No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Christopher J. Levy / Stepped helical salen complexes with vanadium as the central metal were synthesized and characterized. The helicity in these complexes arise from the fused phenyl rings (phenanthryl and benz[a]anthryl) as sidearms, whereas the chirality arises from the chiral cyclohexyl diamine or binaphthyl diamine backbones. These complexes showed good yields and moderate enantioselectivity in asymmetric sulfoxidation reactions with methylphenyl sulfide as the substrate and H2O2 or cumene hydroperoxide as the oxidants. To further improve the closed nature of these complexes with a tetradentate salen ligand, we synthesized and characterized vanadium complexes with tridentate (S)-NOBIN backbone Schiff base ligands with phenanthryl and benz[a]anthryl as the sidearms. After initial catalytic study, we concluded that these catalysts are too open in nature to impose face selection during asymmetric induction. We also synthesized and characterized vanadium and titanium salan complexes. These complexes can adopt β-cis geometry, thereby making the complex “chiral at metal” and they are known for better catalysts in terms of asymmetric induction than their unreduced counterparts. However, these complexes showed better catalytic activity than their unreduced counterparts in sulfoxidation reactions with methylphenyl sulfide as the substrate and H2O2 or cumene hydroperoxide as the oxidants. We also put an effort to synthesize mixed salen complexes with vanadium as the central metal. These complexes have two different sidearms attached to one backbone unit. However, our method did not work well to produce pure mixed salen ligands. The catalysis results for mixed salen vanadium complexes are also comparable to the unreduced vanadyl salen complexes. Lastly, we synthesized and characterized new helical titanium Schiff base complexes with (S)-NOBIN backbone and phenanthryl and benz[a]anthryl sidearms. Single crystal studies showed that these complexes exist in the M helical conformation in the solid state. These complexes showed moderate activity in asymmetric aldol addition reactions between 2-methoxy propene and different aldehydes.

Neste trabalho foram estudadas a atividade catalítica de metaloporfirinas e complexos salen (catalisador de Jacobsen), em solução e imobilizados em diferentes suportes, na oxidação de hidrocarbonetos e fármacos anticonvulsivantes (carbamazepina e primidona) e antidepressivo (fluoxetina), utilizando os seguintes doadores de oxigênio: peróxido de hidrogênio, terc-butil hidroperóxido (t-BOOH), ácido m-cloroperbenzóico (m-CPBA) e iodosilbenzeno (PhIO). Os catalisadores contendo o complexo salen imobilizado em alumina, membranas de quitosana e membranas polidimetilssiloxano/acetato de polivinila (PDMS/PVA), foram preparados e caracterizados por espectroscopia UV-Vis, análise termogravimétrica, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, análise térmica diferencial, infravermelho, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, raios-X e área superficial. Foi investigada a atividade destes materiais inicialmente na catálise oxidativa de hidrocarbonetos (cicloocteno, estireno e cicloexano). Estes sistemas heterogêneos se mostraram bastante eficientes para oxidação destes substratos, com rendimentos de até 79 % de ciclooctenóxido e elevada seletividade para formação de epóxido ou cetona, quando se utilizam os substratos alcenos ou cicloexano, respectivamente. As membranas de quitosana e membranas híbridas PDMS/PVA foram avaliadas em sistema trifásico, nos quais a membrana se localiza na interface entre a fase apolar (substrato orgânico) e a fase aquosa (contendo o oxidante). Os resultados catalíticos foram excelentes, obtendo-se freqüências de turnovers da ordem de 138 h-1. As reações de oxidação dos fármacos (carbamazepina, primidona e fluoxetina) foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE-UV) em fase reversa, por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas (LC-ESI) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-MS), para identificação dos produtos. Na oxidação da carbamazepina (CBZ) foi produzido apenas o 10,11-epóxido-carbamazepina (CBZ-EP), que corresponde ao principal metabólito obtido no metabolismo in vivo catalisado pelo P450, indicando que os sistemas catalíticos utilizados são excelentes modelos biomiméticos desta enzima. Observou-se que a formação de CBZ-EP é dependente do oxidante e do pH do meio, principalmente nas reações com peróxido de hidrogênio, resultando em mecanismos de clivagem homolítica ou heterolítica conforme o pH da reação. Os oxidantes m-CPBA e t-BOOH mostraram que a natureza dos substituintes ligados ao grupo OOH do peróxido exerce grande efeito na oxidação da CBZ. Na oxidação da primidona foram obtidos dois metabólitos encontrados no sistema in vivo: feniletilmalonamida e fenobarbital, além de três outros produtos (2-fenilbutiramida, -fenil--butirolactona e um produto em nível de traços, não identificado). A formação destes compostos foi altamente dependente do oxidante, co-catalisador, pH e oxigênio, o que possibilitou a proposta de um esquema de oxidação com os possíveis intermediários envolvidos. Todos os sistemas catalíticos utilizados na oxidação da fluoxetina estudados geraram o produto de N-desalquilação, o p-trifluorometilfenol (TFMF). A norfluoxetina principal metabólito deste fármaco in vivo, resultante de N-desmetilação, não foi produzida, indicando que a reação de O-desalquilação prevalece e, portanto, os catalisadores não seguem a rota biomimética para este fármaco. Este trabalho demonstrou a habilidade do complexo salen e das metaloporfirinas para mimetizar a ação do citocromo P450 na oxidação de fármacos. Os resultados mostram também o grande potencial de aplicação de modelos biomiméticos para sintetizar metabólitos e fornecer amostras para testes farmacológicos e toxicológicos, visando elucidação do metabolismo do fármacos, e como uma alternativa aos estudos enzimáticos. / In this work, the catalytic activities of metalloporphyrins and the salen complex (Jacobsen catalyst) in solution and immobilized on different supports were studied in the oxidation of hydrocarbons, anticonvulsivant drugs (carbamazepine and primidone) and antidepressives (fluoxetine) by the following oxygen donors: hydrogen peroxide, terc-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH), 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA), and iodosylbenzene (PhIO). The catalysts containing the salen complex immobilized on alumina, chitosan membranes and poly(dimethylsiloxane)/polyvinyl acetate membranes (PDMS/PVA) were prepared and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface area analysis. The activity of these materials was initially investigated in the oxidative catalysis of hydrocarbons (cyclooctene, styrene and cyclohexane). These heterogeneous systems were efficient for the oxidation of these substrates, with yields as high as 79 % for cyclooctene oxide. The selectivity for epoxide or ketone formation was high when the substrate alkenes or cyclohexane were used, respectively. The chitosan membranes and hybrid membranes PDMS/PVA were available in a triphasic system, where the membrane was located in the interface between the apolar phase (organic substrate) and the aqueous phase (containing the oxidant). The catalytic results were excellent, with turnover frequencies of 138 h-1. Drug oxidation (carbamazepine, primidone and fluoxetine) products were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-UV) in reverse phase, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-ESI), and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for products identification. In the case of carbamazepine (CBZ) oxidation only carbamazepine 10,11- epoxide (CBZ-EP) was produced. This is to the main metabolite obtained in carbamazepine metabolism by P450 in vivo, indicating that the catalytic systems employed here are excellent biomimetic models of this enzyme. Formation of CBZEP is highly dependent on the oxidant and pH, especially in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide, resulting in homolytic and/or heterolytic cleavage, according to the pH of the reaction medium. The oxidants m-CPBA and t-BOOH showed that the presence of substituents linked to the -OOH group of the peroxide affects the catalytic activity of the studied system significantly. As for primidone oxidation, two metabolites found in the in vivo system were obtained: phenylethylmalondiamide and phenobarbital, besides three other products (2-phenylbutyramide, g-phenyl-g-butyrolactone and, a product in trace amounts, not identified). The formation of these compounds was highly dependent on the oxidant, co-catalyst, pH and presence of oxygen. These results enabled the proposition of a scheme for Mn(salen)-catalyzed primidone oxidation and the possible intermediate involved. All the studied catalytic systems used in fluoxetine oxidation generated the product obtained via the O-dealkylation mechanism, p-trifluoromethylphenol (TFMF). Norfluoxetine, the main metabolite in vivo and formed via the N-demethylation mechanism, was not obtained. This indicates that the O-dealkylation mechanism prevails and, therefore, the catalysts do not follow the biomimetical route in the case of this drug. This work demonstrated the ability of the salen complex and metalloporphyrins to mimic the action of cytochrome P450 in drug oxidation. These results showed the potential application of these biomimetic models in the synthesis of drug metabolites, which should provide samples for pharmacological and toxicological tests, as well as aid studies that pursue the elucidation of in vivo drug metabolism, being an alternative to enzymatic studies.

Neste trabalho foram estudadas a atividade catalítica de metaloporfirinas e complexos salen (catalisador de Jacobsen), em solução e imobilizados em diferentes suportes, na oxidação de hidrocarbonetos e fármacos anticonvulsivantes (carbamazepina e primidona) e antidepressivo (fluoxetina), utilizando os seguintes doadores de oxigênio: peróxido de hidrogênio, terc-butil hidroperóxido (t-BOOH), ácido m-cloroperbenzóico (m-CPBA) e iodosilbenzeno (PhIO). Os catalisadores contendo o complexo salen imobilizado em alumina, membranas de quitosana e membranas polidimetilssiloxano/acetato de polivinila (PDMS/PVA), foram preparados e caracterizados por espectroscopia UV-Vis, análise termogravimétrica, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, análise térmica diferencial, infravermelho, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, raios-X e área superficial. Foi investigada a atividade destes materiais inicialmente na catálise oxidativa de hidrocarbonetos (cicloocteno, estireno e cicloexano). Estes sistemas heterogêneos se mostraram bastante eficientes para oxidação destes substratos, com rendimentos de até 79 % de ciclooctenóxido e elevada seletividade para formação de epóxido ou cetona, quando se utilizam os substratos alcenos ou cicloexano, respectivamente. As membranas de quitosana e membranas híbridas PDMS/PVA foram avaliadas em sistema trifásico, nos quais a membrana se localiza na interface entre a fase apolar (substrato orgânico) e a fase aquosa (contendo o oxidante). Os resultados catalíticos foram excelentes, obtendo-se freqüências de turnovers da ordem de 138 h-1. As reações de oxidação dos fármacos (carbamazepina, primidona e fluoxetina) foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE-UV) em fase reversa, por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas (LC-ESI) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-MS), para identificação dos produtos. Na oxidação da carbamazepina (CBZ) foi produzido apenas o 10,11-epóxido-carbamazepina (CBZ-EP), que corresponde ao principal metabólito obtido no metabolismo in vivo catalisado pelo P450, indicando que os sistemas catalíticos utilizados são excelentes modelos biomiméticos desta enzima. Observou-se que a formação de CBZ-EP é dependente do oxidante e do pH do meio, principalmente nas reações com peróxido de hidrogênio, resultando em mecanismos de clivagem homolítica ou heterolítica conforme o pH da reação. Os oxidantes m-CPBA e t-BOOH mostraram que a natureza dos substituintes ligados ao grupo OOH do peróxido exerce grande efeito na oxidação da CBZ. Na oxidação da primidona foram obtidos dois metabólitos encontrados no sistema in vivo: feniletilmalonamida e fenobarbital, além de três outros produtos (2-fenilbutiramida, -fenil--butirolactona e um produto em nível de traços, não identificado). A formação destes compostos foi altamente dependente do oxidante, co-catalisador, pH e oxigênio, o que possibilitou a proposta de um esquema de oxidação com os possíveis intermediários envolvidos. Todos os sistemas catalíticos utilizados na oxidação da fluoxetina estudados geraram o produto de N-desalquilação, o p-trifluorometilfenol (TFMF). A norfluoxetina principal metabólito deste fármaco in vivo, resultante de N-desmetilação, não foi produzida, indicando que a reação de O-desalquilação prevalece e, portanto, os catalisadores não seguem a rota biomimética para este fármaco. Este trabalho demonstrou a habilidade do complexo salen e das metaloporfirinas para mimetizar a ação do citocromo P450 na oxidação de fármacos. Os resultados mostram também o grande potencial de aplicação de modelos biomiméticos para sintetizar metabólitos e fornecer amostras para testes farmacológicos e toxicológicos, visando elucidação do metabolismo do fármacos, e como uma alternativa aos estudos enzimáticos. / In this work, the catalytic activities of metalloporphyrins and the salen complex (Jacobsen catalyst) in solution and immobilized on different supports were studied in the oxidation of hydrocarbons, anticonvulsivant drugs (carbamazepine and primidone) and antidepressives (fluoxetine) by the following oxygen donors: hydrogen peroxide, terc-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH), 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA), and iodosylbenzene (PhIO). The catalysts containing the salen complex immobilized on alumina, chitosan membranes and poly(dimethylsiloxane)/polyvinyl acetate membranes (PDMS/PVA) were prepared and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface area analysis. The activity of these materials was initially investigated in the oxidative catalysis of hydrocarbons (cyclooctene, styrene and cyclohexane). These heterogeneous systems were efficient for the oxidation of these substrates, with yields as high as 79 % for cyclooctene oxide. The selectivity for epoxide or ketone formation was high when the substrate alkenes or cyclohexane were used, respectively. The chitosan membranes and hybrid membranes PDMS/PVA were available in a triphasic system, where the membrane was located in the interface between the apolar phase (organic substrate) and the aqueous phase (containing the oxidant). The catalytic results were excellent, with turnover frequencies of 138 h-1. Drug oxidation (carbamazepine, primidone and fluoxetine) products were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-UV) in reverse phase, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-ESI), and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for products identification. In the case of carbamazepine (CBZ) oxidation only carbamazepine 10,11- epoxide (CBZ-EP) was produced. This is to the main metabolite obtained in carbamazepine metabolism by P450 in vivo, indicating that the catalytic systems employed here are excellent biomimetic models of this enzyme. Formation of CBZEP is highly dependent on the oxidant and pH, especially in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide, resulting in homolytic and/or heterolytic cleavage, according to the pH of the reaction medium. The oxidants m-CPBA and t-BOOH showed that the presence of substituents linked to the -OOH group of the peroxide affects the catalytic activity of the studied system significantly. As for primidone oxidation, two metabolites found in the in vivo system were obtained: phenylethylmalondiamide and phenobarbital, besides three other products (2-phenylbutyramide, g-phenyl-g-butyrolactone and, a product in trace amounts, not identified). The formation of these compounds was highly dependent on the oxidant, co-catalyst, pH and presence of oxygen. These results enabled the proposition of a scheme for Mn(salen)-catalyzed primidone oxidation and the possible intermediate involved. All the studied catalytic systems used in fluoxetine oxidation generated the product obtained via the O-dealkylation mechanism, p-trifluoromethylphenol (TFMF). Norfluoxetine, the main metabolite in vivo and formed via the N-demethylation mechanism, was not obtained. This indicates that the O-dealkylation mechanism prevails and, therefore, the catalysts do not follow the biomimetical route in the case of this drug. This work demonstrated the ability of the salen complex and metalloporphyrins to mimic the action of cytochrome P450 in drug oxidation. These results showed the potential application of these biomimetic models in the synthesis of drug metabolites, which should provide samples for pharmacological and toxicological tests, as well as aid studies that pursue the elucidation of in vivo drug metabolism, being an alternative to enzymatic studies.

No description available.

Die andauernden Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der kontrollierten Polymerisation haben zu zahlreichen neuen Methoden geführt, um klar definierte Polymere zu synthetisieren. Die dabei entstehenden molekularen Strukturen haben einen großen Einfluss auf die makroskopischen Eigenschaften. Hier werden Ansätze beschrieben um Polymerisation in situ zu steuern, was zur besseren Kontrolle von Polymereigenschaften führen soll. Zu diesem Zweck wurden etablierte organometallische Katalysatoren mit Azobenzolen funktionalisiert, um die Geometrie des Katalysators in situ zu ändern. Zuerst wurde ein Salen-Katalysator synthetisiert, der ein Azobenzol in der Nähe des aktiven Zentrums besitzt. Dieser zeigte vielversprechende photochemische Eigenschaften. Es wurde aber festgestellt, dass die Bestrahlung die LMCT Bande des Metalls anregt, was die Bindung des Polymers zum Katalysator beeinträchtigt. Um dieses Problem zu umgehen wurde ein dinuklearer Salen-Katalysator, mit einer besseren Bandentrennung, synthetisiert. Dieser Katalysator zeigte eine trans-cis-Isomerisierung, konnte photochemisch aber nicht zurück geschaltet werden, da die Absorptionsbanden des Azobenzols mit denen des Metalls überlappten. Daher wurde das Absorptionsverhalten des katalytischen Zentrums durch die Einführung eines rigiden durchkonjugierten Salphen Liganden geändert. Drei Systeme wurden synthetisiert, wobei der Katalysator mit einer Ethylenbrücke zwischen dem Azobenzol und dem Metallzentrum die besten Ergebnisse zeigte. Dieser Katalysator konnte reversibel geschaltet werden und zeigte auch einen Aktivitätsunterschied in der Polymerisation von b-Butyrolacton. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivität des Katalysators um einen Faktor von 2,4 zwischen dem trans-Isomer und dem bestrahlten Reaktionsgesmisch erhöht werden konnte. Das gleiche Ergebnis wurde auch bei in situ Experimenten beobachtet. / Rapid developments in the field of controlled polymerization have led to numerous ways to produce well defined polymeric structures. This influence on the polymeric microstructure allowed a more efficient control over the macroscopic properties as well. Here, approaches are described to in situ control the polymerization outcome, which will eventually lead to a more defined manipulation of polymeric properties. For this purpose well established organometallic catalyst were functionalized with azobenzene moieties to alter the catalysts geometry in situ. First a salen catalyst with an azobenzene in close proximity to the active site was synthesized. The catalyst showed promising photochemical behavior, but irradiation of the catalyst would interfere with the binding of the polymeric chain, due to excitation of the metal’s LMCT band. To overcome this challenge a dinuclear salen catalysts with a better separation of the bands was synthesized that would allow control over cooperative effects. This catalysts showed trans-cis-isomerization but no photochemical back-reaction, due to an overlap of the absorption bands of the cis-azobenzene with the metal moiety. Therefore, the absorption of the catalytically active moiety was altered by introducing a rigid fully conjugated salphen system as the ligand. Three systems were synthesized, of which an ethylene bridged ligand showed the best results. It allowed reversible switching between both states and showed an activity change in the polymerization of b-butyrolactone. The catalyst showed an increased activity by a factor of 2.4 in the trans-isomer compared to the photostationary state and it also allowed for an in-situ switching between both states without affecting the efficiency of the system.