The bipolar budding pattern of a/a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells appears to depend on persistent spatial markers. Genetic analysis reported here indicates that BUD8 and BUD9 potentially encode components of the markers at the distal and proximal poles, respectively. Mutants deleted for BUD8 or BUD9 bud exclusively from the proximal and distal poles, respectively, and the double-mutant phenotype suggests that the bipolar budding pathway has been totally disabled. Moreover, overexpression of these genes can cause either an increased bias for budding at the distal (BUD8) or proximal (BUD9) pole or a randomization of bud position, depending on the level of expression. Both molecules are related plasma membrane glycoproteins that are both N- and O-glycosylated. Each protein was localized predominantly in the expected location, with Bud8p delivered to the presumptive bud site just before bud emergence, and Bud9p delivered to the bud side of the mother-bud neck just before cytokinesisis. Promoter-swap experiments revealed the importance of time of transcription in localization: expression of Bud8p from the BUD9 promoter leads to its localization predominantly in the sites typical for Bud9p, and vice versa. Moreover, expression of Bud8p from the BUD9 promoter fails to rescue the budding-pattern defect of a bud8 mutant but fully rescues that of a bud9 mutant. However, although expression of Bud9p from the BUD8 promoter fails to rescue a bud9 mutant, it also rescues only partially the budding-pattern defect of a bud8 mutant. / Using a collection of mutants individually deleted for almost every yeast gene, I undertook a genome-wide phenotype analysis for altered sensitivity to a yeast antifungal protein, the K1 killer toxin. Mutations in most genes have no effect on toxin sensitivity, with less than 10% having a phenotype. Only 4% of these were previously known to have a toxin phenotype. There is a markedly non-random functional distribution of mutants with a toxin phenotype. Many genes fall into a limited set of functional classes or modules, which define specific areas of cellular function. These include known pathways of cell wall synthesis and signal transduction, and offer new insights into these processes and into cell wall morphogenesis.

CWH41 is required for beta-1,6-glucan biosynthesis and encodes glucosidase I, an enzyme involved in protein N-chain glucose processing. Therefore, the effects of N-chain glucosylation and processing on beta-1,6-glucan biosynthesis were examined, and it was shown that incomplete N-chain glucose processing results in loss of beta-1,6-glucan. To explore the involvement of other N-chain-dependent events with beta-1,6-glucan synthesis, the S. cerevisiae KRE5 and CNE1 genes were investigated, which encode homologs of the 'quality control' components UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase and calnexin, respectively. The essential activity of Kre5p was found to be separate from its possible role as a UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase. A ∼30% decrease in beta-1,6-glucan was observed upon disruption of CNE1, a phenotype which is additive with other beta-1,6-glucan synthetic mutants. Analysis of the cell wall anchorage of alpha-agglutinin suggests the existence of two beta-1,6-glucan biosynthetic pathways, one N-chain dependent, the other involving protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol modification. / Fks1p and Fks2p are related proteins thought to be catalytic subunits of the beta-1,3-glucan synthase. The fks1Delta mutant was partial K1 killer toxin resistant and showed a 30% reduction in alkali-soluble beta-1,3-glucan that was accompanied by a modest reduction in beta-1,6-glucan. The gas1Delta mutant lacking a 1,3-beta-glucanosyltransferase displayed a similar reduction in alkali-soluble beta-1,3-glucan but did not share the beta-1,6-glucan defect, indicating that beta-1,6-glucan reduction is not a general phenotype among beta-1,3-glucan biosynthetic mutants. FKS2 overexpression suppressed the killer toxin phenotype of fks1Delta mutants, implicating Fks2p in the biosynthesis of the residual beta-1,6-glucan present in fks1Delta cells. Eight out of twelve fks1tsfks2Delta mutants had altered beta-glucan levels at the permissive temperature: the FKS1F1258Y N1520D allele was severely affected in both polymers and displayed a 55% reduction in beta-1,6-glucan, while the in vitro hyperactive FKS1T6051 M761T allele increased both beta-glucan levels. These beta-1,6-glucan phenotypes may be due to altered availability of, and structural changes in, the beta-1,3-glucan polymer, which might serve as a beta-1,6-glucan acceptor at the cell surface. Alternatively, Fks1p and Fks2p could actively participate in the biosynthesis of both polymers as beta-glucan transporters. beta-1,6-Glucan deficient mutants had reduced in vitro glucan synthase activity and mislocalized Fks1p and Fks2p, possibly contributing to the observed beta-1,6-glucan defects.

We have previously demonstrated that Mid2p is required for the activation of the PKC1-MPK1 cell integrity pathway during cell exposure to mating pheromone, calcofluor white (CFW), and heat. Accumulating evidence indicates that Mid2p might regulate this pathway via the small GTPase, Rho1p. To understand the mechanism by which Mid2p signals, we initiated a two hybrid screen using the essential cytoplasmic tail of Mid2p as bait. ZEO1 (YOL109w), a previously uncharacterized open reading frame, was identified. ZEO1 encodes a 12kDa protein that co-localizes to the plasma membrane and interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of Mtl1p, a Mid2p functional homologue. Like mid2Delta mutants, cells deleted for ZEO1 are resistant to calcofluor white. In addition, ZEO1 null strains are no longer hypersensitive to calcofluor white caused by high copy expression of MID2. A role for Zeo1p in the cell integrity pathway is supported by the finding that disruption of ZEO1 leads to a Mid2p-dependent constitutive phosphorylation of Mpk1p. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kre5p is important for the biosynthesis of beta-1,6-glucan, which is required for proper cell wall assembly and architecture. A functional and cell biological analysis of Kre5p was conducted to further elucidate its role in beta-1,6-glucan synthesis. Kre5p was found to be a primarily soluble N-glycoprotein of ∼200 kD that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Observation of Kre5p-deficient cells reveals a severe cell wall morphological defect, and kre5Delta cells were shown to have only residual levels of beta-1,6-glucan. KRE6 was identified as a multicopy suppressor of a temperature-sensitive kre5 allele, suggesting these proteins participate in a common pathway. An analysis of truncated versions of Kre5p indicates that it may have two independent, essential activities, or that it functions in a homodimeric state. Finally, Candida albicans KRE5 was shown to partially restore growth to kre5Delta cells, suggesting it has a function similar to that of the S. cerevisiae protein.

A search of the Saccharomyces genome data base revealed an open reading frame of 2039 amino acids with homology to L-type calcium channels. Northern blots probed with a 540 bp PCR product of the ORF showed a transcript of 6.1 kb. Two procedures were used to disrupt the gene: the ORF was truncated by an integrative disruption after the third pore motif, or deleted in the first three pore domains using a one-step disruption construct. In most strains tested, the disruptions gave no apparent phenotype when tested under a variety of conditions. However, conspicuous phenotypes were seen in the strain YEL161-2A, a strain super-sensitive to alpha-mating factor (sst1). In most respects, truncation gave a less severe phenotype than deletion, suggesting that the truncated gene retains partial function. Calcium uptake during normal growth, as well as the increased calcium uptake in response to mating factor, were reduced progressively by the truncation and deletion respectively. Growth rate and cell viability were reduced, cell size heterogeneity increased, and recovery from mating factor arrest was delayed and abnormal. The cells became sensitive to MnCl$ sb2.$ The phenotype resulting from gene truncation was alleviated by a high-calcium medium, and exacerbated by low calcium. Complementation of the deleted strain by a Yep13 plasmid containing BAR1 (SST1) restored normal growth and viability. However, somewhat paradoxically, deletion of the putative calcium channel gene in another sst1 strain (SY1159) showed no phenotype.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito protetivo da adição de biomassa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) residual, obtida da fermentação alcoólica de cana e cerveja contra a passagem de aflatoxina M1 para o leite. Para tanto, foi realizado ensaio preliminar in vitro de remoção de AFB1 em solução tampão fosfato pelas diferentes fontes de biomassa de SC (levedura de cana-de-açúcar seca e inativada, LCSI; levedura autolizada, LA; parede celular, PC; e co-produto de cervejaria parcialmente desidratado, CCPD), em temperatura ambiente pelos tempos de contato de 05, 10, 20 e 30 min. O ensaio in vivo foi realizado por meio de 20 vacas multíparas da raça holandesa que foram selecionadas em estágio médio de lactação. O delineamento experimental consistiu em dez tratamentos, um controle negativo, um controle positivo e dois tratamentos (com e sem inclusão de AFB1) para cada uma das quatro diferentes fontes de SC, durante um período de 10 dias para avaliar a produção e a composição do leite, escore de condição corporal e bioquímica sérica. A análise de amostras de leite para quantificação de AFM1 foi realizada empregando-se coluna de imunoafinidade para purificação associada a CLAE acoplada a espectrômetro de massa triplo quadrupolo. O valor do limite de quantificação de AFM1 foi 0,5 µg kg-1. Amostras de ração foram analisadas para quantificação de AFB1 por meio de coluna de imunoafinidade para purificação associada a CLAE. O valor do limite de quantificação de AFB1 foi de 0,5 µg.kg-1. Através do estudo in vitro foi possível observar que a viabilidade celular não é pré requisito para adsorção e que o tempo de incubação não interfere na capacidade de adsorção de AFB1. No estudo in vivo, não foi observado efeito da AFB1 e nem das diferentes fontes de biomassa de SC sobre o escore de condição corporal, produção e composição do leite. A bioquímica sérica (AST, ALT e PT) avaliada foi similar entre os grupos não intoxicados e intoxicado com AFB1. Os tratamentos LA e PC apresentaram maior capacidade de adsorção de AFB1 em vacas leiteiras previamente intoxicadas. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of adding residual biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), obtained from the fermentation of sugarcane and beer against aflatoxin M1 passage into milk. Therefore, preliminary in vitro test of AFB1 removal in phosphate buffer solution by SC different biomass sources (inactive dry yeast sugarcane, IDYS, autolyzed yeast, AY; cell wall, CW and co- brewery partially dehydrated product, CBPDP) at room temperature for contact times of 05, 10, 20 and 30 min was performed. The in vivo assays were performed using 20 multiparous Holstein cows that were selected in mid lactation stage. The experimental design consisted of ten treatments, a negative control, a positive control and two treatments (with and without inclusion of AFB1) for each of four different sources of SC, over a period of 10 days to evaluate the milk yield and composition, body condition score and serum biochemistry. Milk sample analysis for quantification of AFM1 were carried out using an immunoaffinity column for purification associated with HPLC coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The limit of quantification for AFM1 was 0.5 µg. kg-1. Feed samples were analyzed for AFB1 quantification by immunoaffinity purification column associated with HPLC. The limit of quantification for AFB1 was 0.5 µg.kg-1. For in vitro study it was observed that the cell viability is not prerequisite for adsorption and the incubation time does not interfere with AFB1 adsorption capacity. For in vivo study, there was no effect of AFB1 nor the different SC biomass sources on body condition score, milk yield and composition. There was no significant difference between the originated AFB1 levels from food samples in different days of the experimental period. Serum biochemical (AST, ALT, TP) evaluated was similar between the control group and intoxicated with AFB1. The AY and CW treatments had higher adsorption capacity in dairy cows previously intoxicated.

Orientador: Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade EStadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T07:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zeidler_AneFernandaBeraldi_M.pdf: 15352916 bytes, checksum: 8a3454e1ab7cf3b1ea1dded67030f592 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A demanda por processos alternativos para produção de compostos químicos tem aumentado nas ultimas décadas em decorrência da necessidade da utilização de fontes renováveis e do desenvolvimento de processos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente. Nesse contexto os processos de fermentação microbiana são cada vez mais considerados passiveis de serem empregados industrialmente. A produção de monômeros petroquímicos por via biológica tem sido tema de diversos estudos e, dentre os compostos produzidos por fermentação, ácidos e alcoóis de três e quatro carbonos estão entre as moléculas mais promissoras. O glicerol, alem de ser utilizado na fabricação de diversos produtos, tem tido sua utilização estudada como substrato para biotransformação em compostos mais reduzidos e de maior valor agregado, como precursores de polímeros. A produção de glicerol por via fermentativa em leveduras já foi estudada, entretanto, sempre são utilizados organismos de laboratório, mais suscetíveis a estresses. A utilização de leveduras selvagens, mais robustas, isoladas de processos industriais de fabricação de etanol, pode resultar em maiores rendimentos de glicerol e maior adaptabilidade ao processo industrial. Com o intuito de aumentar a produção de glicerol foram deletados os genes: ADH1 e TPI1 na linhagem industrial de S. cerevisiae PE-2 (JAY270). Essas deleções foram realizadas por recombinação homologa em linhagens haplóides de diferentes mating-type. Essas linhagens foram cruzadas gerando mutantes diplóides para cada um dos genes e para o duplo mutante. Alem disso, a complementação do gene ADH1, estudada através da construção e inserção de um plasmídeo, foi bem sucedida: apos a complementação, os mutantes ?adh1 alcançaram um rendimento em etanol significativamente igual ao da linhagem selvagem. As deleções dos genes ADH1 e TPI1 geraram os resultados esperados, aumentando a produção de glicerol e diminuindo a de etanol, modificando assim o perfil de produção de metabolitos das linhagens. As linhagens selvagens apresentaram rendimentos em glicerol ao redor de 0,01 g glicerol/g glucose, rendimento esperado para linhagens de levedura produtoras de etanol. As linhagens ?adh1 apresentaram um aumento de aproximadamente 10 vezes no rendimento em glicerol, chegando a 0,24 gramas de glicerol por grama de glucose. A linhagem que apresentou maior rendimento foi a AZY773, linhagem industrial com os genes ADH1 e TPI1 deletados, atingindo um rendimento de 0,38 gramas de glicerol por grama de glucose. A linhagem de laboratório com a mesma modificação teve um rendimento de 0,31 gramas de glicerol por grama de glucose, significativamente menor que o rendimento da linhagem industrial. Demonstrou-se neste trabalho, portanto, que a produção de glicerol metabólico com altos rendimentos para bioconversão em compostos mais reduzidos pode ser conseguida através de modificações metabólicas e do uso de organismos robustos. / Abstract: In the past few decades the demand for alternative processes for the production of chemical compounds has increased due to the need for utilization of renewable resources and development of less harming processes to the environment. In this context, large scale microbial fermentative processes are being considered as a viable alternative. The production of petrochemical monomers through biological pathways has been a major research theme and, among the compounds produced by fermentation, three and four carbon acids and alcohols are among the most promising molecules. Glycerol, besides being used for the manufacture of several products, has had its utilization studied as substrate for biotransformation into more reduced and higher added value compounds, e. q. polymers precursors. Glycerol production by yeast fermentation has already been studied, but, only in laboratory strains, which are more stress sensitive. The utilization of wild yeasts, more robust, isolated from the fuel ethanol production process, may result in higher glycerol yields and better adaptability to industrial processes. Aiming to increase glycerol production the ADH1 and TPI1 genes from PE-2 (industrial strain of S. cerevisiae) were deleted through homologue recombination in haploid strains of different mating-types. These strains were mated generating diploid mutants for ?adh1, ?tpi and ?adh1?tpi1 deletions. Complementation of ADH1 gene, carried out through the construction of a plasmid, was successful in allowing the ?adh1 strains to reach ethanol yields as high as the one reached by wild strains. ADH1 and TPI1 deletion increased glycerol and decreased ethanol production, modifying the strains'metabolite production profile, as expected. The wild strains presented glycerol yields of 0,01 g of glycerol per g of glucose, which is a regular yield for ethanol producing yeasts. ?adh1 strains presented a tenfold increase in glycerol yield, reaching 0,24 g of glycerol per g of glucose. AZY773 strain, industrial strain with both ADH1 and TPI1 genes deleted, presented the highest glycerol yield, reaching 0,38 g of glycerol per g of glucose. The laboratory strain with the same genetic modification yielded 0.3 g of glycerol per g of glucose, significantly lower than the industrial strain. This work demonstrated that metabolic glycerol production with high yields for bioconversion in more reduced compounds may be reached through metabolic modification and utilization of robust organisms. / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Uma das razões que fazem de Saccharomyces cerevisiae um organismo modelo é o grau de conservação dos mecanismos celulares que existe entre esta levedura e eucariotos superiores. Porém, mesmo após 21 anos do seqüenciamento do seu genoma, ainda existem mais de 600 ORFs com função desconhecida. Neste trabalho, selecionamos quatro delas para o estudo detalhado. MRPL34 (YDR115w) está presente na subunidade maior do ribossomo mitocondrial de levedura e apresenta similaridade com o gene L34 de E. coli e MRP-L34 de humanos. O mutante Δmrpl34 apresenta DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) instável e para estudá-lo foram gerados alelos sensíveis à temperatura (ts). Com os ensaios de síntese protéica mitocondrial in vivo foi possível identificar clara diminuição da síntese de proteínas do mutante condicional. Mrpl34p foi identificada no extrato ribossomal, conforme esperado. A desestruturação da subunidade maior do ribossomo mitocondrial, utilizando os mutantes ts, nos forneceu indícios sobre intermediários existentes no seu processo de montagem. Verificamos que a porção N-terminal da proteína é responsável pelo endereçamento à mitocôndria. YPR116w também apresenta alta instabilidade do DNA mitocondrial, desta forma, mutantes termossensíveis foram utilizados nos experimentos. Uma das estratégias utilizadas visou a busca de parceiros genéticos. Verificamos que ylr091wp aumenta a estabilidade do mtDNA de ts- ypr116w, sugerindo atividade supressora. Também averiguamos que o alelo ts-ypr16w apresenta menor quantidade de tRNA mitocondrial, através de ensaios de Northen blot. Duas das ORFs escolhidas (YDL119c e YOR022c) tiveram sua caracterização inicial publicada em 2016, refletindo a importância deste tipo de pesquisa. Vimos que a proteína codificada por YDL119c está localizada na membrana interna da mitocôndria e que o mutante Δyor022c apresenta quantidades reduzidas de cardiolipina, quando crescido à 37ºC. / One of the reasons that turn Saccharomyces cerevisiae a model organism is the degree of conservation of cellular mechanisms that exist between this yeast and higher eukaryotes. However, even after 21 years of sequencing their genome, there are still more than 600 ORFs with unknown function. In this work, we selected four of them for the detailed study. MRPL34 (YDR115w) is present in the major subunit of the yeast mitochondrial ribosome and bears similarity to the L34 gene of E. coli and MRP-L34 from humans. The Δ mrpl34 mutant shows unstable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and to study it, temperature sensitive alleles (ts) were generated. With the mitochondrial protein synthesis assays in vivo, it was possible to identify a clear decrease in the protein synthesis of the conditional mutant. Mrpl34p was identified in the ribosomal extract as expected. The disassembly of the major subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome, using the ts mutants, provided us some clues about intermediates in its assembly process. We have verified that the N-terminal portion of the protein is responsible for addressing the mitochondria. YPR116w also shows high mitochondrial DNA instability, in this way, thermosensitive mutants were used in the experiments. One of the strategies used was the search for genetic partners. We verified that ylr091wp increases the stability of ts-ypr116w mtDNA, suggesting suppressor activity. We also found that the ts-ypr16w allele has a smaller amount of mitochondrial tRNA, through Northen blot assays. Two of the chosen ORFs (YDL119c and YOR022c) had their initial characterization published in 2016, reflecting the importance of this type of research. We have seen that the protein encoded by YDL119c is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and that the Δyor022c mutant presents reduced amounts of cardiolipin when grown at 37 ºC.

O etanol se consagrou como o principal biocombustível e o Brasil detém o processo mais econômico e ambientalmente adequando. O processo industrial brasileiro é único, pois utiliza o reciclo de células de leveduras na fermentação permitindo uma ótima velocidade de fermentação, porém o mesmo ato potencializa os efeitos tóxicos presentes no processo. O substrato de fermentação é composto pela mistura de caldo e melaço de cana-de-açúcar, porém a vantagem econômica do açúcar sobre o etanol faz com que o caldo seja priorizado para a produção de açúcar e o seu subproduto seja mais utilizado na fermentação, nesse caso o melaço. O melaço apresenta diversos compostos inibitórios como sulfitos, excesso de sais, fenóis, furfurais e metais. Devido à larga escala do processo, o substrato não pode ser esterilizado antes da fermentação, logo a presença de microrganismos contaminantes se torna um problema sempre presente. As bactérias contaminantes consomem o substrato e produzem substâncias tóxicas como ácidos orgânicos, fatos que prejudicam o rendimento fermentativo do processo. Quando se considera o longo período de reciclos (aproximadamente 250 dias por safra e pelo menos 2 ciclos por dia) a maioria das linhagens de leveduras empregadas não são capazes de perdurar no processo, seja pela toxicidade do processo e ou pela competição com contaminantes. Portanto há um esforço contínuo no sentido de se buscar novas linhagens mais aptas ao processo industrial. Para tal é imperiosa a disponibilidade de uma metodologia para simular o processo industrial de modo a permitir uma avaliação de pretensas linhagens quanto ao seu desempenho no processo industrial com reciclo de células. No presente trabalho é proposto um protocolo, simulando as várias condições estressantes de uma fermentação industrial com reutilização de células, para a avaliação de linhagens de levedura com diferentes capacidades de colonizarem as dornas de fermentação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o protocolo empregado foi capaz de reproduzir o comportamento fisiológico e tecnológico das linhagens quando submetidas no processo industrial, se constituindo numa ferramenta útil para a seleção de leveduras. / The ethanol became entrenched as the main biofuel and Brazil owns the most economic and environmentally appropriate process. The Brazilian industrial process is unique, since it utilizes the yeast cell recycle, what allows a great fermentation velocity, but the same process enhances the toxics effects presents on the process. The fermentation subtract is composed by the mixture of sugar cane juice and molasses, however the economic advantages of the sugar over the ethanol makes that the juice get prioritized to the production of sugar and it\'s by-product, the molasses, go into the fermentation process. The molasses contain several toxic compounds, like sulfites, salts excess, phenols, furfural and metals. Due to the large scale of the process, the substrate cannot be sterilized before the fermentation and this cause the presence of contaminant microorganisms an always present problem. The contaminant bacteria consumes the substrate and produce toxics products like organic acids, facts that can hinder the yield of the fermentation process. When the long recycle period (approximately 250 days per season, with at least 2 cycles per day) is take in consideration, most of the yeast strains aren\'t capable to endure the process because of the toxicity of it and or by the competition with the contaminants. Therefore there is a continuous effort in the search of new strains best suited for the industrial process. To do so, it`s imperative the availability of a methodology that can simulate the industrial process and the alleged strains can be evaluated in terms of their performance in the industrial process with cell recycle. It`s proposed a protocol on this work, that simulates several stressful conditions of an industrial fermentation with cell recycle, to evaluate the yeast strains with different capabilities in colonize the fermentation tanks. The results indicate that the protocol utilized was capable of reproduce the physiological and technological behavior of the strains when they were submitted to the industrial process, making it a useful tool for yeast selection.