The content and meaning of the EAFRD scientific literature. The collection of input-Bulletin granted subsidies to its localization according to the development potential of the region. Create a table comparing the invested financial resources and anticipated effects of subsidies granted from the Fund under EAFERD JK. Calculation of the projected increase in development potential for the region. Preparation of base map and text, identifying the need for allocation of funds from the EAFRD.

In rendering child care protection services to adolescents in the Marshite area as a social worker in the Department of Social Development, the researcher recognised that an increased number of adolescents are sexually abused also by persons known to them. The sexual abuses are not reported because adolescents and caregivers lacked adequate knowledge of what is sexual abuse and services provided by social workers available for them. This became evident from the intervention programme statistics which indicated that adolescents and caregivers were not aware of other sexually abusive behaviours than penetration. The aim of the research was to identify circumstances that contribute to adolescents’ vulnerability towards sexual abuse in a rural area in order to enable social workers to empower adolescents and caregivers on how to prevent sexual abuse. Also to develop and evaluate programmes and services rendered to sexually abused adolescents and their families. Purposive voluntary sampling was used to select adolescents participating in empowerment programmes of social workers in the Marshite area. The research reveals that children in the Marshite area lack sufficient knowledge on child sexual abuse. The circumstances within which the adolescents live in the Marshite area make the adolescents victims of sexual abuse. Looking at the services that social workers render to the sexually abused adolescents and their caregivers in te Marshite area, there is a need for skilled and knowledgeable forensic social workers who can develop empowerment programmes and render relevant services to sexually abused adolescents and their families in the Marshite community. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In rendering child care protection services to adolescents in the Marshite area as a social worker in the Department of Social Development, the researcher recognised that an increased number of adolescents are sexually abused also by persons known to them. The sexual abuses are not reported because adolescents and caregivers lacked adequate knowledge of what is sexual abuse and services provided by social workers available for them. This became evident from the intervention programme statistics which indicated that adolescents and caregivers were not aware of other sexually abusive behaviours than penetration. The aim of the research was to identify circumstances that contribute to adolescents’ vulnerability towards sexual abuse in a rural area in order to enable social workers to empower adolescents and caregivers on how to prevent sexual abuse. Also to develop and evaluate programmes and services rendered to sexually abused adolescents and their families. Purposive voluntary sampling was used to select adolescents participating in empowerment programmes of social workers in the Marshite area. The research reveals that children in the Marshite area lack sufficient knowledge on child sexual abuse. The circumstances within which the adolescents live in the Marshite area make the adolescents victims of sexual abuse. Looking at the services that social workers render to the sexually abused adolescents and their caregivers in te Marshite area, there is a need for skilled and knowledgeable forensic social workers who can develop empowerment programmes and render relevant services to sexually abused adolescents and their families in the Marshite community. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Research has outlined numerous factors that impact on HIV risk behaviours of African people. These include a history of sexually transmitted diseases, number of sexually transmitted diseases, number of sexual partners, the perceived behaviour of peer groups and perceived vulnerability to HIV. Little is known regarding the factors that promote perceptions of vulnerability to HIV and the role this constraint plays in the maintenance of AIDS risk-reduction practices among African people in rural areas. This research paper gives an overview of the vulnerability to HIV among African people in a rural area. The information has been collected in the Kuruman district. The multi-disciplinary survey was undertaken with one of the objectives to investigate the vulnerability to HIV amongst African people in a rural area. The aim was achieved by means of a study of the relevant literature and through empirical research. The available literature on the subject was consulted to determine whether any research has been conducted in this field. The empirical research was conducted to confirm previous research findings. In this study the survey method was used as a systematic fact gathering procedure. Data was gathered by means of an interview schedule. The researcher administrated the schedules by conduction personal interviews with respondents. In this research, which forms part of the Thusano project, the focus was on the vulnerability to HIV/AIDS of people living in a rural area in the Kuruman district. The Thusano project forms part of a multi-disciplinary research project of the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, entitled the Social-motor Empowerment of Families in Impoverished Circumstances under the Leadership of Professor A.E. Pienaar of the School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science. "Thusano” means to help each other and this is a Nelson Mandela funded project which has to address the needs of families in impoverished circumstances living in seven communities in the Kuruman district. The project is driven by the social worker, Ms Tineke Uys, and field workers. An early childhood programme aiming at school readiness has been implemented by them. However, many other needs are identified by the social worker which they are not able to address properly, such as HIV prevention and counselling, family violence, identification of motor delays and other health related problems. The research was conducted in seven communities of the Kururnan district with regard to 50 respondents from different households. The findings of this research reflect that there definitely are factors such as practising unsafe sex, poverty, poor education and over-crowded households that play an important role in the people's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in the seven communities of the Kuruman district. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Estudou-se a prática do aleitamento materno nas mulheres com filhos menores de três anos de idade, na população de Icapara, Município de Iguape, Estado de São Paulo. Procurou-se determinar, entre as famílias selecionadas, a frequência e duração dos tipos de aleitamento do último filho, no primeiro ano de vida. Em seguida, fez-se um estudo comparativo do aleitamento do primeiro e último filhos nas mesmas famílias. Com a finalidade de situar a prática do aleitamento materno num contexto social, caracterizou-se sócio-economicamente a população estudada, privilegiando-se as atividades ocupacionais. A técnica de pesquisa empregada foi o formulário aplicado aos pais. Concluiu-se que no primeiro ano de vida, o aleitamento materno total é frequente e prolongado, enquanto que o aleitamento materno exclusivo é frequente apenas em torno do período neo-natal. O aleitamento artificial apresenta-se com frequências ascendentes, atingindo-se mais da metade das crianças ao final do período. O aleitamento misto aparece com frequências variáveis, cedendo lugar ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em torno do período neo-natal e ao aleitamento artificial na forma exclusiva, no primeiro ano de vida. Verificou-se que as frequências de aleitamento materno são, em geral, mais baixas nos último filho do que nos primogênitos. / The breast-feeding practice among women with children under 3 years of age in the population of Vila de Icapara, Iguape County, State of São Paulo, was studied. The author tried to determine the rate of occurrence and duration of different types of feeding offered to the last child of the selected families, in his first year of life. A comparative study between the feeding of the first and the last child in the same family was also carried out. In order to situate the breast-feeding practice within a social context, the chosen population was social and economically studied taking into consideration especially occupational activities. A questionnaire was applied as the researdh technique. The author concluded that, total breast-feeding is frequent and prolonged in the child\'s first year of life, while the exclusive breast-feeding is frequent only during the neo-natal period. The bottle-feeding presents a increasing occurence totalizing more than half of the children up to 1 (one) year of age. The mixed feeding varies giving ground to the exclusive breast-feeding during the neo-natal period, and to bottle-feeding (exclusively) during the child\'s first year of life.

Estudou-se a prática do aleitamento materno nas mulheres com filhos menores de três anos de idade, na população de Icapara, Município de Iguape, Estado de São Paulo. Procurou-se determinar, entre as famílias selecionadas, a frequência e duração dos tipos de aleitamento do último filho, no primeiro ano de vida. Em seguida, fez-se um estudo comparativo do aleitamento do primeiro e último filhos nas mesmas famílias. Com a finalidade de situar a prática do aleitamento materno num contexto social, caracterizou-se sócio-economicamente a população estudada, privilegiando-se as atividades ocupacionais. A técnica de pesquisa empregada foi o formulário aplicado aos pais. Concluiu-se que no primeiro ano de vida, o aleitamento materno total é frequente e prolongado, enquanto que o aleitamento materno exclusivo é frequente apenas em torno do período neo-natal. O aleitamento artificial apresenta-se com frequências ascendentes, atingindo-se mais da metade das crianças ao final do período. O aleitamento misto aparece com frequências variáveis, cedendo lugar ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em torno do período neo-natal e ao aleitamento artificial na forma exclusiva, no primeiro ano de vida. Verificou-se que as frequências de aleitamento materno são, em geral, mais baixas nos último filho do que nos primogênitos. / The breast-feeding practice among women with children under 3 years of age in the population of Vila de Icapara, Iguape County, State of São Paulo, was studied. The author tried to determine the rate of occurrence and duration of different types of feeding offered to the last child of the selected families, in his first year of life. A comparative study between the feeding of the first and the last child in the same family was also carried out. In order to situate the breast-feeding practice within a social context, the chosen population was social and economically studied taking into consideration especially occupational activities. A questionnaire was applied as the researdh technique. The author concluded that, total breast-feeding is frequent and prolonged in the child\'s first year of life, while the exclusive breast-feeding is frequent only during the neo-natal period. The bottle-feeding presents a increasing occurence totalizing more than half of the children up to 1 (one) year of age. The mixed feeding varies giving ground to the exclusive breast-feeding during the neo-natal period, and to bottle-feeding (exclusively) during the child\'s first year of life.

Research has outlined numerous factors that impact on HIV risk behaviours of African people. These include a history of sexually transmitted diseases, number of sexually transmitted diseases, number of sexual partners, the perceived behaviour of peer groups and perceived vulnerability to HIV. Little is known regarding the factors that promote perceptions of vulnerability to HIV and the role this constraint plays in the maintenance of AIDS risk-reduction practices among African people in rural areas. This research paper gives an overview of the vulnerability to HIV among African people in a rural area. The information has been collected in the Kuruman district. The multi-disciplinary survey was undertaken with one of the objectives to investigate the vulnerability to HIV amongst African people in a rural area. The aim was achieved by means of a study of the relevant literature and through empirical research. The available literature on the subject was consulted to determine whether any research has been conducted in this field. The empirical research was conducted to confirm previous research findings. In this study the survey method was used as a systematic fact gathering procedure. Data was gathered by means of an interview schedule. The researcher administrated the schedules by conduction personal interviews with respondents. In this research, which forms part of the Thusano project, the focus was on the vulnerability to HIV/AIDS of people living in a rural area in the Kuruman district. The Thusano project forms part of a multi-disciplinary research project of the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, entitled the Social-motor Empowerment of Families in Impoverished Circumstances under the Leadership of Professor A.E. Pienaar of the School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science. "Thusano” means to help each other and this is a Nelson Mandela funded project which has to address the needs of families in impoverished circumstances living in seven communities in the Kuruman district. The project is driven by the social worker, Ms Tineke Uys, and field workers. An early childhood programme aiming at school readiness has been implemented by them. However, many other needs are identified by the social worker which they are not able to address properly, such as HIV prevention and counselling, family violence, identification of motor delays and other health related problems. The research was conducted in seven communities of the Kururnan district with regard to 50 respondents from different households. The findings of this research reflect that there definitely are factors such as practising unsafe sex, poverty, poor education and over-crowded households that play an important role in the people's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in the seven communities of the Kuruman district. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The researcher is a member of the South African Police Service, attached to Family violence, Child protection and Sexual Offences Unit in the Eastern Cape, dealing with victims of child sexual abuse. It had come to the researcher’s attention that some children are being sexually abused by family relatives and some are sexually abused by the known people for different reasons which are based on their beliefs and knowledge about child sexual abuse. Most of these cases are of children who are living in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape. The numbers of such cases are increasing in Ngqeleni, Libode, Mqanduli, Mthatha and Lusikisiki; hence the study is based on those areas of the Eastern Cape. The people living in these areas speak isiXhosa. No study known of such has been conducted in this geographic area; it appears that this problem was never brought to light, at all. This matter of child sexual abuse in these areas was never addressed. The aim of the research is to know more about the beliefs and knowledge of isiXhosa-speaking people regarding child sexual abuse in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape, and also to look at the strategies and programmes that can be implemented in order to make parents, children and the community at large of isiXhosa-speaking areas aware of child sexual abuse. Purposive sampling was conducted with Forensic Social workers at the South African Police Service, Social workers at Department of Social Development, and Social workers at Umtata Child Abuse Resource Centre, parents dealing with children and community members that are members of Lekgotla. The research done in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape shows that the isiXhosa-speaking people of the rural areas of the Eastern Cape have little knowledge of child sexual abuse and those that indeed do know what to do are obstructed by their beliefs about child sexual abuse; hence they do not report it and some do not consider it as being sexual abuse. The people concerned working in these areas are afraid to report incidents of child abuse, thinking that they will lose their job should they report the incidents to law enforcement agencies or to social workers. The study shows that neither awareness programmes were presented nor any education done in these areas about child sexual abuse. Children in these areas are vulnerable due to ignorance, lack of knowledge, beliefs of their parents and the beliefs of the perpetrators and their lack knowledge. There is a vast need for extended programmes, awareness and education projects to be conducted by the social workers in Government and Non-Government organizations in the remote areas, at school, and in the communities of these areas. Teachers at pre-school and primary school levels and parents need to be educated on child sexual abuse. This study addressed the issue of child sexual abuse looking at the beliefs of isiXhosa-speaking people. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The researcher is a member of the South African Police Service, attached to Family violence, Child protection and Sexual Offences Unit in the Eastern Cape, dealing with victims of child sexual abuse. It had come to the researcher’s attention that some children are being sexually abused by family relatives and some are sexually abused by the known people for different reasons which are based on their beliefs and knowledge about child sexual abuse. Most of these cases are of children who are living in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape. The numbers of such cases are increasing in Ngqeleni, Libode, Mqanduli, Mthatha and Lusikisiki; hence the study is based on those areas of the Eastern Cape. The people living in these areas speak isiXhosa. No study known of such has been conducted in this geographic area; it appears that this problem was never brought to light, at all. This matter of child sexual abuse in these areas was never addressed. The aim of the research is to know more about the beliefs and knowledge of isiXhosa-speaking people regarding child sexual abuse in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape, and also to look at the strategies and programmes that can be implemented in order to make parents, children and the community at large of isiXhosa-speaking areas aware of child sexual abuse. Purposive sampling was conducted with Forensic Social workers at the South African Police Service, Social workers at Department of Social Development, and Social workers at Umtata Child Abuse Resource Centre, parents dealing with children and community members that are members of Lekgotla. The research done in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape shows that the isiXhosa-speaking people of the rural areas of the Eastern Cape have little knowledge of child sexual abuse and those that indeed do know what to do are obstructed by their beliefs about child sexual abuse; hence they do not report it and some do not consider it as being sexual abuse. The people concerned working in these areas are afraid to report incidents of child abuse, thinking that they will lose their job should they report the incidents to law enforcement agencies or to social workers. The study shows that neither awareness programmes were presented nor any education done in these areas about child sexual abuse. Children in these areas are vulnerable due to ignorance, lack of knowledge, beliefs of their parents and the beliefs of the perpetrators and their lack knowledge. There is a vast need for extended programmes, awareness and education projects to be conducted by the social workers in Government and Non-Government organizations in the remote areas, at school, and in the communities of these areas. Teachers at pre-school and primary school levels and parents need to be educated on child sexual abuse. This study addressed the issue of child sexual abuse looking at the beliefs of isiXhosa-speaking people. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Dental discoloration from fluorosis is a global public health problem. In Nigeria, 11.4% of the population is impacted by this disorder. Dental discoloration is caused by successive exposures to high fluoride concentrations during tooth development in utero and it is linked to the development of a variety of psychological and physiological problems, from dental aesthetics to a reduction in intelligence and skeletal changes. The purpose of this quantitative, cross-sectional study was to examine the cultural and environmental determinants of dental fluorosis in children in a rural community in Nigeria. A multilevel theoretical model was used to develop possible fluoride exposure pathways, such as good social services and dental care, as well as factors in the environment. The study was guided by 2 main research questions: What is the prevalence of fluorosis among Nigerian school-aged children? What is the severity of this fluorosis, and is it associated with the fluoride content of the soil, the water or the food? Data was collected by administering three surveys, on children aged 5 to15 years, their parent/guardian, and on community leaders. Chi-square and regression analysis tests were used to test for possible associations. The study findings showed a fluorosis prevalence rate of 86.6% in the 269 school children surveyed, with majority of these children between the ages of 8 to 13 years. The severity of children fluorosis was associated with the length of stay in the study area and the fluoride content in water, soil, and food. This study's possible impact on social change include raising awareness to the problem and the possible ways to resolve it, such as through, improved dental care services and a supportive social environment like flocculation of community water sources.