No / Cannibals, burials, vampires, human sacrifice, bog people ¿ throughout history our ancestors have responded to death in numerous ways. The past has left us numerous relics of these encounters between the dead and those they leave behind: accounts of sacrifices in early histories, rituals that have stood the test of time, bodies discovered in caves and bogs, remains revealed by archaeological digs. Through these insights into the past, Tim Taylor pieces together evidence of how our ancestors created their universe and asks how we have dealt with the idea of the end and slowly come to create not only a sense of the afterlife but also the soul.

À chaque fois que le sacrifice humain chez les Aztèques est discuté dans la littérature historique, on voit nécessairement apparaître le premier rapport officiel du prêtre Juan Diaz (1518), les trois lettres de Hernan Cortés à Charles Quint (1519-1520-1522) et les documents coloniaux de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle. Ces sources, au- delà des frontières du monde scientifique, ont été fréquemment prises comme des récits testimoniaux. Leur étude minutieuse montre nonobstant, d'un part, qu'elles ont été influencées par les paradigmes de la Renaissance, les enjeux de l'époque et la cupidité des autorités et des colonisateurs espagnols; d'autre part, les Espagnols des expéditions de 1517, de 1518 et de 1519 n'ont jamais été des « témoins terrifiés » d'aucun sacrifice humain chez les Aztèques. Malgré cela, les auteurs espagnols du XVI e siècle ont construit un discours colonial en se basant sur son existence. Les travaux archéologiques réalisés pendant les dernières années, surtout au site où se trouvait la Grand place centrale de Tenochtitlan, dévoilent certains ossements humains et des édifices dont on conjecture qu'ils sont à caractère sacrificiel. Bien que ces données soient fréquemment utilisées pour confirmer l'existence des sacrifices humains chez les Aztèques, elles pourraient être aussi utilisées pour infirmer les sources écrites et illustrées de la seconde moitié du XVI e siècle.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 7 / Nenhuma / Quando os primeiros castelhanos chegaram à região da Mesoamérica foram confrontados com sociedades diferentes em uma proporção e variedade até então jamais experimentada por eles. Os espanhóis depararam-se com um problema a ser pensado e respondido: Quem era esse sujeito completamente desconhecido quem encontravam nesse Novo Mundo, de um outro radical, de uma civilização estranha, de uma realidade humana completamente distinta de todas aquelas conhecidas ou contadas pelo mundo Ocidental? Durante todo o período colonial, os europeus registraram as experiências vividas em boa parte do território explorado e ocupado por eles na América. Muitos dos escritos sobre os nativos das novas terras, relatam a história desses povos: a religiosidade, os deuses e, entre outras coisas, as práticas de sacrifícios humanos. Na pluralidade e heterogeneidade dos cronistas das Índias e suas narrativas que tratam dos sacrifícios humanos na Mesoamérica, os evangelizadores constituíram parte desse grupo. Dentre as produções de religi / When the first Spanish people came to the Mesoamerica region they faced different societies, and this happened in a proportion and variety that they had never experienced before. The Spanish came across a problem that required answers: who was that totally unknown individual who they had encountered in that New World, from another root, from a strange civilization, from a human reality which was completely different from all those that the Occidental world knew or counted? During the whole colonial time, the Europeans registered the experiences they had had in great part of the land they were exploiting and occupying in America. Many of the writings about the native peoples of the new land report the peoples’ history: the religiosity, the gods, and, besides other things, the practices of human sacrifice. In the plurality and heterogeneity of the chronicles writers of the Indies and their narratives that accounted the human sacrifices in Mesoamerica, the evangelists were part of that group. Among the written p

An Inka Mummy from Chuscha Mountain (Northwest Argentina): Preliminary Research ResultsEighty years ago, residents of the region between the provinces of Salta and Catamarca recovered a well-preserved body from a plateau located just below the peak of the mountain of Chuscha, which has an altitude of 5400 meters above sea level. This find was transported to the Museum of Natural Sciences and Anthropology of Mendoza for the purpose of undertaking an interdisciplinary study. The physical anthropological analysis determined that the body represented a young girl of approximately eight years of age. The child, who was dressed in typical Inca style, was the principal object of a ritual sacrifice. Her death was caused by a lance that pierced her thorax. This form of sacrifice of individual victims is unusual, although there have not been many other examples of high altitude mummies recovered to date. Two exploratory expeditions to the region added some information concerning Inca domination in this region, which has only recently been the focus of archaeological investigations. / Ochenta años atrás, lugareños de la zona entre las provincias de Salta y Catamarca extrajeron un cuerpo bien conservado de una meseta ubicada al pie de la cumbre del nevado de Chuscha, cuya altura es de 5400 metros. Este hallazgo fue llevado al Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas de Mendoza con el fin de proceder a su estudio interdisciplinario. El análisis de antropología física determinó que se trataba de un individuo femenino de ocho años de edad, aproximadamente. El infante vestía un ajuar de típico estilo Inca y fue el personaje principal de un sacrificio ritual. Su muerte fue ocasionada al arrojársele una lanza que le atravesó el tórax. Este modo de sacrificar a los individuos es extraño, pues no se han encontrado casos similares para momias de altura. Dos expediciones proporcionaron algunos datos sobre la dominación inca en esta región, a la que recién se ha comenzado a estudiar arqueológicamente.

In the ancient religious imagination, catastrophic events – plagues, droughts, natural disasters – were frequently seen as manifestations of divine wrath that necessitated extraordinary ritual responses to quell. These responses frequently consisted in intensified forms of sacred violence, the most extreme of which was human sacrifice. The corpus of Greek literature is rife with myths of human sacrifice. In spite of this rich mythic repertoire, Greek artists produced scenes of human sacrifice rather infrequently and drew upon an extremely restricted range of subjects. The extant corpus of human sacrificial images totals fewer than 50 specimens and almost all of them feature the maidens Polyxena or Iphigeneia as the victim. In the Archaic era (700-480 BCE), painters and sculptors were almost exclusively interested in the sacrificial fate of Polyxena. Archaic representations of Polyxena’s sacrifice are remarkable for their overt treatment of the physical violence to which the maiden was subjected, in some cases going so far as to visualize the blood gushing forth from her perforated neck. Interest in the violent and gory aspect of the sacrificial ritual diminishes in the closing decades of the Archaic period. The title of the proposed talk, bad blood, has a twofold sense; both senses refer to the underlying subject of belief and to the main arguments of this paper: The first sense is idiomatic and indicative: Polyxena’s sacrifice was a matter of bad blood, since it resulted from the need to placate the wroth and aggrieved ghost of Achilles, who denied the Greeks safe passage home until he was granted the spoils due to him (cf. Eur. Hek. 35-44; Quint. Smyr 14.324-338). The second, more literal sense is interrogative: To wit, was the shedding of Polyxena’s blood bad per se? While Greek authors of the Classical period and beyond suggest that human sacrifice was universally condemned as an unthinkably barbaric offense and a violation of ritual norms, earlier extant literary sources offer no such clear ruling. However, this situation changes when the small yet iconographically remarkable group of pre-Classical visual representations of human sacrifice are considered. In these images, one may detect a diversity of attitudes or positions on the ritual of human sacrifice, individual as well as collective, that range from acceptance to outright repudiation. This range of attitudes is not, however, neatly confined to the proverbial frame of the image or the mythical context of the event. Like the mythic cast of characters, contemporary ancient viewers were meant to participate in the discursive dynamic, bringing their individual beliefs and attitudes to bear on the scene and its significance. In other words, these representations imply a multiplicity of attitudes (and the beliefs that inform them) among the implied viewers of these artworks.

This research looks into the emerging trend of circular economy which is fairly young, but have still gotten a lot of recognition in the past few years. The purpose of the research was to identify bridging activities between circular business models and customer perceived value. This gap creates a great opportunity to find correlations between these areas to hopefully construct the missing bridge to connect the phenomena. A case study was applied on an organisation having a circular business model, where its customer network was used to collect data. Two types of data collection methods were used: (1)Quantitative data collection from potential customers using a questionnaire;and (2) Qualitative data collection from existing customers with semistructured interviews. The collected data was later analysed by connecting it to existing theory of customer perceived value. The data was categorised, ranked and later inserted in a contemporary matrix created by the authors, called the Business Model Matrix. The whole research was lastly presented as a conceptual model with the intent to generalize the methodology so it could be applied on other organisations. The model consists of five steps: (1) Research, (2) Data collection, (3) Translation, (4) Business Model Matrix and (5) Adaption.The authors conclude this research with: (1) It is difficult to quantify and make sense of value; (2) Standardised measurements for value has to be defined; and (3) Even though it might be difficult to interpret the business model matrix result, it might give a good overview of what the customers likes which can increase competitiveness in the long-term. Suggested future research lies in standardising value and looking into perceived value from other actors rather than customers as well.

Introduction: During the last years power have been passed from the producer to the consumer. Then, for any given firm, consumers play an increasingly important role. Firms sell not only within limits set by the price of competing products, but within limits set by buyers’ tastes as well. Both products and services have become more sophisticated and each individual customers value perception is important to recognize. In short, to stay competitive firms must put their main focus on the customer’s needs. When it comes to services producer and user must cooperate. Joint value creation process becomes a central part of the relationship between producer and user. The service production process in consulting-related services occurs during a relatively long period of time with various interchanges before the service ultimately is produced. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand how customers, in a business-to-business situation, perceive the value of a complex service over time. Focus will also be directed towards understanding how the producer can improve the knowledge of how the customers’ preferences change over time. Method: A qualitative case study was conducted, in which the customers of the case firm were interviewed. Conclusions: The major difficulty with the notion of value is that it is evaluated in the eyes of the beholder. That is, what it ultimately comes down to are subjective feelings and opinions of individuals. Nevertheless, this study shows that value perceived becomes more complex with time. That is, experiences from both the relationship and the joint value creation affect how customers perceive value. With time, customers are able to see more benefits, but at the same time more sacrifices. These tend to be relation-oriented.

<p>Introduction: During the last years power have been passed from the producer to the consumer. Then, for any given firm, consumers play an increasingly important role. Firms sell not only within limits set by the price of competing products, but within limits set by buyers’ tastes as well. Both products and services have become more sophisticated and each individual customers value perception is important to recognize. In short, to stay competitive firms must put their main focus on the customer’s needs. When it comes to services producer and user must cooperate. Joint value creation process becomes a central part of the relationship between producer and user. The service production process in consulting-related services occurs during a relatively long period of time with various interchanges before the service ultimately is produced. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand how customers, in a business-to-business situation, perceive the value of a complex service over time. Focus will also be directed towards understanding how the producer can improve the knowledge of how the customers’ preferences change over time. </p><p>Method: A qualitative case study was conducted, in which the customers of the case firm were interviewed. </p><p>Conclusions: The major difficulty with the notion of value is that it is evaluated in the eyes of the beholder. That is, what it ultimately comes down to are subjective feelings and opinions of individuals. Nevertheless, this study shows that value perceived becomes more complex with time. That is, experiences from both the relationship and the joint value creation affect how customers perceive value. With time, customers are able to see more benefits, but at the same time more sacrifices. These tend to be relation-oriented.</p>

Chosen of the Gods: Identity and Status in the Sacrificial Victims from the Llullaillaco VolcanoMummified children recovered from the summit of Llullaillaco volcano, in the Andes of Argentina, are an outstanding example of archaeological visibility of social actors, whose faces remain almost perfectly preserved half a millenium after their burial. The extraordinary preservation of the bioanthropological evidence from the Llullaillaco volcano has allowed scholars to undertake an archaeological approach towards topics such as social identity and status among the sacrificial victims in the Inca Empire. Interdisciplinary research on the frozen bodies of the young woman and the two infants from Llullaillaco, including Paleoradiological techniques (x-rays and cat-scans), Odontological studies, Paleopathological examination, DNA and hair analysis, has provided scientists with tangible results, that can be cross-checked with the information presented by the historical sources in relation to the sex and gender profile, physical beauty and social and ethnic origin of the children that the Inca priests would select as messengers into the world of the gods. / Los niños momificados recuperados de la cima del volcán Llullaillaco, en los Andes de Argentina, constituyen un ejemplo pocas veces igualado de la visibilidad arqueológica de actores sociales, ya que sus rostros se encuentran casi perfectamente preservados desde el momento de su muerte, hace más de medio milenio. La extraordinaria conservación de la evidencia bioantropológica del Llullaillaco ha permitido abordar temas relativos a la identidad y estatus social de las víctimas sacrificiales en el imperio inca. Los estudios interdisciplinarios en los cuerpos congelados de la doncella y los niños del Llullaillaco —que involucraron técnicas de paleoradiología (radiografías y tomografías computarizadas), estudios de odontología antropológica, exámenes de paleopatología, estudios de ADN antiguo y análisis de cabello— han provisto a los científicos de resultados tangibles para contrastar los requisitos de perfil sexo-etario, belleza física y extracción social que las fuentes históricas refieren en torno a la selección que los sacerdotes incas efectuaban de los mensajeros para el mundo de los dioses.

Horses have played a large part in many cultures across the world, the Scandinavian Viking Age included. They are frequently found in graves and sacrificial sites, meant to denote, or represent the status and social caste of the humans they served. More and more studies and research projects are now taking place where the horses are allowed to take center stage, but these rarely touch on the subject of the horse’s agency. Were the abilities of the horses themselves what determined whether they be brutally sacrificed, or whether they keep serving the living? This is an area of study which hopes to introduce new perspectives into a complicated, lengthy debate over horses in sacrificial contexts, and shift focus away from the anthropocentric perspective that has dominated the subject. This study will discuss the archaeological and osteological finds in Scandinavia through a social zooarchaeological perspective, in an effort to offer a different perspective and to give agency to one animal that helped to shape our world.