This thesis is a preliminary archaeological predictive model and project-planning tool created for the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) as part of a statewide planning effort to enhance the agency's ability to assess the potential impacts of highway projects on archaeological resources. This model addresses the archaeological sensitivity of the US 30 highway corridor from Portland, Oregon to Astoria, Oregon. The highway corridor is divided into 7 separate segments for management purposes and each segment is given a low, medium, or high probability rating for its potential to yield archaeological resources in this model. The ratings are accompanied by planning and maintenance recommendations to be integrated into a comprehensive planning document for the corridor. Probability determinations are based on State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) archaeological records, physiographic data, dominant vegetation zones, General Land Office maps, ethnographic accounts, and historical records. The precise utility of this model is unknown because cross-tabulations that compare actual and model assigned presence or absence of resources have not been made. Low probability ratings are assigned to 27% of the corridor. Medium probability segments comprise 15% of the corridor. High probability rating account for 58% of the total length of the corridor. The segment with the highest site density is segment 2, averaging .63 archaeological sites per mile. The archaeological probability ratings were initially omitted from the Draft Corridor Management Plan of 1998, but have been included in the Final Corridor Management Plan of 1999. The predictive model results were incorrectly added to the document and consequently create false impressions. In the Final Corridor Management Plan the number of sites listed for segment 2 is incorrect. It is indicated that seven archaeological sites are present within the corridor, but the actual number is fourteen. Furthermore, the percentage ratings of low, medium, and high archaeological probability are erroneously provided for segments 3, 4, and 7 in the final plan. Ultimately this report has proven useful to ODOT archaeological staff, however signs indicate that the data provided to planning personnel has had little impact on project planning and design. / Graduation date: 2003

Since the late 1970s, archaeology has grown into an industry whose practitioners work in both public and private sectors. As an industry, modern archeology is commonly known as Cultural Resources Management, or CRM. CRM emerged from a surplus of employment opportunities made available to archeologists after the passing of National heritage legislation. This legislation defines the importance of discovering, documenting, and recovering the places and objects associated with people and events important to United States' history. As there are many different people who are considered to be important to United States' history (e.g., past presidents, Native Americans), there are as many different archeologists seeking to participate in its interpretation, each with various educational and experience backgrounds. While CRM has been successful in partially piecing back together history, its practitioners confront numerous challenges. These challenges are often associated with meeting the standards outlined by the legislation but also include challenges associated with industry personnel. In some cases, the industry's efforts to meet these standards have led to labor problems. As a result, many CRM employees today see a separation between industry managers and industry laborers that has made it increasingly difficult to fulfill the goals of the legislation and to ultimately contribute to our understanding of the past. Primarily, the role and contribution of field technicians to CRM is being debated by many CRM practitioners. This thesis explores the relationship between the two primary CRM personnel parties - the managers and laborers in an effort to define the labor problems confronting CRM personnel, how they have evolved, and what solutions are available to them (both managers and laborers). To this end, I surveyed industry managers and field technicians to better understand how each perceives the role of field technicians. Challenges confronting CRM personnel will be shown to partially stem from low industry wages, deficient safety policies and procedures, out-dated academic curricula, and a lack of communication between managers and field technicians. Investigations of the relationship between management and labor provide a unique opportunity to explore a multitude of questions related to CRM employment over the past two decades and in the future. / Graduation date: 2001

This thesis provides an analysis of aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management in British Columbia and explores the potential of co-operative arrangements for the development of a more inclusive management regime. The objectives of the thesis are (i) to investigate the role of First Nations in the development of archaeology and archaeological resource management, (ii) to compare aboriginal community-based heritage management initiatives in B.C. with those operating within the Yukon and Northwest Territories and the U.S., (iii) to develop an aboriginal involvement framework to analyze aboriginal participation in archaeological resource management in B.C., and (iv) to assess the opportunities and constraints to increased aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management in B.C. Preliminary chapters outline the historical, legislative, and theoretical contexts for this study. Relevant literature is reviewed to provide a discussion of the development of archaeology and its effects on aboriginal people. The creation of a management ethic for archaeology is presented together with the nature of aboriginal participation in the management process. Secondly, literature pertaining to aboriginal involvement in resource management is surveyed to provide a context for analyzing aboriginal participation in archaeological resource management. From this review an aboriginal involvement framework is developed. Based on the themes discussed in preceding chapters and the proposed framework, six key concepts of aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management are identified to provide structure for an analysis of aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management in B.C. Next, in case study format, the Sto:lo Nation's approach to heritage management is analyzed using the key concepts distilled from the framework. The Sto:lo Nation's experience with managing archaeology is followed by a discussion of the provincial approach to archaeological resource management. The contrasting nature of both the Sto:lo Nation's and the Province's approaches to archaeological resource management is discussed and the difficulties inherent in developing a more inclusive management regime are highlighted. Finally, a set of opportunities and constraints to the development of a co-operative approach to archaeological resource management is outlined. This set is derived both from the events and literature discussed in the previous chapters as well as the results of the case study investigation. A pilot project for the co-operative management of archaeological resources is suggested and the benefits of such an approach are discussed. The thesis closes with the presentation of conditions to facilitate the development of co-operative management of archaeological resources in B.C.

This thesis provides an analysis of aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management in British Columbia and explores the potential of co-operative arrangements for the development of a more inclusive management regime. The objectives of the thesis are (i) to investigate the role of First Nations in the development of archaeology and archaeological resource management, (ii) to compare aboriginal community-based heritage management initiatives in B.C. with those operating within the Yukon and Northwest Territories and the U.S., (iii) to develop an aboriginal involvement framework to analyze aboriginal participation in archaeological resource management in B.C., and (iv) to assess the opportunities and constraints to increased aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management in B.C. Preliminary chapters outline the historical, legislative, and theoretical contexts for this study. Relevant literature is reviewed to provide a discussion of the development of archaeology and its effects on aboriginal people. The creation of a management ethic for archaeology is presented together with the nature of aboriginal participation in the management process. Secondly, literature pertaining to aboriginal involvement in resource management is surveyed to provide a context for analyzing aboriginal participation in archaeological resource management. From this review an aboriginal involvement framework is developed. Based on the themes discussed in preceding chapters and the proposed framework, six key concepts of aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management are identified to provide structure for an analysis of aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management in B.C. Next, in case study format, the Sto:lo Nation's approach to heritage management is analyzed using the key concepts distilled from the framework. The Sto:lo Nation's experience with managing archaeology is followed by a discussion of the provincial approach to archaeological resource management. The contrasting nature of both the Sto:lo Nation's and the Province's approaches to archaeological resource management is discussed and the difficulties inherent in developing a more inclusive management regime are highlighted. Finally, a set of opportunities and constraints to the development of a co-operative approach to archaeological resource management is outlined. This set is derived both from the events and literature discussed in the previous chapters as well as the results of the case study investigation. A pilot project for the co-operative management of archaeological resources is suggested and the benefits of such an approach are discussed. The thesis closes with the presentation of conditions to facilitate the development of co-operative management of archaeological resources in B.C. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Cedar, represented by Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and Yellow Cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) was known as the “Tree of Life” to the Nuu-chah-nulth on Vancouver Island’s west coast, and most other groups of the Pacific Northwest. This thesis investigates the Culturally Modified Trees (CMTs), or more specifically Tapered Bark Strips (TBS), created through the extraction of cedar bark removed for all manner of material goods. CMTs are now the most common archaeological site type within British Columbia. Current regional chronologies have inherent biases that make interpretations difficult. The chronologies created through Archaeological Impact Assessments (AIAs) are weighted heavily to the contact period and the highest frequency of use corresponds with indigenous population collapse rather than peak. Investigations are made into the true distribution of existing CMT features. This thesis details the survey of 16 recent old growth cedar clearcuts which found extensive unrecorded CMT features that have recently been logged throughout the southern Nuu-chah-nulth study region. Half of all TBS scars in exposed stumps were found embedded within healed trees, otherwise invisible to archaeologists. Comparing all AIA report dates (surveyed prior to logging activity) with all post-impact assessments surveys it was found the latter contain a greater and older distribution of scarring events corresponding to high First Nations populations before the contact period. The study also compares CMT chronologies with local histories, investigates the antiquity of Northwest Coast CMTs and the indigenous management of cedar trees to maximize bark harvests. The findings of this research hint at the expanded extent of anthropogenic forests in the Northwest Coast, the inadequate recording and heritage protections of CMTs, and what it all means for Aboriginal Land Rights in British Columbia. / Graduate / 0324 0740 0329 / kinze.earnshaw@gmail.com

Ce travail est le résultat de recherches réalisées d’abord dans le cadre d’un programme d’archéologie préventive (2001-2004), puis d’une bourse doctorale à l’ULB entre 2004 et 2010 (Introduction générale). Les sites étudiés sont localisés dans la région de Kribi (côte camerounaise) et sont essentiellement composés de fosses, qui sont très certainement les vestiges des premières entités villageoises ayant habité la zone forestière atlantique du Cameroun vers ca. 3000BP (Chap. 1). La méthodologie adoptée varie sensiblement selon les deux programmes (Chap. 2). Le matériel analysé, surtout la céramique (Chap. 3, 4 et 5), a été récolté au cours des fouilles de sauvetage et programmées et a permis de définir une chronoséquence générale entre ca. 1000 BC et ca. AD 1000 (Chap. 6) qui comprend trois traditions céramiques :la Tradition de Bissiang (période de Transition Âge de la Pierre/Âge du Fer, Cal 1000-400 BC), le Groupe de Mpoengu (Âge du Fer I, Cal 400-50 BC) et la Tradition de Bidjoka (Âge du Fer II, Cal AD 0-1000). Cette dernière tradition est aussi contemporaine de l’apparition de sociétés complexes sur la côte méridionale camerounaise et ses environs, dont les sites se caractérisent surtout par la présence de ce qui semble être des structures funéraires, dans lesquelles on trouve de nombreux objets en fer (parures, armes, etc.) disposés de manière particulière et généralement associés à de poteries carénées décorées.<p>Une étude comparative de la chronoséquence de la zone côtière a été faite avec celles déjà établies pour les zones avoisinantes, notamment au centre du Cameroun et dans les pays voisins (Chap. 7). Ce rapprochement a permis de conclure, entre autres, à une parenté culturelle entre la Tradition de Bissiang et celle d’Obobogo identifiée dans la région de Yaoundé (zone de forêt mixte). Enfin, l’ensemble des études comparatives a aussi conduit à faire quelques spéculations sur le peuplement de l’Afrique Centrale forestière depuis environ 3000 BP (Conclusion générale). <p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished