A fast and energy-efficient multiplier is always needed in electronics industry especially DSP, image processing and arithmetic units in microprocessors. Multiplier is such an important element which contributes substantially to the total power consumption of the system. On VLSI level, the area also becomes quite important as more area means more system cost. Speed is another key parameter while designing a multiplier for a specific application. These three parameters i.e. power, area and speed are always traded off. Speaking of DSP processors, area and speed of MAC unit are the most important factors. But sometimes, increasing speed also increases the power consumption, so there is an upper bound of speed for a given power criteria. Considering the battery operated portable multimedia devices, low power and fast designs of multipliers are more important than area. The design of a low power, high speed and area efficient multiplier is thus the goal of my thesis work. The projected plan is to instantiate a good design and modify it for low power and speed and prepare its layout using 90nm technology in Cadence®. For that purpose study has been performed on a number of research papers presented in section 7 and selected one of the architecture presented by Jung-Yup Kang and Jean-Luc Gaudiot. They presented a unique technique for power reduction in Wallace tree multipliers. They have proposed a method to calculate 2’s complement of multiplicand for final Partial Product Row (PPR) if using MBE technique. This method has been used in the design for speed enhancement and power reduction. The ultimate purpose is to come up with such an architecture which is energy and area efficient than a conventional multiplier at the same performance level. This report describes the design and evaluation of new energy-efficient 32-bit multiplier architecture by comparing its power, performance and chip area to those of a conventional 32-bit multiplier. The report throws light on the basic principles and methods of binary multiplication process and also the power consumption issues related to multipliers. The new algorithm, which reduces the last negative signal in the partial product row is discussed to develop the new architecture. A power performance comparison is shown. The simulation results show that the new architecture is 46 % energy-efficient than a conventional multiplier at the same performance level. The number of transistors used is 34% less and also it consumes 25% less chip area in 90nm CMOS technology.

When a writer, usually a woman, uses fairy tales as a veil through which to narrate a story of her life, I call this practice asymptotic autobiography. In mathematics, the asymptote is a straight line that a curve approaches increasingly closely, but never actually touches. I define “asymptotic autobiography” as a term for discussing any personal narrative that deliberately employs fiction in order to tell truth. In this inquiry, I examine the use of fairy tale language in giving voice to women writers’ autobiographical representations, using Zelda Fitzgerald’s novel and letters as the focus for my analysis. My research and critical analysis will examine how Save Me the Waltz, which Zelda Fitzgerald wrote while she was a psychiatric patient in the Phipps Clinic, uses fairy tales to provide a mapping of the many performances that autobiographical selfhood entails. By experimenting with open-ended fairy tale conventions instead of being limited by clinical truths, and by contextualizing her personal history in the realm of the imaginary, Fitzgerald removes her story from the psychiatric ward and places it safely in legend. The first three chapters of this dissertation show how, in sequence, the autobiographical self becomes free through the use of fairy tales in three stages: once the autobiographer has worked to separate herself from being bound by illness or clinical reality (Chapter One), she is free to make the decision of which self or selves she wishes to narrate and perform (Chapter Two); only once she has established her sense of self can the autobiographer then locate her plot, her map, and her narrative (Chapter Three). In Chapter Four, I offer an example of asymptotic autobiography in the form of a one-person play script that I wrote and performed about Zelda Fitzgerald’s life and hospitalization, using as a frame the fairy tale “The Swan Maiden.” This hybrid essay-performance combines the play script itself with personal writing of my own in which I describe the difficulties I had approaching and performing the rich material of Zelda’s life. / text

Since Tajikistan’s independence in 1991 the number of rural girls leaving school after grade 9 has been increasing at an alarming rate. In order to improve rural girls’ secondary school attendance and retention, in 2006 Save the Children, local non-governmental organization (NGO) partners, and the Ministry of Education implemented a two-year UNICEF-funded Girls’ Education Project (GEP). This mixed-method study compares rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities at six schools (three GEP schools and three non-GEP schools) in two districts located in regions with the lowest levels of female secondary school participation nationwide. Two research questions guided this study: 1) What factors serve as obstacles or enablers to girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities in rural Tajikistan? and 2) How did the GEP attempt to overcome factors limiting rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities and which aspects of the project were perceived to be most effective? The study’s theoretical framework contains concepts from two sets of theories: 1) social reproduction (schooling as a means of maintaining and reproducing the status quo) and 2) empowerment (schooling as a means of changing the status quo). Data collected reveals two groups’ perspectives: 1) adult participants (Ministry of Education officials, NGO staff, school administrators and teachers) and 2) rural female upper secondary school students. A multi-level data analysis process was used to compare findings within and across districts. Factors that serve as either an obstacle or an enabler of girls’ educational experiences and opportunities include those relating to the community/society, family, school, and self. Factors related to community/society include the dominant belief that a girl is “grown-up” by 15 and should no longer go to school which intersects with family poverty to create a major barrier to girls’ non-compulsory secondary schooling. Factors affecting girls’ schooling related to the family were the most significant determinant of a girl’s schooling. Of all the GEP activities, participants consistently considered the girls’ overnight camp to be the “best” activity. Findings show how enabling just a few girls to return to school significantly increases the likelihood of other girls being allowed to attend school in these rural communities.

abstract: This dissertation examines the development of grassroots environmental organizations between 1970 and 2000 and the role they played in the larger American environmental movement and civil society during that period. Much has been written about growth in environmental values in the United States during the twentieth century and about the role of national environmental organizations in helping to pass landmark federal-level environmental laws during the 1960s and 1970s. This study illuminates a different story of how citizen activists worked to protect and improve the air, water, healthfulness and quality of life of where they lived. At the local level, activists looked much different than they did in Washington, D.C.--they tended to be volunteers without any formal training in environmental science or policy. They were also more likely to be women than at the national level. They tended to frame environmental issues and solutions in familiar ways that made sense to them. Rather than focusing on the science or economics of an environmental issue, they framed it in terms of fairness and justice and giving citizens a say in the decisions that affected their health and quality of life. And, as the regulatory, political, and social landscape changed around them, they adapted their strategies in their efforts to continue to affect environmental decision making. Over time, they often connected their local interests and issues with more sophisticated, globalized understandings of the economic and political systems that under laid environmental issues. This study examines three case studies in the rural Great Plains, urban Southwest, and small-town Appalachia between 1970 and 2000 in an attempt to understand community-based environmental activism in the late twentieth century, how it related to the national environmental movement, the strategies local-level groups employed and when and why, the role of liberal democratic arguments in their work and in group identity formation, the limits of those arguments, and how the groups, their strategies, and the activists themselves changed overtime. These three groups were the Northern Plains Resource Council in Montana, Southwest Environmental Service in Southern Arizona, and Save Our Cumberland Mountains in Eastern Tennessee. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. History 2012

The objective of my work is to survey what kinds of social work tools motivate, from the view of a social worker, an involuntary client to change his/her current situation and start working with a social worker. In the theoretical part of my diploma work I first deal with general topics, I focus on the typology of clients and relation and communication with clients. Within the section that is dedicated to the involuntary client solely I deal with the characteristics of such a client and ethical dilemmas in respect of the relation to this client. Furthermore, I present some recommendations for work with an involuntary client and I concentrate more on motivating the client. The chapter that deals with specific features of social work with addictive substances users, as one of the groups of involuntary clients, forms an extensive part of the theoretical part. In order to achieve the set objective, I have chosen a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. The data have been collected by means of anonymous questionnaires and non-standardized dialogues with 144 social workers in the Vysočina Region. Within the research I study the experience of social workers with work with involuntary clientele, further I focus on methods and techniques used at work with involuntary clients and on theoretical bases of this work as well. The survey also aims to determine the diversity in the approach of social workers in respect of voluntary and involuntary clientele. Following the evaluation of the survey outputs it can be said that a majority of social workers meet involuntary clients at their work. However, not all the workers consider the use of a specific approach to such clients important. A possible improvement in this respect may, in my opinion, be brought by educational courses that focus on the issues of involuntary clientele. Supervision plays an irreplaceable role here, too. The results of my diploma work may be used for the needs of further research, teaching and in order to enhance the knowledge of the issues of involuntary clientele.

This diploma thesis specialises in stress – strain analysis of the save tooth. Concretely this thesis works with the save tooth with cavity of the I. and II. class. At the beginning of this work you can find description of basic filling materials, different ways of cavity´s preparation and subclassification of cavity. This work describes production of geometric model of health and save tooth with cavity of the I. and II. class. Model geometer of the save tooth was im-plemented in several ways, each one concerning different form of cavity, size of cavity and different filling materials. Final element net was created on the base of these geometric mo-dels. Computational model was created with the help of the programme ANSYS 11.0 in gra-phic environment Workbench and with the help of the final elements method. The results of the analysis are following: Continuity of the save tooth happens to break thereby the whole stiffness decreases in comparison with the save tooth. Two filling materials were used for sanitation of the tooth: amalgam and composite resin. As a result of the analysis I consider amalgam to be more suitable for sanitation of teeth in moral section.

This diploma thesis deals with stress-strain analysis of healthy and save tooth. Defor-mation and stress of tooth system with a part of jawbone was solved by calculating method, FEM in computing system ANSYS Workbench 11. Stress-strain analysis of save of tooth was performed in twenty-five ways describing various classes and sizes of cavity, filling material and model of connection between the filling and the tooth.

Name: The effect of age at the level of technical skills and speed of goalkeepers in football. Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis was to determine possible differences in the level of technical skills and movement speed of football goalkeepers across age categories (11 - 19 years). At the same time, the aim was to find out any differences between goalkeepers from the professional and amateur club. Methods: The level of technical skills was determined using two specific goalie tests, the Sprint Keeper Test (S-Keeper test) and the Laterl Shuffle-Keeper Test (LS-Keeper test). Movement speed was determined using sprints 5 and 10m. Results: A significant effect of age on performance in the S-Keeper and LS-Keeper test was found between the individual age categories (p <0.01; p <0.05, respectively). Significant differences were found between pupil and adolescent categories, except for the difference between older pupils and younger adolescents in the LS-Keeper test (non-dominant foot). Furthermore, no differences were found between younger and older pupils and also between younger and older adolescents (in the S-Keeper test and LS-Keeper test). In the tests of movement speed 5m and 10m, significant differences were found between all age categories. In the S-Keeper test, LS- Keeper test and sprint...

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of the most endangered large carnivores. Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and Savè Valley Conservancy (SVC) that hold part of the few remaining viable populations report that wild dog populations continue to decline due to high rates of habitat loss and fragmentation. This leads to low pup survival rates due to predators and reduced formation of new packs as the wild dogs have become reluctant to leave the safety of their original packs in pursuit of mating partners in fragmented habitats where higher risks of danger exist. Consequently, this reduces population growth for Lycaon pictus. Therefore, the study sought to identify additional suitable habitat for wild dog outside GNP and SVC and a corridor connecting the two areas using the ecological niche theory. Wild dog satellite collar data from the African Wildlife Conservation Fund (AWCF) was used with spatial and climate data for GNP and SVC from PeaceParks and WorldClim. This data was used to firstly, identify dens using ArcGIS 10.1. Secondly, map geographic and temporal distributions using Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH). Thirdly, to assess biotic and abiotic drivers of different packs and sexes movement and distribution patterns using ARCGIS 10.1 and lastly, map probability distributions (corridor and re-location sites) using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). Den locations are in areas away from predators and human settlements. Wild dog geographic distributions are smaller in the cold and dry seasons and differ according to sex whilst temporal distributions depend on their use of resources. The most influential biotic and abiotic variables within reserves were distance to human settlements and elevation whilst the least influential were roads and temperature. However, outside the reserves, the most influential variable was distance from reserve. Malilangwe is a potential corridor between GNP and SVC, whilst Masvingo, Beitbridge, and Mwenezi districts have suitable habitat for re-location sites. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Afrika-wildehond (Lycaon pictus) is een van die mees bedreigde groot karnivore. Gonarezhou Nationale Park (GNP) en Savè Vallei Conservancy (SVC) wat deel van die min oorblywende lewensvatbare bevolkings hou rapporteer dat wilde hond bevolkings voortgaan om te daal as gevolg van die verlies en fragmentering van habitat. Dit lei tot 'n lae pup oorlewingsyfer te danke aan predasie asook dalende vlakke van nuwe troppe. Omdat as die wilde honde het huiwerig geword om die veiligheid van hul oorspronklike troppe te verlaat in die soektog na paarmaats in gefragmenteerde habitatte waar hoër risiko van gevaar bestaan. Gevolglik verminder die bevolkingsgroei vir Lycaon pictus. Daarom onderneem die studie addisionele geskikte habitat vir wilde hond buite die GNP en SVC te vind en die stigting van 'n gang Om die twee gebiede te verbind met behulp van die ekologiese nis teorie te identifiseer. Wildehond satelliet kraag data van die African Wildlife Conservation Fund (AWCF) is gebruik met ruimtelike en klimaat data vir die GNP en SVC van PeaceParks en WorldClim. Hierdie data is gebruik om eerstens, kuile te identifiseer met behulp van ArcGIS 10.1. Tweedens, kartering van geografiese en temporale verspreiding met behulp van Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH). Derdens, die ondersoek van biotiese en abioties dryfkragte van verskillende troppe pakke en geslagte bewegings en verspreidingspatrone met ArcGIS 10.1 te evalueer en laastens, kartering van waarskynlikheidsverdelings (korridor en hervestigingsgebiede) van die Maksimum Entropie (MaxEnt). Kuile is in gebiede weg van roofdiere en menslike nedersettings. Wildehond geografiese verspreiding is kleiner in die koue en droë seisoene en verskil volgens geslag, terwyl temporale verspreidings afhang van die gebruik van hulpbronne. Die mees invloedryke biotiese en abioties veranderlikes binne reserwes was die afstand vanaf menslike nedersettings en hoogte, terwyl paaie en temperatuur die laagste invloed gehad. Buite die reserwes was, die mees invloedryke veranderlike afstand vanaf reservaat. Malilangwe is 'n potensiële korridor tussen die GNP en SVC, terwyl Masvingo, Beitbridge en Mwenezi distrikte geskikte habitat bied vir hervestiging.