Coagulation and flocculation processes are important parts of water and wastewater treatment. Coagulation or destabilization of colloidal suspensions results in aggregation of colloidal particles by physical and chemical processes. Flocculation results in the formation of larger and settleable structures by bridging. Alginate, a polysaccharide obtained from marine brown algae, produces a gel structure when mixed with calcium ions, which is expected to be a potential coagulant in water treatment. This study aims to determine the use of calcium alginate as a potential coagulant during water treatment and determine its capabilities and deficiencies in coagulation processes. The study was conducted on turbid water samples prepared in the laboratory and those taken from the inlet of Ankara ivedik Water Treatment Plant (IWTP) by running typical jar tests. The main experimental variables were initial alginate and calcium doses, initial turbidity of water samples and the order with which the two chemicals are dosed. The main criteria investigated to check the success of the system was the final turbidity values and the turbidity removal capacity of calcium- alginate. Experiments were conducted on three different laboratory &ndash / prepared turbid water samples and on the raw water taken from the inlet point of Ankara ivedik Drinking Water Treatment Plant (IWTP). These were prepared as high (150 NTU) medium (80 NTU) and low (10 NTU) turbidity samples. The calcium concentrations tested varied between 30 and 200 mg/L and alginate concentrations tested varied between 0.04 to 40 mg/L. Depending on the initial turbidity and initial calcium concentration of water sample the results depict that calcium alginate could be used as an effective coagulant for high (150 NTU) and medium (80 NTU) turbidity water sample especially at the calcium doses of 120 and 160 mg/L for low alginate concentration doses like 0.4 mg/L. The final turbidity met both the requirements of Drinking Water Standards applied in Turkey and Europe. Generally, the higher the initial turbidity was, the higher the turbidity removal efficiency achieved, even with very low alginic acid concentration. As the initial turbidity decreased, initial concentration of calcium required for the effective coagulation processes decreased. However, for low (10 NTU) turbidity water samples the system did not work properlyHowever, for low turbidity water samples, the turbidity removal efficiency decreased, and it was difficult to meet the limits.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115).

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-12T16:43:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALLAN NUNES ALVES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2009..pdf: 9840576 bytes, checksum: 10a9d870ef7b818c93fb478cb8d42a0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T16:43:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALLAN NUNES ALVES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2009..pdf: 9840576 bytes, checksum: 10a9d870ef7b818c93fb478cb8d42a0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07 / CNPq / Capes / A compreensão da interação entre salinidade da água de irrigação, o crescimento e a nutrição mineral das culturas, é de fundamental importância ao longo dos ciclos, a fim de se fazer o manejo adequado do solo, água e fertilizantes. Para tal objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o crescimento, estado nutricional e produção de bananeiras irrigadas com águas de diferentes salinidades durante o segundo ciclo. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Chapada do Apodi, nos municípios de Limoeiro do Norte e Quixeré, CE, utilizando-se cultivares Prata Anã e Grand Naine irrigadas com águas de condutividade elétrica de 0,31 e 1,66 dS m"1. Utilizaram-se quatro blocos de amostragem compostos de seis fileiras com trinta e duas plantas totalizando 192 plantas por bloco. A partir da emissão da planta filha (165 DAP) em intervalos de 45 dias até o final do ciclo, foram coletadas quatro plantas em competição plena, separando-as em rizoma, pseudocaule, folhas + pecíolo, engaço e frutos e, em cada uma dessas partes, se determinaram a matéria seca, os teores de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e Cl) e de Na; as avaliações de crescimento e desenvolvimento (altura de planta, diâmetro do pseudocaule e área foliar) foram realizadas em quatro plantas escolhidas desde o primeiro ciclo. De posse dos resultados, obtiveram-se as curvas de crescimento, acumulação de matéria seca, absorção de nutrientes e produção para cada cultivar, sob duas condições de salinidade da água de irrigação. O crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas da cultivar Prata Anã irrigada com água de CE de 0,31 dS m , foram superiores aos das plantas irrigadas com água de CE de 1,66 dS m a partir dos 300 DAP e na cultivar Grand Naine entre 345 e 435 DAP. A produção das duas cultivares não foi afetada pela salinidade da água de irrigação mas se constatou entre cultivares, que as plantas da cultivar Prata Anã irrigadas com água de CE de 0,31 dS m"1 produziram 21.789 kg ha"1, enquanto nas irrigadas com água de CE de 1,66 dS m" a produção foi de 23.440 kg ha"1 e na cultivar Grand Naine sob as mesmas condições, a produção média foi de 32.652 e 33.480 kg ha"1, respectivamente. Na colheita, o acúmulo de matéria seca da cultivar Prata Anã irrigada com água de 0,3ldS m"1 foi superior ao acúmulo com água de CE de 1,66 dS m"1; na cultivar Grand Naine as plantas do meio mais salino acumularam mais matéria seca que as do meio menos salino. As maiores concentrações de N, P e K nas duas cultivares irrigadas com água de CE de 1,66 dS m"1, foram no engaço, assim como as concentrações de cloro e sódio foram maiores em todos os órgãos das plantas, para as duas cultivares quando irrigadas com água de CE de 1,66 dS m"1. / The understanding of the interaction between the irrigation water salinity and the growth and mineral nutrition of the crops, has fundamental importance along the cycles, in order to manage adequately the soil, water and fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional state of the banana crop, relating it with the growth and development rates in function of irrigation water salinity during the second cycle. The experiment was conducted in the Chapada do Apodi, in the municipalities of Limoeiro do Norte and Quixeré, CE, using the cultivars Prata Anã and Grand Naine, irrigated with waters of electrical conductivity of 0.31 and 1.66 dS m" . Four sampling blocks composed of six rows were used each with 32 plants totaling 192 plants in each block. Starting from 165 days after the planting (DAP) at intervals of 45 days up to the end of the cycle, four plants were collected in ítií 1 competition, separating them in rhizome, pseudostem, leaves, petiole, stem and fruits; and in each one of these parts the content of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cl and Na) were determined. The growth and development evaluations (plant height, diameter of the pseudostem and leaf area) were accomplished in four plants chosen previously, in the First cycle. with the results, the growth and nutrient absorption curves were obtained for each cultivar, under two irrigation water salinity conditions. The plant growth and the development of cultivar Prata Anã irrigated with water of electrical conductivity EC of 0.31 dS m"1 was superior in comparison to the plants irrigated with water of EC of 1.66 dS m starting from 300 DAP and in cultivar Grand Naine during 345 and 435 DAP. The production of the two cultivais was not affected by the salinity of irrigation water, but between cultivars was verified in the Prata Anã plants irrigated with water of EC of 0.31 dS m" produced 21,789 kg ha"1, while irrigated with water of EC of 1,66 dS m the production was 23,440 kg ha" and in cultivar Grand Naine under the same conditions, the average production was 32,652 and 33,480 kg ha"1, respectively. In the crop the dry matter accumulation of cultivar Prata Anã irrigated with water of EC of 0.3 ldS m" was superior to the accumulation when irrigated with water of EC of 1.66 dS m , in cultivar Grand Naine the plants of high salinity accumulated more dry matter compared to less saline water. The maximum concentrations of N, P, K in the two cultivars irrigated with water of EC of 1.66 dS m"1 was in the stem, as well as the concentrations of chlorine and sodium were high in ali plant organs for the two cultivars irrigated with water of EC of 1.66 dS m" .

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-13T20:06:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTO SILVIO FROTA DE HOLANDA FILHO - TESE PPGEA 2009..pdf: 10934105 bytes, checksum: e3b1fdffe77296303a69e51091ce976e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T20:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTO SILVIO FROTA DE HOLANDA FILHO - TESE PPGEA 2009..pdf: 10934105 bytes, checksum: e3b1fdffe77296303a69e51091ce976e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07 / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a influência do uso de água salina aplicada em crescentes lâminas de irrigação, nos atributos químicos do solo e do lixiviado, tal como no estado nutricional, nos atributos fisiológicos e na produtividade da cultura da mandioca. O trabalho foi conduzido na área experimental de Irrigação e Drenagem do IF Baiano, Campus de Senhor do Bonfim, BA, a qual apresenta coordenadas geográficas de 10° 28 S e 40° 11 W e altitude de 550 m. A cultura instalada na área experimental foi a mandioca. Para determinação dos atributos químicos do solo, do estado nutricional da cultura e da sua produtividade, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constando de sete tratamentos e três repetições, totalizando 21 unidades. Para determinação dos atributos químicos do lixiviado e dos atributos fisiológicos da mandioca, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constando de seis tratamentos e três repetições, totalizando 18 unidades. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma testemunha (sequeiro), um tratamento irrigado com água potável (100% da Evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc) e cinco tratamentos irrigados com água salina de 3 dS m"1 variando as lâminas aplicadas: 110%, 120%, 130%, 140% e 150% da ETc. Os experimentos com seis tratamentos não possuíram o tratamento de sequeiro. O uso de água salina aumentou os teores de magnésio e sódio no solo, na profundidade de 0,2 m e a porcentagem de sódio trocável, a razão de adsorção de sódio e a condutividade elétrica do solo tanto a 0,2 como a 0,4 m; a irrigação, independentemente da qualidade da água, diminuiu o teor de potássio no solo nas duas profundidades analisadas. A água de drenagem oriunda da irrigação com água salina apresentou maiores teores de cálcio, magnésio, sódio, cloro, a razão de adsorção de sódio e a condutividade elétrica. Os atributos fisiológicos da mandioqueira não foram influenciados pelo uso de água salina. A água potável aumentou a produtividade da mandioqueira. / The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of saline water was applied in increasing irrigation water depths in the chemical properties of the soil and leachate as in the nutritional status, physiological attributes and yield of cassava. The work was conducted in the area of Irrigation and Drainage of IF Baiano, Campus de Senhor do Bonfim, BA (10° 28'S, 40° ll'W and 550 m). The culture installed in the experimental area was cassava. To determine the soil chemical properties and nutritional status of cassava, but also the productivity of the same, the experimental design was completely randomized consisting of seven treatments and three replications, totaling 21 units. To determine the chemical characteristics of the leachate and physiological characteristics of culture, the experimental design was completely randomized consisting of six treatments and three replications, totaling 18 units. The treatments consisted of control (rainfed), a treatment irrigated with drinking water (100% of ETc) and five treatments irrigated with saline water of 3 dS m"1 varying water depths: 110% 120% 130%, 140% and 150% of ETc. The experiments with six treatments did not possess the treatment control. The use of saline water increased the concentration of magnesium and sodium in the soil at a depth of 0,2 m and also the percentage of exchangeable sodium, the ratio of sodium adsorption and electrical conductivity of soil at both 0,2 and 0,4 m; irrigation independently of water quality, decreased the levei of potassium in the soil at both depths studied. In the first six months of cultivation, nitrogen was the nutrient with higher content in cassava leaf regardless of treatment, among the micronutrients, manganese foliar presented higher content. The drainage water coming from irrigation with saline water showed higher leveis of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, the ratio of sodium adsorption and electrical conductivity. The use of saline water did not interfere with the physiological attributes of mandioqueira. The use of drinking water increased the productivity of mandioqueira.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-30T14:23:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HELDER MORAIS MENDES BARROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2008..pdf: 12669779 bytes, checksum: b3d47b20b75bb84c1f679dccf5dc7a29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-30T14:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HELDER MORAIS MENDES BARROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2008..pdf: 12669779 bytes, checksum: b3d47b20b75bb84c1f679dccf5dc7a29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08 / CNPq / Capes / Enquanto para várias culturas encontram-se na literatura informações sobre o grau de tolerância ao estresse salino, para flores tropicais não existem quaisquer indicativos relacionados à salinidade da água ou do solo. Diante da falta de resultados de pesquisas envolvendo a tolerância de flores tropicais a salinidade da água de irrigação, este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a tolerância das espécies H. psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cv. Golden Torch; H. rostrata; H. psittacorum cv. Surinaame Sassy; H. latispatha cv. Red-Yellow Gyro (Laranja); H. psittacorum cv. Red Opal eH. x nickeriensis a diferentes níveis de salinidade da água (CEa) de irrigação (0,3, 0,8, 1,3, 1,8, 2,3 e 2,8 dS m"1) na fase inicial de crescimento. O experimento foi conduzido por 170 dias na casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, PB. Os tratamentos foram resultantes da combinação fatorial entre os seis níveis de salinidade e as seis espécies de helicônias, resultando no esquema fatorial 6x 6 com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. As águas de irrigação foram preparadas pela adição de NaCl, para CEa do respectivo nível salino. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que a salinidade de água de irrigação interferiu de forma não contundente na viabilidade dos rizomas e no numero de perfilhos emitidos; Todavia a altura das plantas foi influenciada significativamente pela salinidade da água de irrigação e pelo fator helicônias. Entre os genótipos de helicônas, o teor da água na planta (TAP) variou entre 72,70 e 57,37 %. Conforme os estudos de regressão, a influência da salinidade sobre o teor de água na planta (TAP) foi linear decrescente. Com o aumento da CEa da água ocorre decréscimo linear das variáveis analisadas da fitomassa. O consumo médio de água, decresceu com o aumento da CEa de irrigação. A irrigação com água de salinidade superior a 0,8 dS m", afetou negativamente a emissão de folhas, o numero de perfilhos e o crescimento em altura, sendo maior redução na heliconia We (Nickeriensis). Os níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação acima de 0,8 dS m"1 foram críticos para o crescimento dos genótipos de H. psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cv. Golden Torch e H. x nickeriensis, pois a partir deste nível começaram a ser afetados e os níveis acima de 1,3 dS nf1 foram críticos para o crescimento dos demais genótipos de helicônias. A H. x nickeriensis apresentou os menores índices em relação as variáveis analisadas em comparação as demais helicônias avaliadas, sendo o genótipo mais susceptível a salinidade da água de irrigação. / While for several cultures exist literature information on the degree of tolerance to the saline stress, for tropical flowers don't exist indicative related to the salinity of the water or of the soil. Because the lack of results of researches involving salinity with relationship to the cultivation of tropical flowers, mainly helicônias, this work objectives is study the tolerance of the species H. psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cv. Golden Torch; H. rostrata, H. psittacorum cv. Suriname Sassy; H. latispatha Benth Red-Yellow Gyro (Orange); H. psittacorum cv. Red Opal and H. x nickeriensis at different irrigation water salinity leveis (0,3, 0,8, 1,3, 1,8, 2,3 and 2,8 dS m"1) in the rhizomes viability and growth, determining the criticai leveis for each one. The experiment was led at the greenhouse of the Federal University of Campina Grande, PB. The treatments were resulting of the factorial combination between the six salinity leveis and the six heliconia species, resulting in the factorial outline 6x 6 with with randomized blocks experimental design. The irrigation waters were prepared for the addition of NaCI. The amount of NaCl used in the preparation of the irrigation waters was determined in way obtaining the electric conductivity of the respective saline levei. Considering the results, it was verified that the salinity of irrigation water didn't interfere in the rhizomes viability and shoot emission of heliconia species. The plant heights were influenced significantly by the irrigation water salinity and for the factor heliconia. Among the heliconia genotypes, TAP varied between 8,49 and 7,32 g. According to the regression studies, the influence of the salinity on TAP demonstrated a linear decreasing. With the increase of the water occurs CEa linear decrease of the biomass variables. The average consumption of water, decreased with increasing CEa irrigation. Irrigation with water of salinity above 0.8 dS m"1, negatively affected the issue of leaves. the number of tillers and growth in height, with greater reduction in heliconia H6 (Nickeriensis). The leveis of salinity of irrigation water up to 0.8 dS m"1 were criticai for the growth of genotypes of H. psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cv. Golden Torch and H. x nickeriensis, because from this levei began to be affected and the leveis above 1.3 dS m"1 were criticai for the growth of other genotypes of helicônias. The H. x nickeriensis presented the lowest values for the variables in comparison to other helicônias evaluated, the genotype is more susceptible to salinity of irrigation water.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TalyanaKM_DISSERT.pdf: 8260218 bytes, checksum: 58a4e8eb03d0ab6d81d93d82e43a774c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Irrigation becomes a very important practice when it refers to the Northeast Region, due to the irregular rain cycles, making it the main rational alternative of exploitation of agricultural cultures, mainly in the do Pólo Agrícola Mossoró-Açu/RN area, where the larger demand for water has obliged farmers to use water with higher salinity, being its use conditioned to the tolerance of cultures to the salinity and the handling of irrigation. Moreover, in a project as well as in the handling of irrigation, the evapotranspiration of the culture (ETc) is the most important variability, being it possible to be measured directly by means of lysimeters. However, in the absence of measure equipments of evapotranspiration of the culture, the producers, many times, make use of estimate based on evapotranspiration of reference (ETo) and on the coefficient of the culture (Kc). Given to the exposed above, the present work had as aim to determinate the evapotranspiration and the coefficient of the culture, using irrigation water from different salinities, as well as verifying its effects on the production of the culture. To this end, an experiment was conducted on Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes (Rafael Fernandes Experimental farm), belonging to Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, in the district of Alagoinha, situated 20 km far from Mossoró-RN, with the Gália melon culture, in an area of de 0.24 ha. The levels of salinity of the water for irrigation were of S1=0.65, S2=1.65, S3=2.83, S4=3.06 e S5=4.73 dS m-1. The experiment consisted of four random blocks, each one divided in the five levels of salinity and three of nitrogen subdivided in each salinity portion (N1: 46,7, N2: 93,4 and N3: 140 kg ha-1). To the ETo estimate a Penman- Monteith equation was used parameterized by the FAO. The weather data necessary for the ETo estimate were collected by an automatic agrometereological station, installed in the experimental area. The ETc was measured by four weighing lysimeters, with an área of 2.25 m2, which were installed in the blocks 1 and 2, in the levels of salinity S1 and S5. The results showed that the ETc decreased between the irrigation water S1 and S5 where the total evapotranspiration during the cycle was of 204.5 and 172.4 mm, respectively. As for the Kc s the medium values were verified in the phenological stages I, II, III and IV, of 0.08, 0.44, 1.06 and 0.88 for the S1 treatment and 0.07, 0.54, 0.75 and 0.60 for the S5, showing that the Kc s obtained for the level S1 were always larger than the Kc s obtained for the level S5, except stage II. As for the production of the culture, effect of water salinity was verified in all the evaluated production components. The commercial and total production had reductions of 4.07 and 3.16 Mg ha 1, respectively, by adding of 1 dS m-1 of salinity in the water of the irrigation. / A irrigação se torna uma prática de grande importância quando se trata da região Nordeste, devido à má distribuição de chuvas, passando a ser a principal alternativa racional de exploração das culturas agrícolas, principalmente na área do Pólo Agrícola Mossoró-Açu/RN, onde a maior demanda por água para irrigação tem obrigado os agricultores a utilizarem águas com salinidade mais elevada, sendo que sua utilização fica condicionada à tolerância das culturas à salinidade e ao manejo da irrigação. Por outro lado, num projeto bem como no manejo da irrigação, a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) é a variável mais importante, podendo ser medida diretamente por meio de lisímetros. No entanto, na ausência de equipamentos de medidas de evapotranspiração da cultura, os produtores, muitas vezes, utilizam-se de estimativas baseadas na evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e no coeficiente de cultura (Kc). Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a evapotranspiração e o coeficiente de cultura, utilizando-se água de irrigação de diferentes salinidades, bem como verificar seus efeitos sobre a produção da cultura. Para tanto, foi realizado um experimento na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, no distrito de Alagoinha, situada à 20 km de Mossoró-RN, com a cultura do melão tipo Gália, em uma área de 0,24 ha. Os níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação foram de S1=0,65, S2=1,65, S3=2,83, S4=3,06 e S5=4,73 dS m-1. O experimento constou de quatro blocos ao acaso, cada um dividido nos cinco níveis de salinidade e três níveis de nitrogênio subdivididos em cada parcela de salinidade (N1: 46,7, N2: 93,4 e N3: 140 kg ha-1). Para estimativa da ETo foi utilizada a equação de Penman- Monteith parametrizada pela FAO. Os dados meteorológicos necessários para a estimativa da ETo foram coletados por uma estação agrometeorológica automática, instalada na área experimental. A ETc foi medida por quatro lisímetros de pesagem, de área 2,25 m2, que encontravam-se instalados nos blocos 1 e 2, nos níveis de salinidade S1 e S5. Os resultados mostraram que a ETc diminuiu entre a água de irrigação S1 e S5 onde a evapotranspiração total durante o ciclo foi de 204,5 e 172,4 mm, respectivamente. Quanto aos Kc s verificaramse os valores médios nos estádios fenológicos I, II, III e IV, de 0,08, 0,44, 1,06 e 0,88 para o tratamento S1 e 0,07, 0,54, 0,75 e 0,60 para o S5, mostrando que os Kc s obtidos para o nível S1 foram sempre maiores que os Kc s obtidos para o nível S5, excetuando-se a fase II. Quanto à produção da cultura, verificou-se efeito da salinidade da água em todos os componentes de produção avaliados. As produtividades comercial e total tiveram reduções de 4,07 e 3,16 Mg ha 1, respectivamente, por acréscimo de 1 dS m-1 de salinidade na água de irrigação.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-19T20:22:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MESSIAS FIRMINO DE QUEIROZ - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 46271038 bytes, checksum: 34949e70a83a16f647422e77b43550a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T20:22:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MESSIAS FIRMINO DE QUEIROZ - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 46271038 bytes, checksum: 34949e70a83a16f647422e77b43550a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07 / Jatropha curcas L., Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill e Jatropha gossypiifolia L. são oleaginosas, pertencentes à família Euforbiaceae, e apresentam potencial para produção de biodiesel e de matéria-prima para indústria química, havendo carência de pesquisas relativas aos seus cultivos irrigados com águas salinizadas. Foi feita uma pesquisa de campo conduzida no Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba durante o período de abril de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da salinidade sobre o crescimento, produção, índices fisiológicos, fases fenológicas e teor de óleo das plantas, bem como impactos no solo, ao final da pesquisa. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação das três espécies de Jatropha e cinco níveis de salinidade (1,20; 1,80; 2,40; 3,00 e 3,60 dS m ', a 25 °C) aplicados por gotejamento, com uma lâmina de irrigação para repor a evapotranspiração de referência, mais três tratamentos adicionais à parte e em sequeiro para contrastar com os tratamentos salinos, totalizando 18 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no espaço, 3x 5 + 3, com 3 repetições, totalizando 18 parcelas e 54 subparcelas experimentais. Cada parcela foi subdividida em três subparcelas, uma para cada espécie de Jatropha, cada uma com 18 plantas, área total de 67,5 m2 (9 x 7,5 m), sendo 15,0 m2 de área útil (4 plantas). Os seguintes dados foram analisados: variáveis de crescimento, de produção, fisiológicas e teor de óleo das sementes, além de atributos químicos do solo. As fases fenológicas das três espécies de Jatropha diferiram cronologicamente. Até 165 dias após o transplantio: J. mollissima cresceu mais em altura de planta; J. curcas cresceu mais em diâmetro caulinar;. /. gossypiifolia emitiu mais folhas por planta e as maiores médias de número de folhas por planta das três espécies de Jatropha ocorreram durante a fase de frutificação. As maiores taxas de crescimento relativo em altura de plantas e em diâmetro caulinar ocorreram na fase de crescimento vegetativo, com /. mollissima mais eficiente em altura de planta e J. curcas mais eficiente em diâmetro caulinar. As menores taxas de crescimento relativo em altura de planta e em diâmetro caulinar nas três espécies de Jatropha coincidiram com as fases produtivas das plantas. Condutividades elétricas da água até 3,60 dS m 1 não afetaram as variáveis de crescimento, de produção e o teor de óleo das três espécies de Jatropha. Volume de chuva de 1594,50 mm, até 615 dias após o transplantio, contribuíram com crescimento e produção similar das três espécies de Jatropha nas condições salinas e de sequeiro. Até 615 dias após o transplantio. sob influência dos níveis de salinidade, cada, planta produziu em média: cachos: J. gossypiifolia (951,18 cachos), /. curcas (280,95 cachos), /. mollissima (214,42 cachos); frutos: J. gossypiifolia (3.065,77 frutos), /. curcas (867,25 frutos), J. mollissima (480,05 frutos): fitomassa de frutos: /. curcas (2.148,93 g), J. mollissima (1.259,25 g), J. gossypiifolia (1.088,28 g); fitomassa de sementes: J. curcas (1.477,82 g), J. gossypiifolia (334,72 g), J. mollissima (216,70 g) e teor de óleo: J. curcas (27,81%), J. gossypiifolia (22,36%), J. mollissima (19,58%). Aos 600 dias após o transplantio. os níveis de salinidade diminuíram a condutância estomática, a transpiração e a taxa de fotossíntese líquida de /. curcas e não afetaram J. mollissima e J. gossypiifolia. A lavagem do solo por meio das chuvas lixiviaram os sais. No final da pesquisa, após 120 dias, sob baixo volume de chuvas, alta taxa de evapotranspiração e irrigação com águas salinizadas aumentaram o potencial hidrogeniônico do extrato de saturação, a condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação e a percentagem de sódio trocável do solo, caracterizando-o como ligeiramente salino e sódico. / Jatropha curcas L.. Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill and Jatropha gossypiifolia L. are oilseeds, belonging to the genus Euforbiaceae, that demonstrate a potential for biodiesel production and are used as raw material for the chemical industry. These species, however, fali short of scientifie data on crops irrigated with salinated waters. A field research was conducted at the agronomic and environmental research center of Paraíba State University (UEPB), Brazil, during the period of April 2009 through December 2010. The objective was to evaluate the salinity effects on plant growth, production, physiological indexes, phenological phases, and oil content as well as the impact on the soil. Treatments employed consisted of the combination of the three Jatropha species and five salinity leveis (1.20; 1.80; 2.40; 3.00 and 3.60 dS m' , at 25 °C), one drip irrigation depth to replenish reference evapotranspiration, plus three additional separate rainfed treatments to contrast with the saline treatments, totaling 18 treatments altogether. The experiment adopted a randomized complete block design divided in land plots (3x5 + 3), with three replications, totaling 18 plots and 54 subplots. Each plot was subdivided into three subplots, one for each Jatropha species, eachcontaining 18 plants and a total area of 67.5 m2 (9 x 7.5 m), and 15.0 m2 of useable plot area (4 plants). The following data were analyzed: growth, production, and physiological variables, seed oil content as well as the chemical attributes of the soil. The phenological phases of the three Jatropha species differed chronologically. Up to 165 days after transplanting, J. mollissima outgrew the other two species in plant height; J. curcas outgrew the others in stem diameter; J. gossypiifolia displayed the highest leave yield per plant and the highest leaf yield of the three Jatropha species occurred during the fructification phase. The highest plant height and stem diameter growth rates occurred during the vegetative growth, with distinguished results for J. mollissima in plant height rates and for J. curcas in stem diameter rates. The lowest plant height and stem diameter growth rates for the three species coincided with their productive phases. Electrical conductivity in the water content of up to 3.60 dS m 1 did not affect growth variables; production and oil content of the three Jatropha species. A rainfall volume of 1594.50 mm, up to 615 days after transplanting, contributed for a similar growth and yield of the Jatropha species both in the saline and rainfed conditions. Following 615 days after the transplanting, under the influence of salinity leveis, each plant yielded in average: clusters: J. gossypiifolia (951.18 clusters), /. curcas (280.95 clusters), J. mollissima (214.42 clusters); fruits: /. gossypiifolia (3,065.77 fruits), J. curcas (867.25 fruits), /. mollissima (480.05 fruits); fruit phytomass: /. curcas (2,148.93 g), J. mollissima (1,259.25 g), J. gossypiifolia (1,088.28 g); seed phytomass: J. curcas (1,477.82 g), J. gossypiifolia (334.72 g), /. mollissima (216.70 g) and oil content: /. curcas (27.81%), / gossypiifolia (22.36%), J. mollissima (19.58%). At 600 days after transplanting, the salinity leveis reduced the stomatical conductance, the transpiration and the net photosynthesis rate of the J. curcas. These variables, however, remained unaltered for J. mollissima and J. gossypiifolia. Soil washing through rainfall lixiviated the salts. At the end of the study, after 120 days under low rainfall, high evapotranspiration and irrigation with salinated waters, the hydrogen ion potential, the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract and the exchangeable sodium percentage of the soil increased, which rendered it slightly saline and sodic.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. / Recently much research and development has been done into the creation of desalination systems in South Africa, with particular emphasis on the commercialisation of desalination plants that serve local communities. This has been successful - there are currently plants running at Bitlerfontien, Bushmans River Mouth and Robben Island - although membrane fouling and scaling remains a problem associated with membrane desalination, as it does worldwide The aim of this study was to Investigate the performance of different type of antiscalants on artificially scaled membranes which we prepared inside the lab as well as on scaled membranes which were used in pilot plant. We used two type of anti-sealants in our research: Vitec 3000 and Zinc ions. The effects of these anti-sealants on the membrane were determind and the RO performances of the treated and untreated membrane compared. A suitable autopsy procedure was established and was then used to autopsy the XLE 4040 membranes. The autopsied membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM). The SEM and OM results clearly showed that scaling had taken place: deposits were observed for both the shell and core samples, which were not present in the images of the untreated membrane, especially when looking at high SEM images magnification. Results also showed that the anti-sealants reduced the fouling and scaling on the membrane surface. As a result, the membrane rejection improved. Rejection and flux results indicated that commercial anti-sealant was more effective in preventing scaling than the Zinc ions. For Vitec anti-sealant case, the flux was in steady state at 36.8 Imh (5% less) after 5 hours compared to around 35 Imh (8% less) for zinc ions case. In addition; SEM images showed that less deposited particles are formed when the membrane was treated with commercial anti-sealant.

Rural people around the 4 km2 Orathupalayam Dam in southern India live in one of India’s most polluted areas. The people were once restricted mainly by scarcity of water but today they cannot drink their well water or cultivate their soil. The dam, created to store floodwater from the Noyyal River, also stores effluent water from the more than 700 dyeing and bleaching industries situated in the town of Tiruppur, 20 km upstream. Although most industries have treatment plants they do not treat total dissolved solids (TDS) and thus NaCl becomes one of the major components of the effluent. 75 to 100 million litres of effluents are released every day. Through water sampling in open and bore wells, and with the help of GPS, ArcView and Surfer it could be concluded that high TDS levels and concentrations of Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ were associated with the dam. A definite spatial pattern of the spreading of polluted water could be determined. Water from the dam was fed to the ground water all around the dam and also affected the groundwater more than 4 km to the southeast. Soil samples and interviews with farmers made it clear that land irrigated with dam water or affected well water soon became uncultivable. The water destroyed the soil structure and seeds did not germinate after irrigation with polluted water. Through interviews it could be concluded that the local people around the dam paid a large part of the externalities of the polluting activities of the textile industries in terms of negative health effects and lost agricultural land, water resources, fishing and working opportunities. These problems have mostly been caused by the high salt concentration in the effluents but it is unclear to what extent other substances have caused or might cause harmful effects to the environment, people and animals.

The present research work caters to two important needs of rural India: i) desalination of subsoil/coastal brackish water and ii) basic refrigeration for short term preservations of agro-produce, medicines etc. Fortunately, such places are blessed with abundant solar insolation and/or low grade thermal energy (< 100°C) is available which may be tapped for this purpose instead of relying solely on grid electricity. Both the objectives of desalination and cooling are realized by evaporating brackish water at a low pressure (~1 kPa) and thermally compressing the water vapour to a higher pressure before condensing it. Adsorption route is chosen for compression where silica gel is the adsorbent and water to be desalinated as the refrigerant. The objective of this study is to develop a laboratory prototype of a two-stage adsorption cooling cum desalination system driven by low grade heat source. The entire system is air-cooled which is necessitated by non-availability of heat exchange grade cooling water. Initially various experimental and theoretical studies are carried out for characterizing silica gel + water pair which is fundamental to the system design. RD type silica gel is used in this study due to its high uptake capabilities. The uptakes for this adsorption pair at various pressure and temperature conditions are measured using a specially designed isothermal adsorber cell connected to an evaporator. Subsequently, a modelling study of adsorption kinetics is performed for a monolayer of silica gel in order to estimate the adsorption time scale. This time scale is used as an input for the scaling analysis of columnar packed silica gel bed. The scaling analysis showed that the thermal diffusion time scale limits the adsorption process. It also showed that for a given thermal length scale, the bed has a unique vapour flow length scale beyond which the adsorption phenomenon gets limited due to pressure drop. The scaling results are validated by simulation studies. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is chosen for the adsorber which closely mimics the columnar silica gel packing studied in scaling analysis. The heat exchanger is designed for radial entry of vapour. A modelling study is performed on ANSYS® Fluent platform for optimising the tube pitch by minimising the overall thermal capacitance of the bed. The shell diameter is determined for this tube pitch based on the vapour flow length criterion established through scaling. To experimentally study the effect of pressure drop on bed performance, the radial entry of vapour is closed for 1 bed/stage (out of the 4 beds/stage) enforcing the vapour to flow along the longer axial dimension. The system is generously instrumented for precise measurements and control over the various experimental parameters. For the functioning of the adsorber system, various vapour valves and water (heat transfer fluid) valves need to be operated in a cyclical and synchronized manner. Individual components are fitted with pressure, temperature and water flow sensors. The entire operation and data acquisition for the adsorption system has been automated using National Instruments® (NI) PXIe controller executing an in-house developed code written on NI Labview® platform. To simulate solar/waste heat input, multiple electrical heaters are used in this study and a constant temperature bath is used to simulate the cooling load at the evaporator. Prior to conducting experiments a 4-bed lumped dynamic model is developed based on the design data of the system to simulate the two-stage system performance for various input conditions. The study helped to optimise the performance of a two-stage system. The study also compares the two-stage and single-stage system performance for various ambient temperatures (25–40°C). The study revealed that for pressure lifts higher than 5 kPa a two-stage system is preferable. A detailed experimental study is conducted on the developed prototype by operating it in various conditions namely 2, 3 and 4–bed modes for single and two-stage operations; with 1.0–1.7 kPa evaporator pressures, half cycle time varying between 1200–3000s and source temperature in the range of 75–85°C. The system is operated indoors during summer conditions wherein the ambient temperature is found to be 36±1°C which is significantly higher than the design point of 25°C. This resulted in lower than expected throughput; however, the system performance variation is qualitatively similar to as predicted by the lumped model. A comparison between the experimental and simulated bed temperature revealed that the thermal wave during the switching of hot/cold water plays a significant role causing a large deviation from the simulation results. A comparative study is carried out between the beds with radial vapour flow to that with axial flow and the results validate the scaling criterion. Experimental results also depict that two-stage operation is favourable when the pressure lift required is larger than 5 kPa. Such large pressure lift is encountered when air-cooling is used in a tropical country like India.