Submitted by Ana Carolina Campos Gomes (carol.campos01@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-20T17:35:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCarolina.pdf: 2801427 bytes, checksum: 1809e31f1376c275f1b3a1c9eca5cf6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-04-20T19:06:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_acc_me_prud.pdf: 2801427 bytes, checksum: 1809e31f1376c275f1b3a1c9eca5cf6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T19:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_acc_me_prud.pdf: 2801427 bytes, checksum: 1809e31f1376c275f1b3a1c9eca5cf6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar as profundidades da zona eufótica (Zeu) e do disco de Secchi (ZSD) a partir do coeficiente de atenuação da luz (kd) utilizando dados do sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Landsat-8 no reservatório de Bariri. Como importantes parâmetros de medida da claridade da água, kd, Zeu e ZSD são afetados pelas substâncias opticamente significativas (SOS). A caracterização óptica do reservatório foi realizada a partir de duas campanhas de campo realizadas no período seco, aqui nomeadas como BAR1 (agosto/2016) e BAR2 (junho/2017), que contaram com análises das propriedades ópticas inerentes (POIs), das SOS e da coleta de dados radiométricos para o cálculo da reflectância de sensoriamento remoto (Rsr). A localização do reservatório de Bariri como o segundo do Sistema de Reservatórios em Cascata (SRC) do Rio Tietê promove a heterogeneidade dos seus níveis de eutrofização na direção montante-jusante além de caracterizá-lo como altamente produtivo. As campanhas de campo foram marcadas por uma significativa diferença nos valores de concentração de clorofila-a ([Chl-a]) que apresentou variação média entre 7,99 e 119,76 μg L-1 com os maiores valores em BAR1, com decréscimo das SOS em BAR2 em relação a BAR1 e predomínio de material particulado orgânico (MPO) nas duas campanhas de campo; a turbidez variou entre 5,72 e 16,60 NTU. A absorção por matéria orgânica colorida dissolvida (aCDOM) foi predominante nas duas campanhas de campo, sendo mais expressiva em BAR2. Para as estimativas de kd, nove modelos empíricos e três modelos semi-analíticos baseados em dados radiométricos como razões entre as bandas azul/verde e azul/vermelho do sensor OLI/Landsat-8 e baseados em [Chl-a] foram avaliados. Considerando a propriedade óptica aparente (POA) do kd, um modelo semi-analítico baseado em POIs e na distribuição angular da luz apresentou os menores erros (erro médio percentual absoluto – MAPE) de 40% em relação aos modelos empíricos de [Chl-a] com 60% e de 80% para os modelos empíricos baseados em razões de bandas. A partir das estimativas de kd, modelos de estimativa de Zeu e ZSD foram avaliados. Para as estimativas de Zeu, cinco modelos empíricos, baseados na relação entre o coeficiente de atenuação da luz da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa [kd(PAR)] e de kd em 490 nm [kd(490)], e um modelo semi-analítico, baseado na equação de transferência radiativa, foram considerados; para as estimativas de ZSD, um modelo semi-analítico foi testado. Os resultados obtidos foram melhores para um modelo empírico (erro percentual absoluto – ε) de Zeu com 16% em relação ao modelo semi-analítico (ε 30%) e os erros nas estimativas de ZSD foram de 57%. Os erros nas estimativas de kd revelaram que a acurácia dos modelos empíricos foi comprometida devido à influência por CDOM e que o modelo semi-analítico, por considerar a natureza óptica de kd como uma POA, apresentou os melhores resultados. As estimativas de ZSD também foram afetadas pelas características ópticas de Bariri, não apresentando correlação com a matéria orgânica em BAR2, marcado pelo decréscimo de [Chl-a] e aumento dos valores de aCDOM. Zeu mostrou melhores resultados a partir de um modelo empírico calibrado com dados ópticos semelhantes aos do reservatório de Bariri em comparação ao modelo semi-analítico, desenvolvido para abranger as variações bio-ópticas sazonais e regionais. kd, Zeu e ZSD foram espacializados a partir de imagens do sensor OLI/Landsat-8 permitindo a avaliação espaçotemporal desses parâmetros que apresentaram um padrão sazonal quando analisados em relação aos dados de precipitação. kd apresentou variação entre 0,89 e 5,60 m-1 para o período analisado (2016) e Zeu e ZSD apresentaram variação entre 0,30 e 7,60 m e entre 0,32 e 2,95 m, respectivamente, para o período de 2014-2016. Pode-se concluir então, que apesar das estimativas de kd, Zeu e ZSD terem sido afetadas pela influência de CDOM no reservatório de Bariri, o esquema semi-analítico foi capaz de estimar kd com menor erro e permitiu as estimativas de Zeu e ZSD. / The objective of this present work was estimate the euphotic zone (Zeu) and Secchi disk (ZSD) depths from the light attenuation coefficient (kd) using the Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Landsat-8 data in Bariri reservoir. The kd, Zeu and ZSD are important water clarity parameters and are influenced by the optically significant substances (OSS). The optical characterization was carried out with data collected in two field campaigns in the dry period, here called BAR1 (august/2016) and BAR2 (june/2017), that included analysis of the inherent optical properties (IOPs), of the OSS and radiometric data to calculate the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). The location of Bariri reservoir as the second of the Cascading Reservoir System (CRS) of Tietê River promotes the heterogeneity of the eutrophication levels from upstream to downstream besides characterizes the reservoir as highly productive. The field campaigns presented a significant difference in chlorophyll-a concentrations ([Chl-a]) with mean variation between 7.99 and 119.76 μg L-1 with the highest values in BAR1, with reduce of the OSS in BAR2 in relation to BAR1 and predominance of organic particulate matter (OPM) in both field campaigns and variation in turbidity from 5.72 to 16.60 NTU. The absorption of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was dominant in both field campaigns and more expressive in BAR2. For the kd estimates, nine empirical models and three semi-analytical models based on radiometric data such as ratios of blue-green and blue-red bands of (OLI)/Landsat 8 sensor and based on [Chl-a] were evaluated. Considering the apparent optical property (AOP) of kd, a semi-analytical model based on IOPs and the light angular distribution presented the lowest errors (mean absolute percentage error – MAPE) of 40% in relation to the empirical models of [Chl-a] with 60% and of 80% for the empirical models based on the band ratios. Through the kd estimates, models to derive Zeu and ZSD were evaluated. For the Zeu estimates, five empirical models were considered based on the relation between the attenuation coefficient of the photosynthetically active radiation [kd(PAR)] and the kd at 490 nm [kd(490)], and one semi-analytical model, based on the radiative transfer equation; for the ZSD estimates, one semi-analytical model was tested. The empirical model of Zeu showed the better results with the (unbiased absolute percentage error – ε) 16% in relation to the semi-analytical model (ε 30%) and the estimates errors of ZSD were 57%. The errors in kd estimates revealed that the accuracy of the empirical models was affected by the CDOM influence in Bariri reservoir and the semi-analytical model presented a better performance when considering the optical nature of kd as an AOP. The ZSD estimates were also affected by the optical characteristics of Bariri with no correlation to the SPM in BAR2, where the [Chl-a] decreased and the aCDOM increased. Zeu showed better results from an empirical model calibrated with similar optical data to Bariri reservoir in relation to the semi-analytical model developed to be applied in a wide range of bio-optical seasonal and regional variations. The kd, Zeu and ZSD were spatially distributed through OLI/Landsat-8 images allowing the temporal-spatial assessment of theses parameters, which presented a seasonal pattern when analyzed in relation to rainfall data. kd presented variation from 0.89 to 5.60 m-1 to the analyzed period (2016) and Zeu and ZSD presented variations between 0.30 and 7.60 m and between 0.32 and 2.95 m, respectively, for 2014-2016 period. It can be concluded, therefore, that despite of the CDOM have affected the kd, Zeu and ZSD retrievals in Bariri reservoir, the semi-analytical scheme was able to estimate kd with lowest error and enable the Zeu and ZSD estimates. / CNPq: 131737/2016-3 / FAPESP: 2012/19821-1 e 2015/21586-9

Dados de gravimetria e de altimetria por satélite foram usados como subsídio à análise morfoestrutural na região da Bacia de Pelotas-RS. Na abordagem gravimétrica foi usado o modelo geopotencial EGM2008 através das anomalias Bouguer e na abordagem batimétrica foi usado o modelo global DTU10BAT. Através dos mapas de anomalias Bouguer e perfis gravimétricos gerados, verificou-se que as anomalias Bouguer aumentam positivamente da costa em direção às maiores profundidades oceânicas, o que caracteriza um progressivo afinamento crustal associado à deriva continental. O comportamento das anomalias Bouguer obtidas por dados satelitais evidenciaram a presença de uma ruptura conhecida como Charneira Albo-aptiana na plataforma continental. A incidência de valores de anomalias significativamente positivas na região do Baixo de Mostardas sugere a presença de uma massa de maior densidade nesta região. A resolução dos dados gravimétricos utilizados não permitiu evidenciar a presença de paleocanais na região, sendo necessária uma maior resolução espacial, associada a outros métodos de investigação. O uso de dados de altimetria por satélite (modelo DTU10BAT) permitiu a análise batimétrica da plataforma continental e a investigação da configuração morfológica da região, que foi dividida em três faixas: Torres- Farol Solidão, Farol Solidão-Farol da Conceição e Farol da Conceição-Farol Sarita. Foi gerado um modelo teórico e comparado com o modelo DTU10BAT na geração do mapa de anomalias batimétricas. Os eixos de anomalias batimétricas negativas identificados estão frequentemente associados à direção de paleodrenagens, assim como as anomalias positivas tem relação com linhas de paleoestabilizações do nível do mar ou altos estruturais. Foi definida uma sequência de descontinuidades na altura do Farol da Conceição que apresentou expressiva coincidência com paleocanais delineados na mesma região através de outros estudos. Todos os dados foram processados e integrados em um sistema de informações geográficas. Os dados gravimétricos e batimétricos oriundos de missões satelitais são uma grande ferramenta nos estudos regionais para áreas que envolvam aplicações geológicas e mesmo oceanográficas. / Data from satellite altimetry and gravity were used to the morphostructural analysis in the Pelotas Basin-RS region. The EGM2008 geopotential model through the Bouguer anomalies was used in the gravimetric approach and the DTU10BAT global model was used in the bathymetric approach. Through the Bouguer anomalies maps and the gravimetric profiles that were generated, it was observed that Bouguer anomalies increase positively from coast towards to the major ocean depths, what characterizes a progressive crustal thinning associated with the continental drift. The behavior of the Bouguer anomalies obtained from satellite data showed the presence of a rupture, known as Charneira Albo-Aptiana, on the continental shelf. The incidence of significant positive anomalies values on the Baixo de Mostardas region suggests the presence of a higher-density mass in this region. Because of the resolution of the gravimetric data used in this research was not enough, it was not possible to show the presence of paleochannels in the region, requiring a greater spatial resolution data, associated with other methods of investigation. The use of satellite altimetric data (model DTU10BAT) allowed the bathymetric analysis of the continental shelf and the research of morphological configuration of the region, which was divided into three areas: Torres- Solidão Lighthouse, Solidão Lighthouse-Conceição Lighthouse and Conceição Lighthouse-Sarita Lighthouse. A theoretical model was generated and it was compared with the DTU10BAT model in the generation of the bathymetric anomalies map. The axes of negative bathymetric anomalies identified are often associated with the direction of paleochannels, as well as the positive anomalies are related to lines of sea level paleostabilizations or structural highs. It was defined a sequence of discontinuities at the Conceição Lighthouse proximities which presented a significant coincidence with paleochannels that were delineated in the same region through other studies. The data were processed and integrated in a geographic information system. Gravimetric and bathymetric data from satellite missions are an important tool in regional studies for areas that involve geological and oceanographic applications.

Dados de gravimetria e de altimetria por satélite foram usados como subsídio à análise morfoestrutural na região da Bacia de Pelotas-RS. Na abordagem gravimétrica foi usado o modelo geopotencial EGM2008 através das anomalias Bouguer e na abordagem batimétrica foi usado o modelo global DTU10BAT. Através dos mapas de anomalias Bouguer e perfis gravimétricos gerados, verificou-se que as anomalias Bouguer aumentam positivamente da costa em direção às maiores profundidades oceânicas, o que caracteriza um progressivo afinamento crustal associado à deriva continental. O comportamento das anomalias Bouguer obtidas por dados satelitais evidenciaram a presença de uma ruptura conhecida como Charneira Albo-aptiana na plataforma continental. A incidência de valores de anomalias significativamente positivas na região do Baixo de Mostardas sugere a presença de uma massa de maior densidade nesta região. A resolução dos dados gravimétricos utilizados não permitiu evidenciar a presença de paleocanais na região, sendo necessária uma maior resolução espacial, associada a outros métodos de investigação. O uso de dados de altimetria por satélite (modelo DTU10BAT) permitiu a análise batimétrica da plataforma continental e a investigação da configuração morfológica da região, que foi dividida em três faixas: Torres- Farol Solidão, Farol Solidão-Farol da Conceição e Farol da Conceição-Farol Sarita. Foi gerado um modelo teórico e comparado com o modelo DTU10BAT na geração do mapa de anomalias batimétricas. Os eixos de anomalias batimétricas negativas identificados estão frequentemente associados à direção de paleodrenagens, assim como as anomalias positivas tem relação com linhas de paleoestabilizações do nível do mar ou altos estruturais. Foi definida uma sequência de descontinuidades na altura do Farol da Conceição que apresentou expressiva coincidência com paleocanais delineados na mesma região através de outros estudos. Todos os dados foram processados e integrados em um sistema de informações geográficas. Os dados gravimétricos e batimétricos oriundos de missões satelitais são uma grande ferramenta nos estudos regionais para áreas que envolvam aplicações geológicas e mesmo oceanográficas. / Data from satellite altimetry and gravity were used to the morphostructural analysis in the Pelotas Basin-RS region. The EGM2008 geopotential model through the Bouguer anomalies was used in the gravimetric approach and the DTU10BAT global model was used in the bathymetric approach. Through the Bouguer anomalies maps and the gravimetric profiles that were generated, it was observed that Bouguer anomalies increase positively from coast towards to the major ocean depths, what characterizes a progressive crustal thinning associated with the continental drift. The behavior of the Bouguer anomalies obtained from satellite data showed the presence of a rupture, known as Charneira Albo-Aptiana, on the continental shelf. The incidence of significant positive anomalies values on the Baixo de Mostardas region suggests the presence of a higher-density mass in this region. Because of the resolution of the gravimetric data used in this research was not enough, it was not possible to show the presence of paleochannels in the region, requiring a greater spatial resolution data, associated with other methods of investigation. The use of satellite altimetric data (model DTU10BAT) allowed the bathymetric analysis of the continental shelf and the research of morphological configuration of the region, which was divided into three areas: Torres- Solidão Lighthouse, Solidão Lighthouse-Conceição Lighthouse and Conceição Lighthouse-Sarita Lighthouse. A theoretical model was generated and it was compared with the DTU10BAT model in the generation of the bathymetric anomalies map. The axes of negative bathymetric anomalies identified are often associated with the direction of paleochannels, as well as the positive anomalies are related to lines of sea level paleostabilizations or structural highs. It was defined a sequence of discontinuities at the Conceição Lighthouse proximities which presented a significant coincidence with paleochannels that were delineated in the same region through other studies. The data were processed and integrated in a geographic information system. Gravimetric and bathymetric data from satellite missions are an important tool in regional studies for areas that involve geological and oceanographic applications.

This master's thesis summarizes theory on how to perform data load onto on-board computers of aircrafts. Specifically, how automated data load of Honeywell's Aspire 400 satellite data unit is done. First part of the text describes requirements and possible ways of the data load process, including standards that are applicable to this topic in the aeronautical industry. The second part describes the implementation of the data load process on the aforementioned unit.

Cloudiness and solar radiation affect the Earth's energy and water cycle and spa- tial distribution of these parameters is also connected to the atmospheric pressure field and atmospheric circulation. This thesis starts with a short overview of remote sensing of the atmosphere, the EUMETSAT organisation and its section CM SAF which focuses on the uses of satellite data for climate monitoring. Next is a description of cloud and ra- diation products used in this thesis. Daily means of these products in the Czech Republic are then used to calculate mean values, trends and anomalies for the whole time series. Obtained values are compared based on the weather circulation type using the Brádka classification. 1

Cette thèse, intitulée "Assimilation de données et modélisation stochastique dans la réanalyse des données géomagnétiques satellitaires", propose de retrouver des informations sur l'état du noyau terrestre à la frontière noyau-manteau, en combinant, d'une part, des contraintes spatiales issues de modélisations numériques directes, et d'autre part, des informations temporelles provenant d'équations stochastiques.Cet objectif est réalisé grâce à l'utilisation de méthodes inverses, et à la construction d'un algorithme d'assimilation de données à état augmenté.L'algorithme répond à la double volonté d'être flexible, c'est-à-dire de pouvoir intégrer plusieurs sources de données ou d'informations, et simple d'utilisation, c'est-à-dire d'être peu coûteux en temps de calcul et facilement modifiable.Ce travail s'inscrit dans la continuité des études menées par la communauté en assimilation de données géomagnétiques, ainsi que dans l'opportunité d'utiliser les dernières données satellitaires provenant de la récente mission Swarm (2014-....).Il a été effectué en collaboration avec Julien Aubert (IPGP), qui a fourni les contraintes spatiales issues du modèle Coupled-Earth, ainsi qu'avec Christopher C. Finlay (DTU) et Magnus Hammer (DTU), qui ont fourni les données satellitaires et d'observatoires au sol.Les principaux aboutissements de cette thèse sont la conception d'un algorithme simple et fonctionnel, validé lors d'expériences jumelles synthétiques (publié), et appliqué tout d'abord aux coefficients de Gauss d'un modèle géomagnétique, avant d'être étendu vers les données satellitaires des missions CHAMP et Swarm.Mon algorithme est capable de retrouver de l'information sur les quantités mesurées du noyau mais également sur des quantités non-observées telles que les écoulements du fer liquide ou la diffusion magnétique.Ce travail amène également à la production d'un modèle de champ magnétique et de champ de vitesse à la frontière noyau-manteau qui n'est pas classiquement régularisé.Ce modèle géomagnétique montre des résultats globalement similaires au modèle de référence CHAOS-6, et est cohérent avec les autres travaux de la communauté.Ainsi, les cartes de champ magnétique et de vitesse obtenues à la surface du noyau attestent que le champ magnétique est majoritairement dirigé par l'advection, et confirment la présence persistante d'un gyre équatorial associé avec un hémisphère Pacifique plus calme mais plus dynamique pour le champ de vitesse.La diffusion magnétique retrouvée est concentrée sous l'Indonésie et l'Océan Indien.Fondamentalement, ma thèse démontre l'importance de la prise en compte des erreurs de modélisation dans l'assimilation de données géomagnétiques, avec l'apparition de biais importants et une sous-estimation des erreurs a posteriori lorsque ces erreurs sont négligées.Finalement, le travail présenté tout au long de ce manuscrit restant préliminaire, il ouvre la voie vers une utilisation accrue des mesures géomagnétiques, avec notamment la future publication d'un code libre qui permettra la comparaison systématique des résultats obtenus avec ceux de la communauté. / This thesis, entitled {sc Data Assimilation and Stochastic Modelling in Geomagnetic Satellite Data Reanalysis}, intends to retrieve information on the state of the Earth's core at the Core-Mantle-Boundary, by combining, first, spatial constraints coming from direct numerical simulations, and second, temporal information coming from stochastic equations.This purpose is achieved through inverse methods and a data assimilation augmented state algorithm.The proposed algorithm is designed to be flexible, textit{i.e.} able to integrate several types of data or constraints, and to be simple, textit{i.e.} with low computation time and easy to modify.This work fits in with the other studies on the geomagnetic data assimilation of the community, and with the opportunity to use the last satellite data from Swarm spacecraft (2014-....).We have worked in collaboration with Julien Aubert (IPGP), who has provided the spatial constraints from Coupled-Earth dynamo, and with Christopher C. Finlay (DTU) and Magnus Hammer (DTU), who have provided the satellites and ground observatories data.The major outcomes of this thesis are the design of a functional algorithm, validated through synthetic twin experiments (published), and applied, first, to the Gauss coefficients of a geomagnetic model, and second, to the measures of the CHAMP and Swarm missions.My algorithm is able to retrieve information, not only on the measured quantities, but also on the unobserved quantities like the core flows or the magnetic diffusion.This work has led to the production of a magnetic field and core flows model at the core surface which is not classically regularized.The geomagnetic field model shows results that are globally similar to the CHAOS-6 reference field model, and that are coherent with the other studies of the community.Thus, the maps of the magnetic field and the velocity field obtained, confirm that the dipole decay is principally driven by advection, and display the persistent presence of the Atlantic gyre associated with a Pacific hemisphere less energetic.The inverted magnetic diffusion is concentrated under Indonesia and Indian Ocean.Fundamentally, my thesis demonstrate the importance of taking into account the modelling errors in the geomagnetic data assimilation, which leads to strong biases and an underestimation of the textit{a posteriori} errors when those errors are neglected.Finally, the work presented in this manuscript is preliminary, and it paves the way toward an increased use of the satellite data, with in particular, the free release of my code in order to compared the results with the ones obtained by the community.

Severe weather events like hurricanes and tornadoes pose major risks globally, underscoring the critical need for accurate forecasts to mitigate impacts. While advanced computational capabilities and climate models have improved predictions, lack of high-resolution initial conditions still limits forecast accuracy. The Atlantic's "Hurricane Alley" region sees most storms arise, thus needing robust in-situ ocean data plus atmospheric profiles to enable precise hurricane tracking and intensity forecasts. Examining satellite datasets reveals radio occultation (RO) provides the most accurate 5-25 km altitude atmospheric measurements. However, below 5 km accuracy remains insufficient over oceans versus land areas. Some recent benchmark study e.g. Patil Iiyama (2022), and Wei Guan (2022) in their work proposed the use of deep learning models for sea surface temperature (SST) prediction in the Tohoku region with very low errors ranging from 0.35°C to 0.75°C and the root-mean-square error increases from 0.27°C to 0.53°C over the over the China seas respectively. The approach we have developed remains unparalleled in its domain as of this date. This research is divided into two parts and aims to develop a data driven satellite-informed machine learning system to combine high-quality but sparse in-situ ocean data with more readily available low-quality satellite data. In the first part of the work, a novel data-driven satellite-informed machine learning algorithm was implemented that combines High-Quality/Low-Coverage in-situ point ocean data (e.g. ARGO Floats) and Low-Quality/High-Coverage Satellite ocean Data (e.g. HYCOM, MODIS-Aqua, G-COM) and generated high resolution data with a RMSE of 0.58◦C over the Atlantic Ocean.The second part of the work a novel GNN algorithm was implemented on the Gulf of Mexico and showed it can successfully capture the complex interactions between the ocean and mimic the path of a ARGO floats with a RMSE of 1.40◦C. / Doctor of Philosophy / Severe storms like hurricanes and tornadoes are a major threat around the world. Accurate weather forecasts can help reduce their impacts. While climate models have improved predictions, lacking detailed initial conditions still limits forecast accuracy. The Atlantic's "Hurricane Alley" sees many storms form, needing good ocean and atmospheric data for precise hurricane tracking and strength forecasts. Studying satellite data shows radio occultation provides the most accurate 5-25 km high altitude measurements over oceans. But below 5 km accuracy remains insufficient versus over land. Recent research proposed using deep learning models for sea surface temperature prediction with low errors. Our approach remains unmatched in this area currently. This research has two parts. First, we developed a satellite-informed machine learning system combining limited high-quality ocean data with more available low-quality satellite data. This generated high resolution Atlantic Ocean data with an error of 0.58°C. Second, we implemented a new algorithm on the Gulf of Mexico, successfully modeling complex ocean interactions and hurricane paths with an error of 1.40°C. Overall, this research advances hurricane forecasting by combining different data sources through innovative machine learning techniques. More accurate predictions can help better prepare communities in hurricane-prone regions.

Determination of Atmospheric Pollution from Satellite Data Abstract The subject of this project is to determine air quality in Prague and the surrounding area based on satellite images and ground measurements data. The goal is to derive equations for calculating an amount of a specific pollutant over the entire area of the image. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the general theory and literature review related to this topic. The methodological part describes the steps of the procedure to handle the task, including e.g. converting satellite DN values to the radiometric values, atmospheric correction, regression analysis and mapping of the area of interest. Subsequently, the results are visualized, compared to the traditional interpolation methods and discussed. Finally, the contributions of this project and possible improvement of work on the topic are presented. Key words: Air pollution, Satellite images, Atmospheric correction, Regression analysis, Prague and surroundings

The city of Bukavu, located at the eastern border of the Democratic Republic of Congo in the province of South Kivu, is a large and densely populated urban agglomeration that has experienced rapid growth during recent years. At the same time, Bukavu has been repeatedly struck by environmental hazards, especially by devastating landslides. The steepness of slopes in the city’s hilly and mountainous terrain is one of the most important factors contributing to landslide susceptibility, but the anthropogenic impact resulting from uncoordinated urban sprawl and land cover change additionally plays a crucial role in exacerbating the vulnerability of neighbourhoods. This thesis utilizes GIS software to provide cartographic material for landslide risk assessment in Bukavu and the city’s surroundings. It examines risk exposure related to slope inclination of densely built-up areas, the spatial development of the city and urban growth tendencies, and complements these aspects with information about land cover and the terrain.

Temperature characteristics of surface using remote sensing methods Abstract The aim of this thesis is to design a methodology for refining the land surface temperature values obtained from Landsat 8 satellite data in areas with diverse land cover. The research section describes factors influencing the radiation of the Earth's surface. Also mentioned are current methods used for processing infrared thermal data and calculate land surface temperature. The practical part describes satellite and airborne data used in the analytical and verification process. All parts of the applied method leading to the subpixel value of the land surface temperature are described in detail in the method part. The results are then compared with airborne verification data with better spatial resolution and with currently used methods. Finally, the pros and cons of this method and its possible improvement in the future are mentioned. Key words: land surface temperature, land surface emissivity, satellite data, Landsat 8, airborne data, subpixel method, Czech Republic