ya tiragatso ya diphologolo ka nako ya go dusa go dirisiwa dipalo tsa Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Dipatlisiso (NRC, 2001). Malebana le ditlhokegopotlana tsa diotli, HD1 le HD2 di ne di na le boleng jo bo tshwantshanyegang jwa kotlo (RFV) jo bo kwa tlase ga 144. Poroteini e e tala (CP) ya dijo e e ka nnang 35% ya HD1 e ne e le mo karolwaneng ya tekanyetso ya faeba e e bolang ka iketlo (NDF) e leng poroteini e e tala ya faeba e e lekanyediwang (NDFICP), fa 32% di ne di seyo jaaka poroteini e tala e e sa monyelegeng ya esete (ADICP). Fela jalo, HD2 e na le 5.2% tsa CP e e dirang jaaka poroteini e e teng mme karolo ya NDF e e bolang ka iketlo e ntse fela 52.3% tsa poroteini e e dirang e e gona. Bogolo jwa maikatlapelo a HD1 le HD2 bo ne bo le kwa godimo ka 25% le 16% go na le jaaka go ne go solofetswe mo dipakeng tse di kgakala le tse di atamelang. Go jewa ga poroteini e e silegang (MP) go ne go le kwa godimo ka 32% le 25% go na le jaaka go ne go solofetswe mo dipakeng tse di kgakala le tse di atamelang. Tlamelo ya MP e ne e le 37%, e leng e e kgolwane go na le diponelopele tsa NRC tsa ditlhokego tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa dikgomo tsa Jeresi. Seno se letlile gore go nne le koketsego ya BW ya 29 kg le BCS ya 0.33 e leng se se neng se le mo diperesenteng tsa bo25 tsa meroba e e dusang. Go nna teng ga urea ya madi mo dipakeng tse dikgakala le tse di atamelang go ne go farologane ka 25% go tswa mo dipalong tsa NRC. Go nna teng ga kereitini (CR) e ne e le 145 μmol/L mo pakeng e e kgakala le 155 μmol/L mo pakeng e e atamelang. Thutopatlisiso ya bobedi e sekasekile ditlamorago tsa dijo tse pedi tsa tlhagiso ya mašwi mo tiragatsong ya tlhagiso ya mašwi ya dikgomo tsa Jeresi di le 42 tse e leng la ntlha di tsala tsa bogolo jwa dikgwedi tse di magareng ga 24 le 30 mo pakeng ya ntlha (malatsi a le 1-30 morago ga go tsala) le ya setlhoa (malatsi a le 31-60 morago ga go tsala). Dikgomo di amogetse 4,5 le 5 kg ya motswako wa teri mo dipakeng tsa mašwi tsa ntlha (malatsi a le 1-30 morago ga go tsala) le tsa setlhowa (malatsi a le 31-60 morago ga go tsala). Go ne go tlamelwa ka furu ya eragrostis curvula go ya ka tlhokego mme go ja dijo tse di omileng (DMI) go ne go lekanyediwa go 7.2 kg ya furu/ka kgomo/ka letsatsi go tswa mo furung e e neng e setse. Go ne go sa patelediwe kalafi epe ya phepo, kwa ntle fela ga dijo tse di rulagantsweng tse di tshwanetseng tikologo ya tlhagiso. Go ne ga baakanngwa dijo tsa tlhagiso ya mašwi tse di tlhagisitsweng gape (LD 1 le LD 2) di ikaegile ka go jewa ga tse di omileng (DMI) e leng furu ya tlhaga le metswako ya tlhagiso ya mašwi. Go nna teng ga dikotla ga dijo tseno go ne ga lekanyediwa go dirisiwa khemisitiri e e bongola le go bola mo mpeng ga in vitro. Go ne ga bonelwa pele tlamelo ya dikotla ya dijo, monyelo go tswa mo maleng a mannye mme go ne ga bonelwa pele tsibogo ya dikgomo go dirisiwa Thulaganyo ya Kotlo ya Diotli tse Dikgolo (LRNS) mofuta wa 1.0.33 (legato 1). Go ne ga elwa tlhoko boima jwa mmele le BCS, go ne ga tsewa madi mme a sekasekwa go bona diporoteini kgwedi le kgwedi. Go ne ga rekotiwa tlhagiso ya mašwi letsatsi le letsatsi mme mašwi a sekasekwa go bona mafura, poroteini, laketose le urea naeterojini beke le beke. Dikgomo di ne di na le DMI ya 11.2 kg, e e neng e le kwa godingwaga ka 12% go na le jaaka go ne go solofetswe mo pakeng ya malatsi a le 1-30 morago ga go tsala, le DMI ya 11.6 kg, e e neng e le kwa godingwana ka 12% go na le jaaka go ne go solofetswe mo dikgomong tse di nang le malatsi a le 31-60 di tsetse. Dijo di ne di na le poroteini e e gona e e kwa tlase jaaka peresente ya poroteini ya dijo (LD1=46% le LD2=45%) mme karolwana ya NDF e e bodileng ka bonya (NDFICP) e nnile 64% tsa poroteini e e gona. Go jewa ga maikatlapelo go ne go le kwa tlasenyana ka 20% le 17% go na le dipalo tse dineng di bonetswe pele mo dikgomong mo dipakeng tsa malatsi a le 1-30 morago ga go tsala le malatsi a le 31-60 morago ga go tsala. Go rekotilwe balanse ya maikatlapelo a a tlhaelang a dikgomo ya -6.5 le -5.6 Mcal mo malatsing a le 1-30 morago ga go tsala le 31-60 morago ga go tsala. Go jewa ga poroteini ke dikgomo tse di tlhagisang mašwi go ne go le kwa tlase, mme seo sa baka balanse e e tlhaelang ya poroteini ya 59% le 42% tsa ditlhokego tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa dikgomo mo pakeng ya malatsi a le 1-30 morago ga go tsala le malatsi a le 31-60 morago ga go tsala. Go rekotilwe tatlhegelo ya BW le BCS, tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya mašwi, mašwi a a baakantsweng maikatlapelo (ECM: 9.50 kg/ka letsatsi) le bokgoni jwa furu (FE) jo bo kwa tlase ga 1 (LD1=0.85; LD2=0.89) mo dikgomong mo dipakeng tseo tsotlhe. Go nna teng ga mafura, poroteini le laketouse mo mašwing di amegile ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ntlha ya seelo se se kwa tlase sa poroteini e e kwa tlase. Tekanyetso ya disele tsa somatiki (SCC) mo mašwing e ne e le 121±13x10³/ml mme dikgomo ga di a bontsha matshwao ape a bolwetsi. Motswako wa urea naeterojini ya mašwi (MUN) e ne e le 12±2.7mg/dl, e leng se se bontshang seemo se se kwa tlase sa poroteini sa dikgomo tse di tlhagisang mašwi. Dikgomo tseno di ne di na le motswako wa kereitine wa 116 le 102 μmol/L mo dipakeng tsa malatsi a le 1-30 morago ga go tsala le malatsi a le 31-61 morago ga go tsala, mme seo se ka supa go fokotsega ga mesifa ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya mogote e e bakwang ke tikologo e e mogote e go tlhagisiwang mo go yona. Dipholo di bontshitse gore dijo tsa dikgomo tsa teri mo dipolaseng tse dinnye tse di tlhakanetsweng mo dikgaolong tsa Sekhukhune le Vhembe kwa Porofenseng ya Limpopo di na le boleng jo bo kwa tlase jwa kotlo le gore dijo tse di nang le dikotla tse dinnye di amile titielo ya dijo, kgolo ya meroba, dirasefe tsa mmele le tlhagiso ya mašwi ka bonako mo dikgomong tsa teri tsa Jeresi. Kwa bokhutlong, dijo tsa dikgomo tsa teri tse di godisediwang mo dipolaseng tse dinnye di na le dikotla tse di kwa tlase mme ga di tshegetse kgolo e e mosola ya meroba le tlhagiso e e siameng ya mašwi mo nakong ya ntlha ya tlhagiso ya mašwi. Go tlhokega leano la dikotla go tokafatsa dijo tsa teri go tokafatsa tlhagiso le go tshela sebaka ga dikgomo le go tokafatsa go nnela leruri ga tlhagiso ya teri mo dipolaseng tse dinnye mo Aforika Borwa. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / Ph.D. (Agriculture)

Entrepreneurship is a catalyst for economic growth and development; thus, the South African government continues to invest in programmes aimed at enhancing youth entrepreneurship development. However, South Africa is still characterised by low levels of total entrepreneurship activity. To stimulate entrepreneurial activity, scholars, policy makers and government have all identified entrepreneurship education as a critical component. Education equips potential and existing entrepreneurs with knowledge, skills, confidence, creativity and innovative capabilities needed to excel in entrepreneurship. One such entrepreneurship programme aimed at creating and enhancing entrepreneurship intentions among high school learners is the one offered by Junior Achievement South Africa (JASA). However, the effectiveness of the JASA entrepreneurship education programmes remains largely unknown. Enterprise Programme creates and enhances learners’ entrepreneurship intentions. Consequently, how learners’ personal attitudes towards entrepreneurship, perceived entrepreneurial abilities, subjective norms and entrepreneurship intentions were affected after participating in the Mini Enterprise Programme. The study employed a quantitative method and used an entrepreneurial intentions questionnaire to answer the research question. Data was collected from 151 learners who participated in the 2018 Mini Enterprise programme by means of self-completion questionnaires. SPSS was used to analyse the date through descriptive and inferential analysis techniques. The major finding of the study is that JASA’s Mini Enterprise Programme does indeed create and enhance learners’ entrepreneurship intentions. It was also observed that the programme positively influences learners’ personal attitudes towards entrepreneurship and instilled a sense of confidence in their entrepreneurial abilities. The study concludes by providing some recommendations for entrepreneurship education. / Bogwebi ke sethankgolodi sa kgolo le tlhabololo ya ikonomi, mme ke ka moo puso ya Aforikaborwa e tswelelang go beeletsa mo mananeong a a ikaeletseng go tokafatsa tlhabololo ya bogwebi mo bašweng. Le gale, Aforikaborwa e sa ntse e na le seelo se se kwa tlase sa ditiragatso tsa bogwebi ka botlalo. Go susumetsa tiragatso ya bogwebi, barutegi, badiradipholisi le puso ba supile thuto ya kgwebo jaaka karolo ya botlhokwa. Thuto e tlamela ba e ka nnang bagwebi le bagwebi ba ba setseng ba le gona ka kitso, bokgoni, go itshepa, boitlhamedi le boitshimololedi jo bo tlhokegang go dira sentle mo bogwebing. Lenaneo lengwe la bogwebi le le ikaeletseng go tlhama le go tokafatsa maikemisetso a kgwebo mo barutwaneng ba dikolo tse dikgolwane le tlamelwa ke Junior Achievement South Africa (JASA). Le gale, nonofo ya lenaneo la thuto ya kgwebo la JASA e sa ntse e sa itsewe. Lenaneo la Kgwebo le tlhama le go tokafatsa maikemisetso a morutwana a bogwebi. Thutopatlisiso e ne e lebeletse ka moo molebo wa sebele wa barutwana malebana le bogwebi, bokgoni jo go tsewang bo le gona jwa kgwebo, ditumelo tse di gona le maikemisetso a bogwebi di amiwang ka gona ke Lenaneo la Kgwebonnye (Mini Enterprise Programme). Thutopatlisiso e dirisitse mokgwa o o lebelelang dipalopalo mme ya dirisa lenaanepotsolotso la maikemisetso a bogwebi go araba potso ya patlisiso. Go kokoantswe data go tswa mo barutwaneng ba le 151 ba ba nnileng le seabe mo Lenaneong la Kgwebonnye ka manaanepotsolotso a a itlalediwang. Go dirisitswe SPSS go lokolola data ka dithekeniki tsa tokololo tse di tlhalosang le tse di lebang bokao. Phitlhelelo e kgolo ya thutopatlisiso ke gore Lenaneo la Kgwebonnye la JASA tota le tlhama le go tokafatsa maikemisetso a bogwebi a barutwana. Go lemogilwe gape gore lenaneo le tlhotlheletsa megopolo ya sebele ya barutwana malebana le bogwebi mme le tsenya go itshepa mo bokgoning jwa bona jwa kgwebo. Thutopatlisiso e konosetsa ka go tlamela ka dikatlenegiso dingwe malebana le thuto ya bogwebi. / Ikhono lobubhizinisi luyimvubelo yokuhlumisa kanye nokuthuthukisa umnotho, yingakho iNingizimu Afrika iqhubeka nokutshala izimali kwizinhlelo ezihlose ukuqinisa uhlelo lokuthuthukisa osomabhizinisi abasafufusayo. Ngakho-ke, iNingizimu Afrika isabonakala njengezwe elinezinga eliphansi kakhulu kwezezinhleli zokwenza ibhizinisi. Ukukhwezela izinga lokwezeka kwebhizinisi, osolwazi, abakhi bemigomo kanye nohulumeni bonke sebebone ukubaluleka kwemfundo njengesigaba esisemqoka. Imfundo ihlomisa ngamathuba kanye nosomabhizinisi abakhona ngolwazi, ngamakhono, ngethemba, ngobuciko bengqondo kanye nekhono lamaqhinga amasha adingeka ukuthi ukwazi ukuphumelela kwezibhizinisi. Uhlelo olunjalo lwezebhizinisi oluhlose ukwakha nokuqinisa izinhloso zobubhizinisi hlangana nabafundi abasemabangeni aphezulu, lwethulwa yinhlangano ye-Junior Achievement South Africa (JASA). Yize-kunjalo, ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zemfundo yobubhizinisi i-JASA kaningi kuhlala kungaziwa kahle. Uhlelo lwebhizinisi i-Enterprise Programme lwakha futhi luqinisa izinhloso zabafundi zebhizinisi. Lolu cwaningo lugxile kwindlela imikhuba yomfundi ngamunye iba nomthelela ngayo kwezebhizinisi, kwezamakhono aziwayo ezebhizinisi, kwingqubo ethatha uhlangothi kanye nakwizinhloso zebhizinisi zithintwa wumthelela we-Mini Enterprise Programme. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela eyencike kumanani (quantitative method) kanti futhi luphinde lwasebenzisa umbhalo wemibuzo onezinhloso zobubhizinisi ukuphendula umbuzo wocwaningo. Idatha iqoqwe kubafundi abayi-151 ababebandakanyeka ohlelweni lwe-2018 Mini Enterprise Programme ngokusebenzisa imibhalo yemibuzo egcwaliswa yolowo mfundi ophendulayo qobo lwakhe. I-SPSS isetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya ilanga ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlaziya i-descriptive and inferential analysis techniques. Ulwazi olunzulu olutholwe wucwaningo olwenziwe yi-JASA’s Mini Enterprise Programme empeleni luye lwakha futhi lwaqinisa izinhloso zabafundi kwezebhizinisi. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi uhlelo luye lwaba nomthelela omuhle kwimikhuba yabafundi ngamunye kwikhono lobubhizinisi futhi lwatshala ummoya wokuzethemba kumakhono abo obubhizinisi. Ucwaningo luphetha ngokunikeza izincomo ezimayelana nemfundo yobubhizinisi / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)