The genus Salvia belongs to the family Lamiaceae and encompasses 900 species worldwide of which 26 are found in southern Africa and many of them are used in local traditional medicine. However, the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the South African species have not been extensively investigated. The leaf trichome morphology that may be used to distinguish species was investigated with the scanning electron and light microscopy. Both glandular (capitate or peltate) and non-glandular trichomes were identified in all species. The essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS methods. The oil yield was relatively low and ranged from 0.004 (S. radula) to 0.50% (S. muirii) (w/w). Major components identified include α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, limonene, myrcene, β-caryophyllene, spathulenol, β-caryophyllene oxide, viridiflorol, δ-3- carene and α-bisabolol. High performance liquid chromatography analysis was used to identify phenolic compounds in 17 solvent extracts. Betulafolientriol oxide was detected in all species. Rosmarinic acid was only absent in S. verbenaca, while S. garipensis and S. radula were the only species which lacked oleanolic acid/ursolic acid. Various in vitro biological activities were investigated. Nearly all the solvent extracts displayed anti-oxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.61 to 74.50 μg/ml using the DPPH· radical, while the IC50 values ranged from 11.88 to 69.26 μg/ml with the ABTS·+ radical. The solvent extract of S. schlechteri was three times more active than vitamin C. Total phenolic content based on gallic acid equivalents (GAE) revealed the presence of total soluble phenolics in the extract at 45 to 211 mg of GAE dry sample. Almost all the essential oils exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity (5-lipoxygenase assay) with IC50 values ranging from 22.81 to 77.32 μg/ml. The antimalarial activity was determined using [3H]-hypoxanthine method on the Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3) strain. The IC50 values of the essential oils ranged from 1.20 to 13.50 μg/ml and were low compared to the solvent extracts (IC50 values ranging from 3.91 to 26.01 μg/ml). Betulafolientriol oxide and salvigenin isolated from S. radula inhibited the growth of malaria parasites with IC50 values of 4.95 and 24.60 μg/ml, respectively. With the exception of S. radula, all the solvent extracts displayed moderate to good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, vii Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the MIC values ranging from 0.03 to 8.00 mg/ml. Four compounds, namely carnosol, 7-O-methylepirosmanol, oleanolic acid and its isomer ursolic acid were isolated from S. chamelaeagnea as the active principles against S. aureus. The solvent extracts of Salvia species were tested for in vitro anticancer activity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and glioblastoma (SF-268) using the sulforhodamine B assay. The extracts inhibited cell proliferation of all three cell lines to varying degrees, with the IC50 values ranging between 9.69 and 43.65 μg/ml and 8.72 and 59.12 μg/ml against the MCF-7 and SF-268 cell lines, respectively. The IC50 values against the HT-29 cell line ranged from 17.05 to 57.00 μg/ml. The in vitro toxicity profile of 28 samples (17 solvent extracts and 11 essential oils) was evaluated on human kidney epithelial cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 dimethyl tetrazolium bromide method. The samples displayed some degree of toxicity with IC50 values ranging from 1.79 to 22.9 μg/ml for the essential oils and from 12.12 to 53.34 μg/ml for the solvent extracts. The essential oil composition of S. africana-caerulea, S. africana-lutea and S. lanceolata, collected at the same locality throughout the 2004/2005 growing season, was compared in terms of essential oil yields, chemical composition and biological activities. Mostly quantitative, rather than qualitative variation was observed. Major seasonal fluctuations of certain essential oil compounds were observed in all three species. Variations in biological activities of the solvent extracts over seasons were noted. The biological activities of the solvent extracts of three Salvia species (Salvia africanacaerulea, S. africana-lutea and S. lanceolata) were evaluated in the presence and absence of essential oils. The solvent extract of S. africana-caerulea without essential oil exhibited the best activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC value: 0.1 mg/ml), while the solvent extract containing essential oil of S. africana-lutea was the most active against Gramnegative bacteria. The toxicity profile of all three species was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the solvent extracts containing essential oils. The in vitro biological activities add scientific support to the use of Salvia species in traditional medicine.

A espÃcie Curcuma longa L., conhecida como aÃafrÃo-da-terra tem apresentado vÃrias atividades farmacolÃgicas significativas e duas variedades das espÃcies sÃo conhecidas, vermelha e branca. Nenhum estudo quÃmico tem sido registrado para a variedade branca. Esse trabalho objetivou o estudo dos extratos obtidos mediante duas metodologias e do Ãleo essencial de rizomas Curcuma longa L., variedades vermelha e branca, objetivando verificar a variabilidade quÃmica entre as duas variedades, bem como a avaliaÃÃo das atividades farmacolÃgicas da espÃcie. O teor de lipÃdios, umidade e polifenÃis foram determinados e a composiÃÃo quÃmica dos Ãleos fixos e essenciais. O Ãleo fixo obtido a partir da cÃrcuma vermelha mostrou-se rico em Ãcido araquidÃnico e o de cÃrcuma branca em Ãcido linolÃico. Os resultados obtidos de teor de lipÃdios, umidade e polifenÃis foram considerados significativos para os rizomas estudados. Os Ãleos essenciais de cÃrcuma vermelha e branca tiveram como constituinte majoritÃrio a ar-turmerona e o eucaliptol, respectivamente. Estes resultados diferenciam quimicamente as duas variedades de Curcuma longa. Para as duas metodologias empregadas verificou-se significativo potencial antioxidante. Os resultados farmacolÃgicos indicaram grande potencial citotÃxico, acetilcolinesterÃsico e larvicida, sendo uma fonte promissora de agentes naturais. / The specie Curcuma longa L., known as saffron-the-ground has shown several shown significant pharmacological activities and two varieties of these species are known, red and white. No chemical research has been registered for a white variety. This work aimed to study the extracts obtained through two different methodologies and essential oil of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes of red and white varieties, aiming to verify the chemical variability between two varieties, as well as the evaluation of the pharmacological activities of the species. The lipids, humidity and polyphenols content were obtained and also the chemical composition of essential and fixed oils. The fixed oil obtained from the red turmeric proved rich in arachidonic acid and turmeric white in linoleic acid. The content of lipids results, humidity and polyphenols were considered significant to rhizomes studied. The essential oils of red and white turmeric had major are ar-turmerone and eucalyptol, respectively. These results differentiate chemically the both varieties of Curcuma longa. For the two methodologies studied, there was a significant antioxidant potential. The pharmacological results indicated a large cytotoxic, acetylcholinesterase and larvicide potential, being a promising source of natural agents.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-08T14:23:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonh Aldson Bezerra Tenorio.pdf: 2481669 bytes, checksum: 3d6c8f45328ae4ae2c4829770a9dc015 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T14:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonh Aldson Bezerra Tenorio.pdf: 2481669 bytes, checksum: 3d6c8f45328ae4ae2c4829770a9dc015 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Solanaceae family that belongs to Solanales order and makes up of the largest groups among the angiosperm plants and dicotiledoneas, among the most studied of the Solanum genus highlight Solanum paniculatum L. species for its wide distribution and its various medicinal uses. The aim of this study was to determine chemical, toxicological and pharmacological parameters of Solanum paniculatum roots for its quality control. S. paniculatum has affinity for soils rich in calcium and have a positive correlation with the absorption of Ca+2 to Fe+3 ions, Na+ and K+ and negative with Zn+2 and Mg+2. The roots showed a nutritional potential with carbohydrate (47.46 g / 100g), fibers (37.28 g / 100 g) and Ca+2 (92%). In high-performance liquid chromatography analysis chlorogenic acid was found and defined like a chemical marker and methodology for its analysis was validate. In thermal degradation profile by TG/DTA the extract was characterized in thirteen steps with endothermic and exothermic events, was showed extract's ability to prolong the stability of soybean oil at 6.55 ± 0.05 hours front accelerated thermo-oxidation. Using experimental design was possible to increase phenolic compounds extraction by maceration, ultrasound and microwave techniques. In acute and subchronic toxicological test the extract did not show significant adverse effects on hematological, biochemical and anatomical and histopathological parameters. In pharmacological research the extract showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, anti-diarrheal activity to reduce the intestinal fluid accumulation (26.7%), decrease diarrhea (50%) and reduce intestinal transit (44.1% ), with loperamide similar results. The extract showed anti-inflammatory activity, probably by acting on the release of vasoactive amines, reduce leukocyte migration, minimize edema and vascular permeability, reduce TNF-α levels. Therefore, this study has contributed with Solanum paniculatum L.'s quality control and pharmacotoxicology. / Solanaceae é uma família que pertence à ordem Solanales e compõe um dos maiores grupos dentre as plantas Angiospermas e dicotiledêneas, dentre as espécies mais estudadas do gênero Solanum destaca-se a Solanum paniculatum L. por sua ampla distribuição e por seus diversos usos medicinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar parâmetros químicos, toxicológicos e farmacológicos das raízes de Solanum paniculatum para seu controle de qualidade. Foi observado que a S. paniculatum L. possui afinidade por solos ricos em cálcio e com uma correlação positiva na absorção do Ca+2 com os íons Fe+3, Na+ e K+ e negativa com o Zn+2 e Mg+2. As raízes demonstraram um potencial nutritivo, com predominância de carboidratos (47,46 g/100g), fibras (37,28 g/100g) e Ca+2 (92%). Nas análises por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foi definido o ác. clorogênico como marcador químico, sendo validada uma metodologia para sua análise. Foi caracterizado o perfil térmico de degradação em treze etapas com eventos endotérmicos e exotérmicos por TG/DTA, além de ser demonstrado a capacidade do extrato prolongar a estabilidade do óleo de soja para 6,55 ± 0,05 horas frente a termo-oxidação acelerada. Através do planejamento experimental foi possível elevar a extração de compostos fenólicos pelas técnicas de maceração, ultrassom e micro-ondas. No ensaio toxicológico agudo e subcrônico o extrato não demonstrou efeitos adversos significativos nos parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e anatomo-histopatológicos. Na investigação farmacológica o extrato apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente a micro-organismos patogênicos, atividade antidiarreica pela capacidade de reduzir o acúmulo de fluido intestinal (26,7%), diminuir a diarreia (50%) e moderar o trânsito intestinal (44,1%), apresentando resultados próximos da Loperamida. O extrato apresentou atividade anti-inflamatória, provavelmente por atuar na liberação de aminas vasoativas, reduzir a migração de leucócitos, minimizar a formação de edema e a permeabilidade vascular, além de reduzir os níveis de TNF-α. Portanto, o presente trabalho contribuiu para o controle de qualidade e a farmacotoxicologia de Solanum paniculatum L.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-08T13:50:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carloscerqueiramagalhaes.pdf: 3616569 bytes, checksum: 800a65f64df624962bc369b208264534 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T13:43:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carloscerqueiramagalhaes.pdf: 3616569 bytes, checksum: 800a65f64df624962bc369b208264534 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carloscerqueiramagalhaes.pdf: 3616569 bytes, checksum: 800a65f64df624962bc369b208264534 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hortia brasiliana Vand. Ex DC (Rutaceae), conhecida como "para-tudo" ou "casca-d'anta", tem sido usada na medicina popular como depurativa do sangue, para problemas estomacais, controle da diabetes, para combater febre, diarreia, vômito, doenças do fígado, cólicas renais e possui atividades anti-inflamatória, antimicrobiana e hipotensora. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma caracterização química e avaliar as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória dos extratos de H. brasiliana. Folhas, cascas do ramo lateral e cascas do tronco foram coletadas em Muriaé e Juiz de Fora, MG, para obtenção de óleos essenciais e extratos hexânicos, metanólicos e aquosos. Uma amostra de folhas foi utilizada para análise morfo-anatômica. A caracterização química dos extratos foi feita por CG-EM, CLAE-UV e CCD. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente, enquanto a atividade anti-inflamatória pelos métodos de edema de pata e pleurisia. Os dados foram demonstrados como média±erro padrão e análise de variância seguida do teste de Newman-Keuls para medir o grau de significância (p < 0,05). A avaliação morfo-anatômica foliar demonstrou a presença de cavidades secretoras em vários tamanhos e estruturas com afloramento. Entre os componentes dos óleos essenciais destacaram-se: Epi-α-cadinol, zingibereno, Z-α-trans-bergamotol, E-β-guaieno, α-bisabolol, E-hidrato de sesquisabineno, β-sesquifelandreno, oplopanona, α-curcumeno, guaiol e óxido de cariofileno ainda não relatados na espécie. Os espectros de UV indicaram a presença de derivados do ácido cinâmico e flavonoides. Terpenoides, ácidos graxos, esteroides, ácidos fenólicos e cumarinas foram detectados por CCD. Os extratos hexânicos apresentaram atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória pelos métodos empregados. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que H. brasiliana é uma fonte de substâncias bioativas com atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, o que pode justificar o uso popular para algumas disfunções orgânicas. / Hortia brasiliana Vand. Ex DC (Rutaceae), known as "para-tudo" or "casca-d'anta" has been used in folk medicine as blood depurative, for stomach disorders, diabetes control, to combat fevers, diarrhea, vomiting, liver disease, renal colic and has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hypotensive activities. The present work aims to perform a chemical characterization and evaluate the pharmacological activities of the extracts of H. brasiliana. Leaves, lateral branch barks and trunk barks were collected in Muriaé and Juiz de Fora, MG, to obtain essential oils and hexane, methanolic and aqueous extracts. A sample of leaves was used to analyze morphological and anatomical. The chemical characterization of the extracts was performed by GC-MS, HPLC-UV and TLC. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity by paw edema and pleurisy methods. The data are expressed as mean± standard error and analysis of variance followed by Newman-Keuls test to measure the degree of significance (p <0.05). The assessment of morphological and anatomical leaf showed the presence of secretory cavities in various sizes and glands with outcrop. Among the components of essential oils were identified: Epi-α-cadinol, zingiberene, Z-α-trans-bergamotol, E-β-guaiene, α-bisabolol, E-hidrato de sesquisabinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, oplopanone, α-curcumene, guaiol and caryophyllene oxide, not yet reportded in this species. UV spectra indicated the presence of cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoid. Terpenoids, fatty acids, steroids, coumarins and phenolic acids were detected by TLC. The hexane extracts showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory for the employed methods. The results suggest that H. brasiliana is a source of bioactive compounds with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which may justify the popular use in some organ dysfunctions.