O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS) é caracterizado pelo medo acentuado ou persistente de situações nas quais o individuo poderia sentir vergonha, levando ao comportamento de esquiva fóbica. Contudo, ainda é pouco diagnosticado, devido às dificuldades em perceber suas características como sintomas. Desse modo, a validação de instrumentos para rastreamento do TAS são de grande importância para auxiliar no diagnóstico e conduta. Dentre os instrumentos disponíveis na literatura, a Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitz (LSAS) tem sido a mais utilizada mundialmente, seja em situações clínicas ou de pesquisa, porém para uso no contexto brasileiro, este instrumento não foi consistentemente validado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é aferir as qualidades psicométricas de validade (concorrente, divergente e discriminativa) e fidedignidade da LSAS-SR, traduzida para o português do Brasil, em sua versão auto-aplicada, em uma amostra de universitários da população geral (N=413) e em uma amostra clínica de TAS (N=252). Para tanto, foram coletados dados com universitários de duas instituições do interior do estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizados instrumentos para avaliação específica do TAS e de seus subtipos e outros para avaliação de constructos correlacionados ao TAS, tais como, ansiedade geral, prejuízos funcionais, depressão e abuso de álcool, além da LSAS-SR e um questionário de identificação. A LSAS-SR apresentou excelente consistência interna (=0,90-0,96). A validade convergente com escalas específicas para avaliação do TAS apresentou correlações que variam de 0,33 a 0,84. Com a escala que avalia aspectos específicos do TAS (falar em púbico) as correlações foram fracas e pouco significativas, sendo que com a escala de ansiedade geral esses valores foram de 0,21 a 0,57, classificada como fraca a moderada. Apresentou correlações moderadas, na maioria dos casos, com construtos correlacionados, tais quais depressão (0,36-0,52) e prejuízo funcional (0,30-0,72). Foi observada também adequada capacidade de discriminação da escala no que tange a diferenciação casos e não-casos (S=0,96, E=0,80). Na análise fatorial exploratória apontou inicialmente uma solução de 12 fatores. Testaram-se também soluções de três, quatro e cinco fatores, sendo que os mesmos foram compostos por agrupamentos de itens diferentes dos estudos prévios. A análise fatorial confirmatória também não replicou os achados prévios, sinalizando, tal como encontrado na literatura, a dificuldade em conseguir-se uma estrutura fatorial de consenso, comum às diversas culturas nas quais o instrumento foi estudado. Para avaliação da fidedignidade teste-reteste, foi calculado o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (0,81) e de Pearson (0,82) os quais mostram-se satisfatórios. Os presentes achados vão ao encontro de estudos internacionais que certificam às excelentes qualidades psicométricas da LSAS-SR. / Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterized by the sharp or persistent fear of situations in which the individual could feel shame, leading to a behavior of phobic avoidance. However, it is still little diagnosed, due to the difficulty in recognizing its characteristics as symptoms. Therefore, the validation of instruments to screening SAD is highly important to help in the diagnosis and treatment. Among the instruments available in the literature, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) has been the most used worldwide, being in clinical or of research situations. However, in the Brazilian context the use of this instrument has not been consistently validated. Thus, the objective of this study is to verify the psychometric qualities of validity (convergent, divergent and discriminant) and reliability of LSAS-SR, translated into Portuguese, in its self-reported version, in a sample of university students from the general population (N = 413) and in a clinical sample of SAD (N = 252). For this purpose, data from university students of two institutions of the interior of the state of São Paulo were collected. They used instruments for specific evaluation of SAD and of their subtypes and others for evaluation of constructs correlated to SAD, such as general anxiety, functional impairment, depression and alcohol abuse in addition to LSAR-SR and an identification questionnaire. LSAS-SR showed excellent internal consistency (=0.90-0.96). The convergent validity with specific scales for the SAD assessment presented correlations that ranged from 0.33 to 0.84. With the scale that evaluates specific aspects of the SAD (to speak in public) the correlations were weak and insignificant and with the general scale of anxiety these values ranged from 0.21 to 0.57, being classified as weak to moderate. It presented moderate correlations, in most cases, with correlated constructs, such as depression (0.36 0.52) and functional impairment (0.30 0.72). It was also observed adequate capacity of discrimination of the scale concerning the differentiation between cases and non-cases (S=0.96, E=0.80). Initially, the exploratory factorial analysis pointed the solution of 12 factors. The models with three, four and five factors were tested too, howsoever they were composed of clusters of different items compared with the original studies. The confirmatory factorial analysis did not replicate previous findings, signaling, as found in the literature, the difficulty in getting a factorial structure of consensus, common to several cultures where the instrument was studied. For the evaluation of test-retest reliability the Interclass Correlation (0.81) and the Pearson (0.82) Coefficients were calculated. Both demonstrated to be satisfactory. The present findings are aligned with international studies that certify the excellent psychometric qualities of LSAS-SR.

My monograph focuses on the Instants d’un Opera de Pekin by the contemporary Chinese composer Qigang Chen in particular how he incorporates Chinese musical elements with Western compositional techniques. The main focus of this study is an analysis with emphasis on performance issues. A brief introduction to Chinese music elements is provided to establish a context. This document provides brief information about Chinese scale modes and instruments.

Increasing global urbanization has altered landscapes for many wildlife species, including carnivores. Some carnivore species have been able to adapt to and even thrive in urban environments, including coyotes (Canis latrans). As coyotes continue to settle in more urban areas, human-coyote conflicts, such as attacks on humans or pets, are also increasing. Understanding the various factors affecting space use of urban coyotes may assist wildlife officials in reducing such conflicts. We conducted three studies of urban coyotes at varying spatial scales. First, using a captive population of coyotes at a fine spatial scale, we tested whether coyotes preferred urban, natural, or a mixture of habitat structures and whether sex, behavioral profile, biological season, or food manipulation affected coyote patch choice. When investigating novel environments, coyotes, especially females and bold animals, preferred a mixture of urban and natural structures rather than uniform structure. Food had no effect on patch choice, and coyotes appeared to be primarily motivated by the structure of the habitat rather than by the amount of food within each habitat. Second, we examined home-range size, habitat use, and resource selection of 22 coyotes at a local, population scale in the Denver metropolitan area. Mean (± SD) home-range size of resident coyotes (11.6 ± 11.0 km2) was smaller than ranges of transient coyotes (200.7 ± 232.4 km2). Home-range size did not vary by season or sex, but resident coyotes during the day had smaller home ranges than during the night. Coyotes had high percentages of developed lands (44.5 ± 18.9%) within their home ranges, but the percentage of coyote locations in natural lands (48.9 ± 22.4%) was higher than in developed lands (20.6 ± 11.7%). Coyotes selected for natural lands over developed lands, and they increased activity at night. Finally, we surveyed 105 urban areas in the United States, focusing on the occurrence of coyotes and conflicts on a national scale. Larger urban areas were more likely to contain both coyotes and conflicts, and were also more likely to have greater numbers of conflicts. Urban areas in the western regions with larger amounts of high-intensity development and less forested and agricultural areas were more likely to have conflicts. Most urban areas considered the management of conflicts to be of low priority. We conclude from these three studies that coyotes residing in urban areas prefer to spend their time in natural lands where human activity is minimized, especially forested and riparian areas that provide cover for coyotes and their native prey. Habitat management practices, such as sustainable urban planning and landscape design incorporating wildlife habitat requirements, may be an important tool in reducing human-coyote conflicts in highly urbanized environments.

Channel morphology in alluvial rivers results from the interactions among the flow of water and sediment, the grain size distribution of the material in transport, and the characteristics of the materials making up the channel boundary. Many modern river management problems depend upon the ability to predict channel behavior in response to changes in the delivery of sediment. Sediment budgets provide a framework for explicitly evaluating the links between sediment delivery to and export from a river, and changes in storage. In the work presented here I have developed sediment budgets at three different spatial and temporal scales in an effort to gain insight to channel response to a change in sediment supply. In Chapter 2, I present a bed load budget for the Snake River in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), Wyoming. The analysis was designed to evaluate the effects of 50 years of flow regulation on net sediment flux and, thus, sediment storage for the Snake River below Jackson Lake Dam. In Chapter 3 I present a sediment mass balance constructed for a single flood on an aggrading 4-km reach of the middle Provo River, Utah. Sediment accumulation in the Provo River had driven significant point bar growth, and the sediment budget was designed to explicitly link patterns in sediment flux with morphologic change. In Chapter 4, I present the results from a physical experiment designed to further evaluate the effect of changing sediment supply on point bar morphology in a single meander bend. The experiment was conducted in a field-scale flume, the Outdoor StreamLab (OSL), at the University of Minnesota. In each of the cases I present here, the channel was subject to sediment accumulation due to either an increase in sediment supply (Provo River and OSL) or a decrease in transport capacity (Snake River). The analyses provide insight into processes governing channel response to changes in sediment supply and highlight the inherent challenges and uncertainties associated with sediment budgets, regardless of the scale of the analysis.

Interviews were held with 126 Year 10 and 23 Year 11 students to obtain a description of the knowledge that students had about the way they were assessed. Data was obtained about the grades the students received, or expected to receive. The students also completed the same attitude scales in both sets of interviews. The most suitable criterion for analysing the Year 11 interview data was found to be the changes in assignment grades between Year 10 and Year 11. The criterion was verified by analysing the attitudinal data. Changes in attitude, based on relative grade changes, showed that the most negative attitude changes occurred with students who had obtained higher grades in Year 10 than they had in Year 11. The differences in grading practices between the high schools and the secondary college meant that the majority of students obtained lower grades in Year 11 than they did in Year 10. Students were found to have a selective knowledge of the assessment system with the most "academically successful" students knowing more about the assessment system than the "academically less successful". Two underlying constructs, communication and realism, are used in an attempt to explain the data. The approach of asking students about assessment is recommended for use an evaluative tool in curriculum development.

<p>Stark tro på en rättvis värld (BJW) har setts ha samband med en benägenhet att nedvärdera olycksdrabbade men även med positiva aspekter såsom stresshantering. Politiskt har BJW setts relaterad till högerorientering. Denna studie kombinerar relationen mellan BJW och politik med fokusering på attribuering av orsaker till arbetslöshet vilket tidigare förbisetts. Elever (n = 63) från gymnasium och högskola tog ställning till föreslagna orsaker till arbetslöshet och besvarade bakgrundsfrågor inklusive politisk hemvist och två olika BJW-skalor: dels en cynisk inställning till andras misslyckanden (deserved misfortune, DM), dels en förmåga att glädjas över andras framgång (deserved good fortune, DGF). DM och DM för deltagare med lågt DGF uppvisade samband med högerpolitisk orientering, vilket även korrelerade positivt med intern attribution. En tendens till korrelation mellan DM och intern attribution återfanns, men inga signifikanta samband mellan BJW och attribution. Uppdelningen av BJW samt möjligheter till och behovet av framtida forskning diskuteras utifrån resultaten.</p>

<p>Have you thought of why you get tired or why you get hungry? Something in your body keeps track of time. It is almost like you have a clock that tells you all those things.</p><p>And indeed, in the suparachiasmatic region of our hypothalamus reside cells which each act like an oscillator, and together form a coherent circadian rhythm to help our body keep track of time. In fact, such circadian clocks are not limited to mammals but can be found in many organisms including single-cell, reptiles and birds. The study of such rhythms constitutes a field of biology, chronobiology, and forms the background for my research and this thesis.</p><p>Pioneers of chronobiology, Pittendrigh and Aschoff, studied biological clocks from an input-output view, across a range of organisms by observing and analyzing their overt activity in response to stimulus such as light. Their study was made without recourse to knowledge of the biological underpinnings of the circadian pacemaker. The advent of the new biology has now made it possible to "break open the box" and identify biological feedback systems comprised of gene transcription and protein translation as the core mechanism of a biological clock.</p><p>My research has focused on a simple transcription-translation clock model which nevertheless possesses many of the features of a circadian pacemaker including its entrainability by light. This model consists of two nonlinear coupled and delayed differential equations. Light pulses can reset the phase of this clock, whereas constant light of different intensity can speed it up or slow it down. This latter property is a signature property of circadian clocks and is referred to in chronobiology as "Aschoff's rule". The discussion in this thesis focus on develop a connection and also a understanding of how constant light effect this clock model.</p>

Stark tro på en rättvis värld (BJW) har setts ha samband med en benägenhet att nedvärdera olycksdrabbade men även med positiva aspekter såsom stresshantering. Politiskt har BJW setts relaterad till högerorientering. Denna studie kombinerar relationen mellan BJW och politik med fokusering på attribuering av orsaker till arbetslöshet vilket tidigare förbisetts. Elever (n = 63) från gymnasium och högskola tog ställning till föreslagna orsaker till arbetslöshet och besvarade bakgrundsfrågor inklusive politisk hemvist och två olika BJW-skalor: dels en cynisk inställning till andras misslyckanden (deserved misfortune, DM), dels en förmåga att glädjas över andras framgång (deserved good fortune, DGF). DM och DM för deltagare med lågt DGF uppvisade samband med högerpolitisk orientering, vilket även korrelerade positivt med intern attribution. En tendens till korrelation mellan DM och intern attribution återfanns, men inga signifikanta samband mellan BJW och attribution. Uppdelningen av BJW samt möjligheter till och behovet av framtida forskning diskuteras utifrån resultaten.

This study investigated the relationship between the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) and the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) in their assessment of adaptive behavior. Both scales, the VSMS and the ABS, were administered to a randomized sample of male and female residents of varying degrees of mental retardation. The ABS and the VSMS were administered by those hospital staff who were most familiar with the members in the sample. The scores from the ABS and the scores from the VSMS were then correlated. Additional correlations were carried by matching the sub-categories of the VSMS with the domains of the ABS.The results of this study indicate that there exists a significant relationship between the Adaptive Behavior Scale and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. In the assessment of adaptive behavior one scale may be substituted for the other in those situations where an overall index of adaptive behavior is required.One of the major differences between the two scales is that the Adaptive Behavior Scale provides an extensive survey of personality and behavior disorders which identify areas that prevent progress in adaptive growth. As the assessment of maladaptive behavior is a major concern in the management of the mentally retarded, the Adaptive Behavior Scale has been found to be the preferred scale in this investigation.

This study was designed to provide information about the juvenile life history of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the Tenmile Lakes in Oregon by 1) classifying scales of spawning fish and outgoing smolts (1+), 2) assessing the contribution of juvenile life history types to the returns of adults (3₂) and jacks (2₂), and 3) comparing growth rates and survival of different types. Scales of outmigrating smolts from one brood year, jacks from two brood years, and scales of adults from four brood years were classified into juvenile life histories and examined for several scale characters. A linear discriminant function analysis was used to show the separation of the types and to determine the most distinguishing scale characters. Length of smolts at ocean entry back-calculated from scales of jacks and adults was compared with the length of the observed group of emigrating smolts. Based on variation in numbers and spacing of circuli and the size of the freshwater scale zone, believed to represent different residence time in the tributaries and the lakes, four types of juvenile life histories were defined. Fish classified as type 1, stream-reared, are believed to have reared in the tributaries until migrating as smolts in the following year. Type 2, stream-lake-reared, fish are thought to have reared in the tributaries for almost a year but then moved down to the lakes, where rearing continued until smolt migration in spring. Type 3, stream-lake- reared, are believed to have reared for a short time in the tributaries, then moved down to the lakes sometime in their first year of life. Rearing continued in the lakes until spring of the following year. Type 4, lake-reared, are thought to have moved down to the lakes shortly after emergence from the gravel, where they reared until migrating as smolts in the following spring. Scales of smolts, jacks, and adults were sorted into these four types. Presently, coho salmon fry and yearlings appear to be moving out of tributaries in late spring and from March to beginning of May, respectively. Migration of smolts out of the lake system to the ocean occurs mostly within the month of May. Recent habitat surveys show that dramatic seasonal changes occur in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon in the Tenmile Lakes tributaries from summer to winter. In winter juveniles appear to be using more low gradient, low velocity, off-channel areas than in summer. Fish of type 4 represented 90%, 43%, and 74% of the returns of adults in 1957- 58, 1963-64, and 1971-72, respectively, and 90% of the returns of jacks in 1962-63 and 1970-71. However, no type 4 fish was represented in the returns of adults in 1985-86, whereas type 1 fish represented 89% of the returns. Type 4 appeared to have grown better in fresh water, reached a larger size at outmigration, and have a greater relative survival than fish of type 2, when compared among the observed group of smolts, returning jacks, and adults. The large proportion of the escapement returning as jacks for some of the years may indicate good growing condition for juvenile coho salmon in fresh water. According to the classification of jack scales a large proportion of fish returning as jacks were lake-reared and were found to be larger at migration to ocean than fish returning as adults. This may suggest that fish that reared well in the lakes and reached a large size at outmigration had the tendency to mature early and return as jacks. Based on the analysis of scales, lake-reared juvenile coho salmon formerly contributed well to adult returns. The former high returns of jacks and adults reflect the importance of the lake habitat for the coho salmon populations of this system. In order to enhance this stock to a higher level, management strategies should be focused on making the lake habitat available to juvenile coho salmon for at least some part of their freshwater life. / Graduation date: 1992