by Kuk-ying Chui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 84-88. / Chapter I. --- Acknowledgements --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- List of Nomenclature --- p.2 / Chapter III. --- Abstract --- p.7 / Chapter IV. --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter V. --- Results and Discussion / Chapter A. --- Isolation and structure elucidation of new compounds --- p.18 / Chapter B. --- Total synthesis of natural compounds isolated from Danshen --- p.26 / Chapter 1. --- Total synthesis of miltirone (10) (a modified procedure) --- p.26 / Chapter 2. --- "Total synthesis of 1,2-didehydro-miltirone (33)" --- p.29 / Chapter 3. --- Total synthesis of 4-methylene-miltirone (77) --- p.30 / Chapter C. --- Modifications of the A ring of miltirone (10) --- p.32 / Chapter 1. --- "Synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-7- isopropyl-phenanthrene-1(2H),5,6-trione ( 96)" --- p.32 / Chapter 2. --- "Synthesis of l-methyl-3,4-dihydro-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene-5,6-dione (100)" --- p.33 / Chapter 3. --- "Synthesis of l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7- isopropyl-phenanthrene-5,6-dione (103)" --- p.35 / Chapter D. --- Modifications of miltirone (10) aimed at increasing its solubility in water --- p.36 / Chapter 1. --- "Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-hydroxy-1 -methyl-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene-5,6-dione (106)" --- p.36 / Chapter 2. --- "Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-trans-1 ,2-dihydroxy-1 -methy1-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene-5,6-dione (110)" --- p.38 / Chapter 3. --- "Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1 -methy1-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene-5,6-dione (114) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methy1-2-hydroxy-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene-5,6-dione (115)" --- p.41 / Chapter E. --- Modification of the A and B rings of miltirone (10) --- p.45 / Chapter VI. --- Conclusion --- p.47 / Chapter VII. --- Experimental Section --- p.50 / Chapter VIII. --- References --- p.84 / Chapter IX. --- Spectra --- p.89

published_or_final_version / Pharmacology / Master / Master of Philosophy

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine Johannesburg, South Africa, 2003 / Salvia stenophylla Burch, ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial aromatic herb, which is widespread in the high altitude areas of the central and eastern parts of South Africa and also occurs in southwest Botswana and central Namibia. It is closely related to Salvia runcinata L. f. and Salvia repens Burch, ex Benth., with which it forms a species complex. The most recent revision of southern African Salvia species is that by Codd (1985). In this revision, the most important characters used in delimiting the three taxa were corolla size, calyx size and trichome density. As a result of intergrading morphological characters, the specific limits between the three taxa are not clear and positive identification of typical material is often difficult. Taxonomic delimitation through use of chemical characters was therefore the principle objective of this study. The taxa represented in this species complex are known in folk medicine and plant extracts have been used in the treatment of urticaria, body sores, and stomach ailments and as a disinfectant. S. stenophylla is reported to contain a-bisabolol, a compound that has anti-inflammatory properties. Based on the traditional uses of these plants and the international use of a-bisabolol to develop active cosmetic products, establishing a scientific rationale for the known uses was an important secondary objective / IT2018

The genus Salvia belongs to the family Lamiaceae and encompasses 900 species worldwide of which 26 are found in southern Africa and many of them are used in local traditional medicine. However, the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the South African species have not been extensively investigated. The leaf trichome morphology that may be used to distinguish species was investigated with the scanning electron and light microscopy. Both glandular (capitate or peltate) and non-glandular trichomes were identified in all species. The essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS methods. The oil yield was relatively low and ranged from 0.004 (S. radula) to 0.50% (S. muirii) (w/w). Major components identified include α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, limonene, myrcene, β-caryophyllene, spathulenol, β-caryophyllene oxide, viridiflorol, δ-3- carene and α-bisabolol. High performance liquid chromatography analysis was used to identify phenolic compounds in 17 solvent extracts. Betulafolientriol oxide was detected in all species. Rosmarinic acid was only absent in S. verbenaca, while S. garipensis and S. radula were the only species which lacked oleanolic acid/ursolic acid. Various in vitro biological activities were investigated. Nearly all the solvent extracts displayed anti-oxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.61 to 74.50 μg/ml using the DPPH· radical, while the IC50 values ranged from 11.88 to 69.26 μg/ml with the ABTS·+ radical. The solvent extract of S. schlechteri was three times more active than vitamin C. Total phenolic content based on gallic acid equivalents (GAE) revealed the presence of total soluble phenolics in the extract at 45 to 211 mg of GAE dry sample. Almost all the essential oils exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity (5-lipoxygenase assay) with IC50 values ranging from 22.81 to 77.32 μg/ml. The antimalarial activity was determined using [3H]-hypoxanthine method on the Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3) strain. The IC50 values of the essential oils ranged from 1.20 to 13.50 μg/ml and were low compared to the solvent extracts (IC50 values ranging from 3.91 to 26.01 μg/ml). Betulafolientriol oxide and salvigenin isolated from S. radula inhibited the growth of malaria parasites with IC50 values of 4.95 and 24.60 μg/ml, respectively. With the exception of S. radula, all the solvent extracts displayed moderate to good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, vii Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the MIC values ranging from 0.03 to 8.00 mg/ml. Four compounds, namely carnosol, 7-O-methylepirosmanol, oleanolic acid and its isomer ursolic acid were isolated from S. chamelaeagnea as the active principles against S. aureus. The solvent extracts of Salvia species were tested for in vitro anticancer activity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and glioblastoma (SF-268) using the sulforhodamine B assay. The extracts inhibited cell proliferation of all three cell lines to varying degrees, with the IC50 values ranging between 9.69 and 43.65 μg/ml and 8.72 and 59.12 μg/ml against the MCF-7 and SF-268 cell lines, respectively. The IC50 values against the HT-29 cell line ranged from 17.05 to 57.00 μg/ml. The in vitro toxicity profile of 28 samples (17 solvent extracts and 11 essential oils) was evaluated on human kidney epithelial cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 dimethyl tetrazolium bromide method. The samples displayed some degree of toxicity with IC50 values ranging from 1.79 to 22.9 μg/ml for the essential oils and from 12.12 to 53.34 μg/ml for the solvent extracts. The essential oil composition of S. africana-caerulea, S. africana-lutea and S. lanceolata, collected at the same locality throughout the 2004/2005 growing season, was compared in terms of essential oil yields, chemical composition and biological activities. Mostly quantitative, rather than qualitative variation was observed. Major seasonal fluctuations of certain essential oil compounds were observed in all three species. Variations in biological activities of the solvent extracts over seasons were noted. The biological activities of the solvent extracts of three Salvia species (Salvia africanacaerulea, S. africana-lutea and S. lanceolata) were evaluated in the presence and absence of essential oils. The solvent extract of S. africana-caerulea without essential oil exhibited the best activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC value: 0.1 mg/ml), while the solvent extract containing essential oil of S. africana-lutea was the most active against Gramnegative bacteria. The toxicity profile of all three species was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the solvent extracts containing essential oils. The in vitro biological activities add scientific support to the use of Salvia species in traditional medicine.

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / La chía (Salvia hispanica L.) es una especie de origen tropical que, por sus atributos en términos de salud, ha aumentado sostenidamente su siembra a nivel mundial. En Chile se ha estado evaluando su introducción, pero no se cuenta con información respecto a las necesidades hídricas de la especie. Por ello, se realizó un ensayo en la localidad de Pan de Azúcar, Región de Coquimbo, que contemplo la reacción de plantas de chía (2 fenotipos: blanco y negro) sometidas a tres niveles de riegos, correspondientes al 40%, 70% y 100% de la evapotranspiración potencial. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la temporada 2013-2014, en el cual se evaluaron parámetros de crecimiento tales como altura, biomasa, área foliar, largo y número de inflorescencias; desarrollo y rendimiento y sus componentes. Se calculó además la eficiencia en el uso de agua. Los resultados muestran que la altura de plantas se vio afectada, siendo mayor en los tratamientos con mayor nivel de riego. No se presentaron diferencias en cuanto a producción de biomasa ni eficiencia de uso de agua de biomasa en ningún tratamiento. El rendimiento en promedio fue 428 kg ha-1 para los tratamientos correspondientes al 100% y 70%, chía negra, que presentaron los valores más altos, existiendo diferencias con el resto de los tratamientos que en promedio generaron 241 kg ha-1.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133).

Extracts of seventeen Salvia species used in traditional medicine in South Africa were subjected to biological testing. The potential ability to inhibit the in vitro growth/proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3 strain) and the cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cells [breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and glioblastoma (SF-268)] and a human kidney epithelial cell line were investigated. The extracts displayed antimalarial activity with IC50 values ranging from 3.91 to 26.01 μg/ml and S. radula displaying the most favorable activity. Two compounds were subsequently isolated from the active fraction of S. radula and identified as betulafolientriol oxide and salvigenin. The two compounds displayed similar or lower antimalarial activity (IC50 values: 4.95 and 24.60 μg/ml, respectively) compared to the crude solvent extract. The concentration required to inhibit 50% of cancer cells ranged between 9.69 μg/ml and 43.65 μg/ml, and between 8.72 μg/ml and 59.12 μg/ml against the MCF-7 and SF-268 cell lines, respectively. The IC50 values determined for the HT-29 cell line ranged from 17.05 to 57.00 μg/ml, with S. lanceolata being the most active. The samples also displayed some degree of toxicity when tested against the human kidney epithelial cells, with IC50 values ranging from 12.12 to 53.34 μg/ml. The in vitro antimalarial and anticancer activities support the historic and present use of Salvia species in traditional medicine.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Chemistry, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 245-289).

Thesis (M.Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133) Also available in print.