No description available.

The Pen Branch Fault is a reactivated, high angle, reverse basin border fault that dips to southeast from the basement (Triassic-Paleozoic-Precambrian in age) to near vertical through the Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments (Late Cretaceous to Recent in age) of the Savannah River site in South Carolina. The fault movement has occurred through Late Cretaceous to Tertiary. Faulting might penetrate as shallow as the Dry Branch and the Tobacco Road Sand Formations (Late Eocene). An investigation with high resolution reflection seismic data is undertaken along the Pen Branch Fault. Five of the seismic lines are reprocessed to help in determining the upward depth of penetration of this fault. This is done by utilizing refracted arrivals from the multifold reflection data. The shallowest refractors (4 - 18 m) imaged have an average velocity of 1700 m/s. All of the lines exhibit events that are not flat lying across the data where the fault is believed to be. The lines possess deformation such as offsets, upwarping and channels. Deformation can be related to the Pen Branch Fault as shallow as 4 m from the surface. Displacements along the lines vary from 1 m up to 5 m. Reverse sense of motion is mainly exhibited along the fault zone that is covered by this study. The events resolved portray the Pen Branch Fault in a fault zone of subparallel faults and splays. / Master of Science

Since the transition to democracy, debates have revolved around the future role of civics in South Africa. Civics have been engaged in matters pertaining to protest against apartheid policies, which excluded black South Africans from decision-making processes. With apartheid dismantled, a need arose to redefine their roles. One view is that civics should remain mass-based and act as 'watchdogs', in order to ensure that local government becomes sufficiently democratic and sensitive to the needs of the community. The other view is that their role should shift from protest to development, with particular reference to housing, in order to help address the development needs of the community. If one supports the argument that civics should involve themselves directly in development, one needs to address some criticisms and doubts that have been raised. Some allege that civics cannot participate effectively in development because they do not represent the interests and concerns of the majority in the community. Their effectiveness in development is questioned on the basis that they do not have the capacity, given their lack of experience. Others, however, view civics as the appropriate vehicle to engage in effective development because, being in close contact with the community, they know best what the interests and priorities of the community are. Two casestudy areas, St Wendolins and Savannah Park, were selected to investigate the potential role of civics in development, with particular reference to housing delivery. This was done through interviews. The performance of civics in Independent Development Trust (IDT) projects in these areas was examined to assess their effectiveness as a basis for understanding their future role in housing development, particularly the consolidation process. The findings indicated that civics were not effective, largely because of internal and external factors. They do not have financial, administrative and technical skills essential for participating in effective housing development. Furthermore, they are not truly representative and do not have the resources to manage the process. On the other hand civics were constrained by the authorities and agencies who came with a predetermined package, which ignored effective participation and imposed development on them. As a reSUlt, civics were not empowered. and did not gain capacity because there was no effective transfer of skills. Notwithstanding these inadequacies, the study has argued for civic participation in housing development in the future because they are locally-based and are important organs of civil society which understands the aspirations and problems of their constituencies. This will be a move away from the 'top-down' approach which was employed by bureaucrats in the apartheid era. Civics need to play an effective role in development in order to complement the role of local government. To play this role, civics as well as the officials, need to change and adapt to the new participatory roles. Civics should be democratically elected, and should be engaged in all stages of development. They should undergo training which will enable them to acquire the necessary skills. Through participation in social compacts, civics can help promote housing development which corresponds to the needs and priorities of their constituencies. / Thesis (M.Sc.U.R.P.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the effects of rangeland management systems on savanna ecosystems under different environmental conditions in Botswana, Southern Africa. The soil sampling and vegetation assessment were conducted in twenty–three transects located in communal and ranching grazing lands across three sites. Pastoralists were also interviewed on vegetation change on their respective grazing lands. Soil texture, pH, bulk density and soil organic carbon differed between sites, but not between communal and ranching lands. Soil organic carbon was positively affected by soil clay content. The herbaceous vegetation composition showed heterogeneity between sites, but Matlolakgang and Xanagas rangelands were in poor condition, particularly the communal grazing land that had high cover of increasers II species. Higher herbaceous biomass was observed in ranches than communal lands and biomass also increased with increasing soil organic carbon. Bush encroachment was observed in communal and ranching grazing lands at Matlolakgang and Xanagas, but not Goodhope. Woody plant cover, density and diversity increased with decline in soil clay content, but not linearly. Pastoralists indicated that herbaceous vegetation compositions had changed in some areas, with increase of unpalatable grass species and bush encroachment especially in communal land. Pastoralists considered bush encroachment a problem as it suppress herbaceous vegetation productivity, but they also considered woody vegetation as a valuable grazing resource. The long-term indicators of ecosystem degradation (soil and woody cover) showed that communal and ranching grazing did not affect the savanna ecosystem differently. This is contrary to assumptions of Tribal Grazing Land Policy of Botswana, which promote ranching as a more sustainable management system. The results revealed that rainfall and soil clay strongly influence rangeland condition. These results have implications for the management policies of communal grazing lands throughout sub-Saharan Africa and in similar arid habitats across the world.

Over the last 40 years North American grassland bird populations have declined more than any other bird guild. This trend is especially evident in Vermont, where species experiencing precipitous declines include the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). These declines are linked to habitat loss due to reforestation and suburbanization as well as the intensification of grassland management. Modern grassland management includes earlier first-haying dates (late-May) and shorter intervals between haying events (35 days). These management practices have severe repercussions for songbird populations because 1) early-haying results in complete nest failure (99% Savannah Sparrow and 100% Bobolink nests), 2) the interval between the first and second haying is too short for birds to renest, and 3) intensively managed fields comprise a significant portion of the total available habitat (as much as 40%). In 2002-2006, I examined how hayfield and pasture management affected grassland songbird ecological and evolutionary behavior in the agricultural landscape of the Champlain Valley, Vermont and New York. I studied songbirds in four grassland management types: early-hayed fields harvested in late-May or early-June and again in mid-July; middle-hayed fields harvested in late-June or early-July; late-hayed fields harvested after 1 August; rotationally-grazed pastures, a matrix of small paddocks where cows are moved after the grass in a paddock is eaten to a low point. I addressed the following objectives: 1. Determined the annual productivity, survival, and recruitment of Bobolinks and Savannah Sparrows in the four treatment types. 2. Identified the effects of early-haying on the social and genetic mating systems of Savannah Sparrows. 3. Conducted a population viability analysis for Bobolinks and Savannah Sparrows nesting in the Champlain Valley, assessing sensitivities of life-history parameters and identifying effective management alternatives. This study provides information on how agricultural management affects the ecology, evolution, and viability of grassland birds. It will help inform landowners, managers, and law-makers about management practices and habitat requirements needed to sustain populations.

O bioma Cerrado possui a mais rica flora entre as savanas do mundo e apresenta alto nível de endemismo. Em relação ao contexto estadual, o Tocantins está situado na zona de transição geográfica entre o Cerrado e Amazônia. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho objetivou avaliar a composição florística e fitossociológica, bem como, quantificar a necromassa e lianas em um fragmento de Cerrado sensu stricto. Em uma área de 3,6 hectares, por meio de censo, foram identificados indivíduos arbóreos com circunferência a altura do peito (CAP) maior ou igual a 15 cm, que tiveram sua altura medida, bem como indivíduos que apresentavam lianas usando como suporte. Na área, também foi mensurada a necromassa disposta sobre o solo que se encontrava na área e com diâmetro de no mínimo 2 cm, usando a metodologia de smalian, cubagem. Além disso, foram medidas as lianas lenhosas com diâmetros ≥ 1 cm a 1,30 m de altura. Foram amostrados 8.943 indivíduos, pertencentes a 75 espécies, 69 gêneros e 33 famílias das quais predominaram as famílias Vochysiaceae e Fabaceae. A densidade total da área e área basal foram, respectivamente, de 2.484 ind.ha-1 e 13,95 m².ha-1. Foi constatado pelos índices de Shannon (H’=3,39) e Pielou (J=0,79), em comparação com outros trabalhos, a alta diversidade e heterogeneidade de espécies. Foram medidos um total de 1.547 peças lenhosas caída sobre o solo e suspensos sobre as árvores com uma densidade total de 430 peças.ha-1, sendo a maioria composto por galhos. Em relação as lianas, foram amostrados 2.174 indivíduos (604 ind.ha-1), com uma biomassa média de 16,81 Mg.ha-1. Na área de estudo as espécies que se destacaram em relação aos parâmetros fitossociológicos foram: Myrcia splendens, Byrsonima stipulacea, Qualea parviflora, Machaerium brasiliense, Qualea multiflora, Magonia pubescens e Astronium fraxinifolium; alta riqueza de espécies e heterogeneidade de distribuição; poucas espécies com mesmos gêneros; e maior abundância de necromassa e lianas em diâmetros menores está relacionada à estrutura da área uma vez que, grande parte das espécies lenhosas está concentrada em plantas de pequeno porte. / The Cerrado biome has the richest flora among the world's savannas and presents a high level of endemism. In relation to the state context, the Tocantins is situated in the geographical transition zone between the Cerrado and the Amazon. The development of this work aimed to evaluate the floristic and phytosociological composition, as well as quantify the necromass and lianas in a Cerrado fragment sensu stricto. In an area of 3.6 hectares, by census, arboreal individuals with chest circumference (CAP) greater than or equal to 15 cm were identified, which had their height measured, as well as individuals who presented lianas using as support. In the area, we also measured the necromass arranged on the soil that was in the area and with diameter of at least 2 cm, using the methodology of smalian, cubing. In addition, woody lianas with diameters ≥ 1 cm at 1.30 m were measured. A total of 8,943 individuals belonging to 75 species were sampled, 69 genera and 33 families of which the families Vochysiaceae and Fabaceae predominated. The total density of the area and basal area were, respectively, 2,484 ind.ha-1 and 13,95 m².ha-1. It was verified by the indexes of Shannon (H '= 3.39) and Pielou (J = 0.79), in comparison with other studies, the high species diversity and heterogeneity. A total of 1,547 woody pieces were measured lying on the ground and suspended above the trees with a total density of 430 pieces.ha-1, most of which were composed of twigs. Regarding the lianas, 2,174 individuals (604 ind.ha-1) were sampled, with a mean biomass of 16.81 Mg.ha-1. In the study area the species that stood out in relation to the phytosociological parameters were: Myrcia splendens, Byrsonima stipulacea, Qualea parviflora, Machaerium brasiliense, Qualea multiflora, Magonia pubescens and Astronium fraxinifolium; high species richness and distribution heterogeneity; few species with the same genera; and greater abundance of necromasses and lianas in smaller diameters is related to the structure of the area since most of the woody species is concentrated in small plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo de Assis Italo.pdf: 2826287 bytes, checksum: f7cd22859dc671fee66ed444ed64ed6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-11 / Studies on the biodiversity of the Cerrado has focused on vertebrate animals and plants, but there are few studies on aquatic insects in Goiás, more specifically in the basin of the Araguaia River. This study aims to compare the assemblages of insects among the sampled water courses and determine which the insect-substrate patterns are. Samples were taken in 24 sampling points distributed in 11 rivers and one tributary (stream). It was collected 11,759 insects distributed in 42 families and nine orders. The ecological descriptors used indicated significant differences among the river aquatic insects assemblages that seems related to its location in environments rich in organic matter, such as the water courses located in the Middle Araguaia floodplain, or in a local submitted to anthropogenic interferences. The larvae of the Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae family are associated with a substrate composed by leaves and it is explained by the use of this substrate as insect food source. The Simuliidae and Coenagrionidae display preference for substrates of pebbles, which seem to be related to dietary habits and ecological aspects. / Os estudos sobre a biodiversidade do Cerrado tem se centrado em animais vertebrados e plantas, mas poucos são os estudos sobre os insetos aquáticos em Goiás, mais especificamente na bacia do rio Araguaia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar as assembléias de insetos entre os cursos de águas amostrados e determinar quais são os padrões da relação inseto-substrato. As amostras foram realizadas em 24 estações de coleta distribuídos em 11 rios e um afluente (córrego). Foram coletados 11759 insetos distribuídos em 42 famílias e nove ordens. Os descritores ecológicos utilizados indicam existir diferenças entre as assembléias de insetos aquáticos dos cursos de água que parecem relacionados à sua localização, seja em ambientes ricos em matéria orgânica, como é o caso dos cursos de água localizados na planície de inundação do médio Araguaia, seja em locais com interferências antrópicas. As larvas da família Chironomidae e Ceratopogonidae estão associadas a um substrato de folhas, explicada pelo uso das mesmas como alimento por parte destes insetos. Os Simuliidae e Coenagrionidae apresentam preferência por substratos de seixos, que parecem estar relacionados com os seus hábitos alimentares e aspectos ecológicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lia Maris Orth Ritter.pdf: 5304843 bytes, checksum: 38bec207bc6f98b315d244b3eb05c3e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-19 / The Campos Gerais, of the Parana State, Brazil, are the austral limit of occurrence of the domain Savannah in Brazil. Delimiting this region as studing area, they had been located and georreferenced 30 remainders of savannah, being then submitted to floristic and phytophysiognomies analysis. About 50% of the remainders sense presented physionomies of the "savannah stricto senso", distributed more to the north of the region, as well as the physionomies "cerradão" (13%), exclusive of the portions most northern. The “rupestre savannah” (17%) was more present to the long one of the reverse of the Devoniana Scarp, while the "campo sujo" (with fácies of savannah) presented more southern distribution, with 20% of the occurrences. The variable ambient had been selected for analysis: temperature, evapotranspiration, altimetry, declivity, angle of solar exposition, types of soil and linear distance of water´s courses, aiming at to detect a standard of current distribution. It was perceived for the analyses that some variables are overlapped. It can be explained by the biogeographic standard, that previously defined the original phytophysiognomies of the State, as well as the standard of current use, since this influences the savannah’s occurrence, composition and structure. After the data analysis was possible to note that, independently of the altimetry, when the declivities are smaller there´s a significant savannah absence, appointing to its replacement by pastures and farmings, restricting its permanence by areas evaluated as lesser economic value. The temperature, evapotranspiration and proximity with water´s courses, for this region, do not seem to act as ambient filter. A significant correlation was observed for soils, with clear preference of the savannah for litolic neosoils and latossoils. / Os Campos Gerais do Paraná são o limite austral de ocorrência do domínio Cerrado no Brasil. Delimitando-se esta região como área de estudo, foram localizados e georreferenciados 30 remanescentes de cerrado, sendo então submetidos à análises florísticas e fitofisionômicas. Cerca de 50% dos remanescentes apresentavam fisionomia do tipo cerrado stricto senso, distribuídos mais ao norte da região, bem como a fisionomia cerradão (13%), exclusiva das porções mais setentrionais. O cerrado rupestre (17%) esteve mais presente ao longo do reverso da Escarpa Devoniana, enquanto o campo sujo (com fácies de cerrado) apresentou distribuição mais meridional, com 20% das ocorrências. Foram selecionadas para análise as variáveis ambientais: temperatura, evapotranspiração, altitude, declividade, ângulo de exposição solar, tipos de solo e distância linear de cursos d´água, visando detectar um padrão de distribuição atual. Percebeu-se pelas análises, que algumas variáveis se sobrepõe. Isto pode dever-se ao padrão biogeográfico, que definiu anteriormente as fitofisionomias originais do estado ou então o padrão de uso atual, visto que este influencia a ocorrência, composição e estrutura do cerrado. Observou-se através do cruzamento de dados que, independente da altitude, quando as declividades são menores, há uma significativa ausência de cerrado, apontando para a sua substituição por pastagens e lavouras, restringindo sua permanência a áreas avaliadas como de menor valor econômico. A temperatura, evapotranspiração e a proximidade com cursos de água, para esta região, não parecem atuar como filtro ambiental. Para solos observou-se uma correlação significativa, com nítida preferência do cerrado por latossolos ou neossolos litólicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELIZANDRA PITT_2010.pdf: 18382526 bytes, checksum: 2fef0a4fb77fb093df61f40851538909 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / Considered the second largest biome of Brazil, the savannah has its southern limit of occurrence in the Paraná State, in the Campos Gerais region like disjunct patches at six districts: Sengés, Jaguariaíva Piraí do Sul, Tibagi, Carambeí and Ponta Grossa. It is a vegetation relict of drier climates in Pleistocene controled mainly by the physiographic factors, like the relief of cuesta of the Devonian escarp. In this study, were located, georefered, mapped and physiognomicly characterized 59 remnants that compound the campo sujo com fácies de cerrado (3,9%) and cerrado rupestre (3,3%) in districts farther south, and cerrado stricto sensu (56,8%) and forest physiognomies like cerradão (32%) to the north. This work also raise new data related to the proximity of regional geological features, as Ponta Grossa Arch and Brasiliana Orogeny, and pedological and geological substrate in areas with deficit of water, beyond the substrate geological and pedological that guarantee shallow and poor soils. Were prepared a map of distribution and a letter-image for each fragment. The fragments occupy a area of 2.780,45 ha, corresponding at 0.24% of the region, which almost half of them are under conservation units. They vary from 0.9 to 400.45 ha.Most of them are close to areas of low commercial value, with limited agricultural mechanization, in a region deeply transformed by the expansion of agribusiness over the last decades. Evidence is thus a geologic structural control of the permanence of this vegetation, associated with anthropic control of the distribution of remnants, which have occupied larger areas than today. / O cerrado, segundo maior bioma brasileiro, tem seu limite sul de ocorrência na região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná, como vegetação relicta de épocas mais secas do Pleistoceno controlada por fatores fisiográficos, como o relevo de cuesta da Escarpa Devoniana. Neste levantamento foram localizados, georreferenciados, mapeados e caracterizados fitofisionomicamente 59 ocorrências de cerrado nos municípios de Sengés, Jaguariaíva, Piraí do Sul, Tibagi, Carambeí e Ponta Grossa. Além disso, foi analisada sua relação com feições geológicas regionais, como Arco de Ponta Grossa e Orogênese Brasiliana, e correspondente substrato pedológico. Os fragmentos somam uma área de 2.780,45 ha, correspondente a 0,24% da região. Suas dimensões variam de 0,9 a 400,45 ha, sendo quase metade localizados em unidades de conservação federal, estaduais, municipais ou reservas particulares. Foram elaborados um mapa de distribuição e uma carta-imagem para cada fragmento. Observa-se um gradiente latitudinal com relação as fitofisionomias e a sua distribuição nos Campos Gerais, com a presença de fitotipias campestres como o campo sujo com fácies de cerrado (3,9%) e cerrado rupestre (3,3%) nos municípios mais ao sul, e cerrado stricto sensu (56,8%) até fitotipias florestais, como o cerradão (32%). Os fragmentos se encontram próximos à fraturas componentes das feições de relevo, em áreas com deficiência hidrica, com solos pobres em nutrientes e rasos. Além disso, sua gênese se deu sob uma geomorfologia movimentada, com a formação de um relevo peculiar entalhado bastante dissecado, ligado ao Arco de Ponta Grossa. Grande parte dos fragmentos encontra-se próximo a áreas de pouco valor comercial, com dificuldade de mecanização agrícola, numa região profundamente transformada pela expansão do agronegócio nas últimas décadas do século XX. Evidencia-se assim um controle estrutural geológico da permanência desta formação vegetacional, associado à um controle antrópico na distribuição dos remanescentes, os quais já ocuparam áreas maiores que as atuais.