Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de: Ingeniero Agrónomo / La chía (Salvia hispánica L.), planta anual de verano originaria del sur de México y norte de Guatemala, es conocida como la especie vegetal con mayor concentración de ácido graso α-linolénico de la serie omega 3. Además, posee proteína, fibra y antioxidantes de gran valor nutricional. Esta composición química determina grandes beneficios para la salud, como la disminución del riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares. Debido al creciente interés por la producción del cultivo de chía en Chile y al insuficiente conocimiento que se posee de éste, los objetivos del estudio fueron recopilar y analizar información sobre la biología de la chía, basados en la relevancia que tiene ésta materia cuando se pretenden elaborar sistemas productivos. Los temas tratados fueron: citogenética, morfoanatomía, taxonomía, fisiología y fenología de Salvia hispánica L. El estudio concluye que, existe una disímil oferta información sobre los capítulos planteados y que a pesar del exhaustivo tratamiento de esta, no fue posible elaborar los capítulos con la profundidad esperada, debido a la escasa información actualmente publicada. Sin embargo, la generación de investigaciones e información sobre la especie es creciente en el tiempo, en cuanto a número de artículos y diversidad de temas investigados. / Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a native plant from southern Mexico and northern Guatemala, renowned for its highest concentration á-linolenic fatty acid (Omega 3) of the plant species. Furthermore, owns protein, fiber and great nutritional value antioxidants. This chemical composition predisposes great healthy benefits, such as cardiovascular diseases risk reduction. As a result of the increasing interest in chia crop production and insufficient knowledge possessed in Chile, the objectives of this study were to compile and analyze information about the biology of chia, considering the relevance of this matter when it pretends to develop successfully production systems. Topics discussed included: cytogenetic, morphology, anatomy, taxonomy, physiology and phenology of Salvia hispanica L. The study concludes that, there is an uneven information offer about the outlined chapters and despite the exhaustively treatment given to this, it was not possible to elaborate the chapters with the expected deepness, because of the low amount of information sources currently published. However, the generation of research and information about chia rises over time, as to number of articles and variety of topics research.

RODRIGUES, Kelly Kaliane Rego da Paz. Manejo de cultivo e qualidade de sementes de chia. 2016. 52 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Anderson Silva Pereira (anderson.pereiraaa@gmail.com) on 2017-01-06T20:37:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_kkrprodrigues.pdf: 1417312 bytes, checksum: 707aed464687f3cd2a43c53deab29771 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-01-11T17:10:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_kkrprodrigues.pdf: 1417312 bytes, checksum: 707aed464687f3cd2a43c53deab29771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T17:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_kkrprodrigues.pdf: 1417312 bytes, checksum: 707aed464687f3cd2a43c53deab29771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the chia production technology with the use of triacontanol in the municipality of Pentecoste, Ceará. For this, he led the research at the Experimental Farm of the Curu Valley, located at Pentecoste - Ceará. We evaluated the following production components: plant height, number of panicles, productivity in grain and oil yield and oil, submitted to different row spacings (0.20 m, 0.30 m, 0.40 m e 0.50 m) and with and without application of triacontanol. For seed analysis variables considered were germination percentage, thousand seed weight and seed vigor tests, such as water content, first count, germination speed index and accelerated aging. In addition to the emergence speed index and the percentage of emergence, under four distinct environments, greenhouse with 30%, 50%, 70% shade and full sun, and two types of substrates, vermiculite and sand. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, where the average compared by Tukey test at 5% probability and quantitative data analyzed by polynomial regression. The triacontanol influence upon plant height (1.71 m) and productivity in grain, which caused an increase of 8.2% in plant height and 22.6% in productivity, with values ranging from 2196 kg ha-1 (0.20 m) to 1193 kg ha-1 (0.40 m). The yeld of oil under application of triacontanol was positive effect with a gain of 26.51% average, with the value of 466 kg ha-1. The highest oil was spaced 0.20 m and in the absence of the application of triacontanol, which varied 26.20% to 30.12%. Regarding the use of spacing, the denser planting resulted in increased productivity for both grain and for oil, but lower height of chia plants. On the types of shaders the cages, with 50% and 70% and vermiculite showed the best performance for the emergency speed index and emergence percentage. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a tecnologia de produção de chia com o uso do triacontanol no município de Pentecoste, Ceará. Para isso, conduziu-se a pesquisa na Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu, localizada em Pentecoste - Ceará. Avaliaram-se os seguintes componentes de produção: altura de plantas, número de panículas, produtividade em grãos e óleo e rendimento de óleo, submetidos a diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas (0,20 m; 0,30 m; 0,40 m e 0,50 m) e com e sem aplicação do triacontanol. Para as análises de sementes as variáveis consideradas foram porcentagem de germinação, peso de mil sementes e os testes de vigor, tais como o teor de água, primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Além do índice de velocidade de emergência e a porcentagem de emergência, submetidos a quatro ambientes distintos, telado com 30%, 50%, 70% de sombreamento e a pleno sol, e dois tipos de substratos, vermiculita e areia. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, onde se comparou as médias através do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade e os dados quantitativos analisados pela regressão polinomial. O triacontanol exerceu influência sobre a altura de plantas (1,71 m) e a produtividade em grãos, onde provocou aumento de 8,2% na altura de plantas e de 22,6% na produtividade, cujos valores variaram de 2.196 kg ha-1 (0,20 m) a 1.193 kg ha-1 (0,40 m). Quanto à produtividade de óleo sob a aplicação do triacontanol ocorreu efeito positivo com um ganho em média 26,51%, sendo o valor de 466 kg ha-1. O maior rendimento de óleo ocorreu no espaçamento de 0,20 m e na ausência da aplicação de triacontanol, o qual variou 26,20% a 30,12%. Quanto ao uso dos espaçamentos, o plantio mais denso proporcionou maior produtividade, tanto para grãos como para óleo, contudo menor altura de plantas de chia. Sobre os tipos de sombreamentos os telados com 50% e 70% e o substrato vermiculita foram os que apresentaram melhor desempenho para o índice de velocidade de emergência e porcentagem de emergência.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de: Ingeniera Agrónoma / Con el objetivo de evaluar la tolerancia y efectividad de distintos herbicidas sobre el rendimiento en chía (Salvia hispanica L.) se realizó un estudio en la Estación Experimental Antumapu de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad de Chile durante la temporada verano-otoño 2010-2011. Se evaluaron seis tratamientos herbicidas; Metalocloro y Trifluralina aplicados en pre-siembra incorporados (en dosis de 1,04 y 2,5 L·ha-1), Linurón y Pendimethalin aplicados en pre-emergencia (en dosis de 1,4 kg·ha-1 y 3,03L·ha-1) y Bentazón y Quizalofop-p-etyl aplicados en post emergencia (en dosis de 1,2 kg·ha-1 y 0,129 L·ha-1), más un tratamiento Testigo (sin aplicación y desmalezado manualmente) y un tratamiento Sin Control (con malezas durante todo el desarrollo del cultivo). Los 8 tratamientos fueron dispuestos en bloques completos al azar con 5 repeticiones y la unidad experimental fue una parcela de 12 m2. Durante el desarrollo del cultivo se determinaron los días a los distintos estados fenológicos, además se evaluó la toxicidad producto de la aplicación de herbicidas en términos de emergencia, altura y daño visual (15, 30, 45 y 60 días después de la emergencia). La efectividad de los herbicidas sobre las malezas presentes se evaluó mediante el uso de un cuadrante de 25 cm por lado para determinar densidad y dominancia de malezas sobre el cultivo, considerando solo aquellas de hoja ancha. Finalmente a la cosecha se evaluó el crecimiento del cultivo (altura, número de ramificaciones, número de nudos) y el rendimiento en Kg·ha-1 de granos. No se observó un efecto sobre la duración de los estados de desarrollo en el ensayo frente a la aplicación de los productos químicos. Los herbicidas de pre-siembra y pre-emergencia lograron buen control de malezas, excepto Metalocloro; no obstante, afectaron la emergencia del cultivo. Los herbicidas de post emergencia, Bentazón y Quizalofop-p-etyl, no controlaron eficientemente las malezas y provocaron daños visuales como clorosis y necrosis en meristema apical, respectivamente; sin embargo, ninguno causó la muerte de las plantas. Se concluye que Trifluralina y Linurón resultan ser herbicidas efectivos en el control de malezas y provocan menor toxicidad al cultivo, no afectando su rendimiento en grano. / In order to evaluate the tolerancy and efficacy of different herbicides about the yield chía (Salvia hispanica L.) a study was performed in Antumapu Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Chile during the summer-autumn season 2010 -2011. Six herbicide treatments were evaluated; Metolachlor and Trifluralin applied preplant incorporated (with doses of 1,04 and 2,5 L•ha-1), Linurón and Pendimethalin applied pre-emergence (with a dose of 1,4 kg•ha-1 and 3,03 L•ha-1) and Bentazón and Quizalofop-p-etyl applied in post emergence (with a dose of 1,2 kg•ha-1 and 0,129 L•ha-1) plus a Control treatment (without application and hand weeding) and No Control treatment (with weeds throughout the growing season). The 8 treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications, and the experimental unit was a plot of 12 m2. During the crop development, the days of different growth stages were determined, also was evaluated the toxicity resulting from the application of herbicides in terms of emergence, height and visual impairment (15, 30, 45 and 60 days after emergence). The effectiveness of herbicides on the present weeds was evaluated using a quadrant of 25 cm per side to determine density and dominance of weeds on the crop, considering only those broadleaves. Finally at harvest was evaluated crop growth (height, number of branches, number of nodes) and performance in kg • ha-1 of grain. There was no effect on the duration of the stages of development in the test compared to the application of chemicals. Herbicides pre-plant and pre-emergence keep weed controlled except Metolachlor, however, affected the emergency, reducing the number of plants established. Postemergence herbicides, bentazone and Quizalofop-p-ethyl, could not effectively control weeds and caused visual damage as chlorosis and apical meristem necrosis, respectively, but none killed plants. Finally was concluded that Trifluralina and Linurón proved to be more effective in weed control and cause less toxicity to the crop, no affect grain yield.

Submitted by JULIANA DA SILVA MENEZES AZOLA null (julianatutora23@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-05T18:20:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Juliana_da_Silva_Menezes_Azola.pdf: 1283526 bytes, checksum: 3710665b62f6ef126cbd8e2ca68a8629 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-10T17:16:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 azola_jsm_dr_jabo.pdf: 1283526 bytes, checksum: 3710665b62f6ef126cbd8e2ca68a8629 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T17:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 azola_jsm_dr_jabo.pdf: 1283526 bytes, checksum: 3710665b62f6ef126cbd8e2ca68a8629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A diarreia neonatal é uma das mais recorrentes enfermidades que acometem bezerros, acarretando prejuízos à pecuária leiteira. Nestes casos, um dos micro-organismos mais prevalentes é Escherichia coli, relacionada à contaminação fecal e a surtos alimentares. Para o tratamento, a crescente resistência bacteriana a antimicrobianos leva à busca por novas alternativas farmacológicas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral testar a susceptibilidade de isolados de E. coli oriundos de bezerros neonatos diarreicos e sem diarreia a extratos vegetais. Os animais pertenceram a fazendas destinadas à produção leiteira no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As amostras foram submetidas ao isolamento microbiológico, à sorologia, à identificação genética por PCR e a testes antimicrobianos. Em relação aos antissoros polivalentes, houve isolados positivos a sorogrupos de importância clínica em humanos, como O26 e O111. Foram isoladas 36 estirpes oriundas de animais acometidos, positivas para pelo menos um gene testado, sendo eles stx1, stx2, eae, bfp e Sta. Relacionadas ao isolamento de animais sem diarreia, 9 estirpes foram carreadoras dos genes stx1, stx2 ou ambos, caracterizando os bovinos como reservatórios do patótipo STEC. O gene LT-II não foi encontrado. Quanto aos testes de susceptibilidade, encontrou-se isolados resistentes a diferentes classes de antimicrobianos. Entre os extratos testados, houve sensibilidade frente à planta Salvia officinalis L. (sálvia). Assim, esta vertente de estudo coloca-se como alternativa ao combate a patógenos bacterianos, válida para futuros testes quanto à descoberta de novos componentes químicos que possuam atividade antimicrobiana. / Neonatal diarrhea is one of the most recurrent illnesses that affect calves, resulting in losses to dairy farming. In these cases, one of the most prevalent microorganisms is Escherichia coli that is related to fecal contamination and food outbreaks. For the treatment, the increase bacterial resistance to antimicrobials leads to the search for new pharmacological alternatives. The main aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of E. coli isolated from neonatal calves with diarrhea and healthy to plant extracts. The animals were found in farms which are dairy-producing in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The samples were subject to microbiological isolation, serology, PCR genetic identification and antimicrobial testing. In relation to polyvalent antiserum, there were positive isolates of clinical importance of serogroups in humans, such as O26 and O111. Thirty six strains were isolated from affected animals and they were positive to at least one gene tested, such as stx1, stx2, eae, bfp and Sta. Related to the healthy animals, 9 strains were carriers of the genes stx1, stx2 or both, characterizing the cattles as reservoirs of pathotype STEC. The gene LT-II was not found. In relation to susceptibility tests, resistant isolates to different classes of antimicrobials were found. Among the extracts that were tested, there was sensitivity to the Salvia officinalis L. plant (sálvia). Thus, this aspect of study can be alternative to combat the bacterial pathogens, valid for future tests as to the discovery of new chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity. / FAPESP: 14/06313-3

No description available.

Hung Shieh-Jung Fanny. / Thesis submitted in: August 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-109). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Content --- p.vi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / List of Figure --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer's Disease (AD) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Clinical features --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Histopathological studies of AD --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Neuritic plaques --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Tau --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Kinases and Alzheimer's Disease --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Free radical damage --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Available treatment for AD --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6 --- A Chinese medicinal material 一 Danshen （（Salviae miltiorrhizcie) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Chemical constituents --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Lipophilic Compounds of Danshen --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- Water-soluble Compounds of Danshen --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Pharmacological usage --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.2.1 --- Action on Coronary system --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.2.2 --- Bacteriostatic action --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2.3 --- Actions on the immune system --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Biological activity on brain --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives and scope of the project --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- General Materials and Method --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Recombinant DNA techniques --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Preparation of E. coli strain DH-5a competent cells --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Transformation of plasmid DNA into competent cells --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Preparation of plasmid DNA using QIAGEN Plasmid Maxipreps kit --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Phenol/ choroform extraction of DNA --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Spectrophotometric quantitation of the amount and purity of DNA --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Drugs preparation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of aqueous extracts of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of ethanol extracts of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- "3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay " --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Analysis of proteins from culture cells --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Extraction of total proteins from culture cells --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Quantitation of protein by Bradford method --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Protein separation by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Western blot analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5 --- Reagents and buffers --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Reagents for competent cell preparation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Reagents provided by QIAGEN Plasmid Maxipreps kit --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Reagents for SDS-PAGE --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Reagents and buffers for Western Blotting --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Cell lines --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Antibodies --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Plasmids --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.8 --- Other Chemicals --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The effect of Danshen on GSK-3 induced hyperposphorylation of tau in Cos7 cells / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Structure of GSK-3 --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- The importance of GSK-3 in AD --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Transfection of Gsk-3 and tau into Cos7 monkey kidney cells --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Extraction of total proteins from culture cells --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Quantitation of protein by Bradford method --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Protein separation by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Western blot analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Toxicity test on Cos7 cells --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The effect of ethanol extract of Danshen on GSK-3 β induced tau phosphorylation --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The effect of aqueous extract of Danshen on GSK-3 β induced tau phosphorylation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- The effect of Protocatechualdehyde on GSK-3β induced tau phosphorylation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- The effect of Salvianolic acid B on GSK-3β induced tau phosphorylation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Cdk5 induced hyperposphorylation of tau in CHO cells / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Structure of Cdk5 --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Neurological functions of Cdk5 --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Transfection of p35 and tau into CHO cells --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Extraction of total proteins from culture cells --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Quantitation of protein by Bradford method --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Protein separation by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Western blot analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Toxicity test on CHO cells --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Tau transfection in Cdk5/p35 and TauON3R transiently transfected in CHO cells --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of roscovitine treatment on the transiently tau and p35 transfection in CHO cells --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- "Effects of aqueous active components of Danshen, PCAH and SAB on the transiently tau and p35 transfection in CHO cells " --- p.74 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Antioxidant effect of Danshen and its active components on lipid peroxidation / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Red-blood-cell hemolysis model --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Red-blood-cell hemolysis model --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Materials --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Animals --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Chemicals --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Danshen --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Active components ´ؤ Protocatechualdehyde and Salvianolic acid B --- p.87 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- General discussion and Outlook / Chapter 6.1 --- General discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2 --- Proposed study in the future --- p.95 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- In vitro kinase assay using gamma32 P ATP and substrate with or without TCM --- p.95 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Use of neuroblastoma cells (SHSY-5Y) to study the effect of Danshen and its active components on tau phosphorylation --- p.95 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) assay --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- In vitro phosphatase kinase assay --- p.96

by Tsz-Wan Ho. / Thesis submitted in: July 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Content --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of tables --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer'sDisease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hallmarks of AD --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The amyloid cascade hypothesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The tauopathy hypothesis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Cholinergic Hypothesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Cholinergic drug therapy --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Tacrine --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Donepezil --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Rivastigimine - ENA-713 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- AChE inhibitors from plants --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Galanthamine --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Huperzine --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- α-onocerin --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- (+)-alpha-viniferin --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- My project --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Preparation of CMM --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Selecting criteria and sources --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of aqueous extract --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparation of ethanol extract --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Routine maintenance of cell lines --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Toxicity test --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ellman assay --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6 --- Ellman assay over BuChE --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7 --- Drugs --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SCREENING OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS FROM CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preliminary screening of 45 selected TCMs for AChE inhibition --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Rescreening of drugs that show AChE inhibition in both aqueous and organic extracts --- p.25 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY FROM SALVIA MBLTIORRHIZA BGE.(丹參) --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Clinical application of Danshen --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Pharmacological properties of Danshen and Salvia species --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.2.1. --- Antiinflammatory and antibacterial responses --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Diabetes --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Alcoholism --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.4 --- Apoptosis --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.2.5 --- The effect of Salvia extracts on neuro-receptors --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Anti-cholinesterase activity by the Salvia species --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Active components from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of tanshinone derivatives on AChE --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EXTRACTION OF CRYPTOTANSHINONE FROM SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.56 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Extracts of Danshen from different sources for obtaining the chemical profile --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Analytical RP-HPLC --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Preparative RP-HPLC --- p.58 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Identification of Peaks that contain the proposed active components --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Different samples of Danshen contain different amount of active components that can exert inhibitory effect on hAChE --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- EFFECT OF CRYPTOTANSHINONE ON CALCIUM MOVEMENT in SH-SY5Y Cell --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Reagents and drugs --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Calcium fluorimetry --- p.82 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.96 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.98 / Chapter 7.1 --- Structure-function relationship of crytotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I --- p.98 / Chapter 7.2 --- Further study on cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Modulation on nictonic receptor --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Behavioral study on mice --- p.101 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Large scale production of the desired active components --- p.102 / Chapter 7.3 --- Study on other candidate herbs --- p.102 / References --- p.107

Orientador: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Resumo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de reguladores vegetais e bioestimulantes no desenvolvimento, teor e composição de óleo essencial, teores de flavonóides e fenóis totais, atividade antioxidante e atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidade de plantas de Salvia officinalis L. Para tanto, instalou-se experimento em casa de vegetação, do Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, da Universidade Estadual Paulisa - UNESP, Botucatu, SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos contendo três repetições. As plantas foram tratadas com as seguintes substâncias: 1- controle (água); 2- IBA a 100 mg L-1; 3- GA3 a 70 mg L-1; 4-benzilaminopurina (BAP) a 70 mg L-1; 5- GA3+cinetina+IBA - Stimulate® a 1% e 5- GA4+7+N-(fenilmetil)-1-purina-6- amino - Promalin® a 100 mg L-1. As avaliações fisiológicas foram realizadas em 7 coletas, pelas seguintes características: altura da planta, área foliar, massa seca de caule, folhas e da parte aérea da planta. Para as avaliações fitoquímicas, foram avaliadas a produção de massa seca da parte aérea e rendimento do óleo essencial, aos 90 e 120 D.A.E. As análises bioquímicas foram determinadas nas sete coletas, determinando-se: os teores de flavonóides e fenóis totais, atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase e atividade antioxidante (CE50). Analisando-se os resultados obtidos foi possível verificar que plantas tratadas com IBA e GA3 promoveram maiores incrementos na produtividade vegetal, principalmente, na formação da parte aérea. A produção de óleo essencial foi incrementada pela aplicação de IBA nas plantas, mas também tratamentos com GA3 e o bioestimulante Stimulate® também influenciaram positivamente no acúmulo de óleo essencial. O maior rendimento de óleo essencial foi obtido na coleta aos 120 D.A.E. Os... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrôncio abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of plant growth regulators and biostimulants on development, essential oil content and composition, total flavonoid and phenol levels, besides peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and antioxidant activities in Salvia officinalis L plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and three replicates. Plants were subjected to the following substances: 1- control (water); 2- IBA 100 mg L-1; 3- GA3 70 mg L-1; 4- benzylaminopurine (BAP) 70 mg L-1; 5- GA3+kinetin+IBA - Stimulate® 1%, and 5- GA4+7+ N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine - Promalin® 100 mg L- 1. Physiological evaluations were performed in seven harvestings and consisted of plant height, leaf area, and dry matter of stem, leaves and shoot. As regards phytochemical evaluations, shoot dry matter and essential oil yield were assessed at 90 and 120 D.A.E. Also, the following biochemical evaluations were performed: total flavonoid and phenol levels, besides peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and antioxidant (CE50) activities. IBA- and GA3- treated plants had higher plant productivity, mainly concerning shoot formation. IBA application led to an increase in essential oil yield, which was also positively influenced by GA3 and Stimulate®, a biostimulant. The highest essential oil yield was detected at 120 D.A.E. Plant growth regulators, biostimulants and harvesting times did not lead to alterations in the essential oil chemical composition. IBA-treated plants presented the highest total phenol and flavonoid levels. Plants subjected to IBA, GA3 and Promalin® had higher antioxidant activity. Considering enzymatic activities, there was an increase in peroxidases when plants were treated with GA3... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biotechnological applications are useful for adding value to the local medicinal plants and may provide an alternative source of pharmacologically-active compounds thus assisting with the conservation of wild populations. Salvia africana-lutea aromatic herb has long been used in folk medicine by traditional healers in the Western Cape Province (South Africa) for various ailments. As an in vitro conservation strategy, a continuous S. africana-lutea shoot culture was successfully established in solid MS medium containing BA (0.5 mg L-1) and NAA (0.2 mg L-1). The regeneration rate of the S. africana-lutea plants was high which produced approximately 720 plantlets in 20 culture bottles over a four week cycle. The microshoots were rooted in the MS medium without PGRs prior to acclimatisation. A survival rate of 92% was recorded for the greenhouse-acclimatised shoots. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Biotegnologiese toepassings is nuttig vir waarde toevoeging tot inheemse medisinale plante en kan ‘n alternatiewe bron van farmakologies aktiewe verbindings verskaf wat bydrae tot die bewaring van populasies in die natuur. Die aromatiese krui Salvia. Africana-lutea is reeds vir ‘n lang tydperk in volks medisyne deur tradisionele geneesheers in die Wes Kaap provinsie (Suid Afrika) vir ‘n verskeidenheid kwale gebruik. ‘n Kontinu S. africana-lutea lootkultuur in soliede Murashige en Skoog (1962) (MS) media wat BA (0.5 mg L-1) en NAA (0.2 mg L-1) bevat, is suksesvol as ‘n in vitro konservasie strategie ontwikkel. Die regenerasie tempo van die S. africana-lutea plante was hoog en het ongeveer 720 plante in 20 kultuur bottels tydens ‘n vier week siklus gelewer. Die mikrolote is op plant groei reguleerder vrye MS media gewortel voordat plante geaklimatiseer is. ’n Oorlewingstempo van 92% is vir die glashuis geaklimatiseerde lote waargeneem.