The way computer processors are built is changing. Nowadays, computer processor performance is increased by adding more processing cores on a single chip instead of making processors larger and faster. The traditional approach is no longer viable, due to limits in transistor scaling. Both industry and academia agree that scaling the number of processing cores to hundreds or thousands on a single chip is the only way to scale computer processor performance from now on. Consequently, the performance of these future many-core systems with thousands of cores will heavily depend on the Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture to provide scalable communication. Therefore, as the number of cores increases the locality will only become more important. Communication locality is essential to reduce latency and increase performance. Many-core systems should be designed such that cores communicate mainly to the neighbouring cores, in order to minimise the communication cost. We investigate the network performance of different topologies using the ITRS physical data for the year 2023. For this reason, we propose abstract synthetic traffic generation models to explore the locality behaviour in many-core NoC systems. Using the synthetic traffic models - group clustering model and ring clustering model - traffic distance metrics may be adjusted with locality parameters. We choose two many-core NoC architectures - distributed memory architecture and shared memory architecture - to examine whether enforcing locality on different architectures may have a diverse effect on the network performance of different topologies. Distributed memory architecture uses the message passing method of communication to communicate between cores. Our results show that the degree of locality and the clustering model strongly affect the performance of the network. Scale-invariant topologies, such as the fat quadtree, perform worse than flat ones because the reduced hop count is outweighed by the longer wire delays. In shared memory architecture, threads communicate with each other by storing data in shared cache lines. We design a hierarchical cache model that benefits from communication locality because many-core cache hierarchy that fails to exploit locality may end up having more cores delayed, thereby decreasing the network performance. Our results show that the locality model of thread placement and the distance of placing them significantly affect the NoC performance. Furthermore, they show that scale-invariant topologies perform better than flat topologies. Then, we demonstrate that implementing directory-based cache coherency has only a small overhead on the cache size. Using cache coherency protocol in our proposed hierarchical cache model, we show that network performance decreases only slightly. Hence, cache coherency scales, and it is possible to have shared memory architecture with thousands of cores.

The advances in computer and networking technologies over the past decades produced new type of collaborative computing environment called Grid Networks. Grid network is a parallel and distributed computing network system that possesses the ability to achieve a higher computing throughput by taking advantage of many computing resources available in the network. To achieve a scalable and reliable Grid network system, the workload needs to be efficiently distributed among the resources accessible on the network. A novel distributed algorithm based on statistical mechanics that provides an efficient load-balancing paradigm without any centralised monitoring is proposed here. The resulting load-balancer would be integrated into Grid network to increase its efficiency and resources utilisation. This distributed and scalable load-balancing framework is conducted using the biased random sampling (BRS) algorithm. In this thesis, a novel statistical mechanics approach that gives a distributed loadbalancing scheme by generating almost regular networks is proposed. The generated network system is self-organised and depends only on local information for load distribution and resource discovery. The in-degree of each node refers to its free resources, and job assignment and resource updating processes required for load balancing are accomplished by using random sampling (RS). An analytical solution for the stationary degree distributions has been derived that confirms that the edge distribution of the proposed network system is compatible with ER random networks. Therefore, the generated network system can provide an effective loadbalancing paradigm for the distributed resources accessible on large-scale network 1 systems. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that introducing a geographic awareness factor in the random walk sampling can reduce the effects of communication latency in the Grid network environment. Theoretical and simulation results prove that the proposed BRS load-balancing scheme provides an effective, scalable, and reliable distributed load-balancing scheme for the distributed resources available on Grid networks.

Orientador: Renato Peixoto Dagnino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_MarciaMariaTait_M.pdf: 1555790 bytes, checksum: 9231ac8c84dd06895dd5ddd500eb7017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O enlace atual entre ciência, tecnologia e mercado - referido pela palavra tecnociência - tem como exemplo paradigmático as novas biotecnologias. A engenharia genética e o desenvolvimento de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs) constituem temas-chave de diversas controvérsias que se estabelecem entre as dimensões tecnocientífica, econômica e social. A pesquisa utilizou o discurso de cientistas brasileiros para mostrar como se constroem e difundem suas concepções de tecnociência. Esses discursos se referem à Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança (CTNBio), responsável pelos pareceres técnicos sobre OGMs e por assessorar o governo na definição da política de biossegurança. A pesquisa apontou que a política de biossegurança brasileira e a forma como a CTNBio se constituiu e atua não foram determinadas por opções de caráter estritamente "científico". Também permitiu entender como as concepções de tecnociência estão presentes neste contexto. No capítulo conclusivo foi incluída uma proposta de abordagem construtivista engajada para o tratamento das novas biotecnologias. / Abstract: The current link between science, technology and the market - referred to as technoscience - has as an emblematic example the new biotechnologies, among which those related to genetics and the development of genetically modified organisms may be considered key issues for scientific and environmental controversies. Speech fragments from the Brazilian research community are extracted from the current debate to show how those conceptions of technoscience on which they are based are constructed, propagated and legitimized. They refer to the National Biosafety Technical Commission (CTNBio) presented as electronic news by Science Journal (Jornal da Ciência) and as letters, lectures and other public documents. At the end of this dissertation, a relationship between the views of the research community, technoscientific practices and biosafety policies are established. The research points out that the Brazilian biosafety policy and the way that CTNBio was constituted and acts were not determined strictly scientific choices or by the end of uncertainty and clear and consensual boundaries regarding technological risks. Additionally, a normative constructivist approach is suggested as a form of understanding the new biotechnologies. / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Orientador: Maria das Graças Conde Caldas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:05:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garroti_CarinaPascotto_M.pdf: 24026776 bytes, checksum: 309852fa239513c9b93b64ea15767b19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Criada em 2004, a Semana Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (SNCT) é resultado do avanço da crescente produção científica brasileira e do reconhecimento do país como um novo player internacional. Embora seja visível o interesse da população pela área, esse interesse nem sempre é acompanhado pela necessária compreensão pública da Ciência. Ao entrar na agenda pública governamental e se tornar um programa oficial de governo, o programa de popularização da ciência permite ampliar e diversificar as atividades de divulgação científica para a sociedade brasileira, inserindo o grande público no debate nacional sobre avanços, benefícios e riscos da CT&I. Esta dissertação recupera a história da evolução da Semana, que passou de 1.848 atividades e 252 municípios em sua edição inicial (2004) para 33.555 atividades e 739 municípios em 2013. Examina as contribuições da SNCT para a popularização do conhecimento científico no Brasil e procura entender seu papel na formação da cultura científica. Trata-se de um Estudo de Caso único (YIN, 1989), de natureza qualitativa, com foco nas atividades da SNCT de 2012 intitulada "Sustentabilidade, Economia Verde e Erradicação da Pobreza". A pesquisa concentrou-se nas atividades da cidade de São Paulo, responsável por 51% da produção científica nacional e detentora das principais universidades públicas do país (estaduais e federais). O corpus compreendeu o período de 8 a 28 de outubro de 2012 (três semanas). Da primeira à terceira semana, foram acompanhadas as atividades divulgadas no site da própria Semana, no MCTI para uma contextualização geral de sua repercussão no país. Durante a realização da Semana, de 15 a 21 de outubro de 2012 -, objeto central deste trabalho, foram observadas algumas das atividades realizadas na cidade de São Paulo em diferentes instituições (escolas, universidades, shoppings, parques públicos, centros e museus de ciência e instituições de pesquisa). A seleção destas atividades obedeceu ao critério da diversidade e relevância. De um total de 28.148 atividades no país, 741 aconteceram no estado de São Paulo e 329 na capital. Os dados coletados indicam reduzido número de atividades no município, face sua importância científica. Revelam, também, concentração das atividades em poucas instituições e com público essencialmente escolar. A pesquisa aponta, ainda, aspectos positivos e negativos da Semana realizada ainda quase que integralmente com recursos públicos. Apesar dos resultados positivos da SNCT, muito ainda precisa ser feito para que a divulgação científica seja de fato incorporada à prática cotidiana das instituições de pesquisa, sejam elas públicas ou privadas, bem como objeto de reflexão permanente no âmbito escolar para a formação de uma cultura científica cidadã, numa perspectiva crítica e analítica. Embora seja perceptível a ampliação de atividades, observam-se, também, problemas estruturais de organização e de articulação entre o Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia e o da Educação; tímida participação das empresas privadas; precária divulgação da mídia em geral; concentração das atividades nas áreas de Física, Química e Biologia e quase ausência de atividades relacionadas às áreas de Ciências Humanas e Artes / Abstract: Founded in 2004, the Brazilian Week of Science and Technology (SNCT) is the result of advancement in scientific production and increasing recognition of the country as a new international player. Although public interest in the area is visible, this interest is not always accompanied by the necessary public understanding of science. By being integrated to the government public agenda and become an official government program, it allows to expand and diversify the activities of science communication for Brazilian society, taking the general public to the national debate on advances, benefits and risks of STI. This dissertation recovers the history of the evolution of the Week, which evolved from 1,848 activities and 252 towns in its original edition (2004) to 33,555 activities and 739 towns in 2013. It examines the contributions of SNCT for the popularization of scientific knowledge in Brazil and seeks to understand their role in the formation of scientific culture. This is a single case study (Yin, 1989), qualitative in nature, focusing on the activities of SNCT 2012 entitled "Sustainability, Green Economy and Poverty Eradication". The research focused on the activities of the city of São Paulo, responsible for 51 % of national scientific production and home to the main public universities in the country (state and federal). The corpus comprised the period of October 8th to 28th, 2012 (three weeks). In the first and third weeks it accompanied the activities published in the Portal of the Week, in the MCTI for a general context of its effect on the country. During the the Week ¿ October 15th to 21st , 2012 - , the central object of this work, it observed some of the activities held in the city of São Paulo in different institutions (schools , universities, shopping malls , public parks , science centers and museums and research institutions ) . The selection of these activities followed the criteria of diversity and relevance. Of 28,148 activities developed in the country, 741 were in the state of São Paulo and 329 in the capital. The data collected indicate a reduced number of activities in the city, despite their scientific importance . They also reveal the concentration of activities in a few institutions and almost essentially public schools. The survey also shows positive and negative aspects of the Week still held almost entirely with public funds. Despite the positive results of SNCT, much remains to be done for scientific disclosure to be in fact incorporated into the daily practice of research institutions, be they public or private, as well as the object of ongoing reflection in the school for the formation of a scientific citizen culture, a critical and analytical perspective . Although there is a noticeable expansion of activities , it also observed structural problems of organization and coordination between the ministries of Science and Technology and Education ; timid participation of private companies, poor dissemination of media in general , concentration of activities in the areas of Physics , Chemistry and Biology and near absence of related areas of Humanities and Arts activities / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestra em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

Orientador: Ruy de Quadros Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_RicardoFurtado_M.pdf: 2958338 bytes, checksum: ffead3896bca6df5159eef59675597bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Numa época de transição entre paradigmas técnico-econômicos, onde as transformações e as políticas promovem o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, o processo de inovação e acumulação de aprendizado toma-se cada vez mais estratégico para os países envolvidos no processo de globalização da economia. Assim, o processo de inovação passa a ser entendido como um processo interativo entre empresas, entre empresas e universidades, e entre empresas e instituições governamentais. Portanto, fica cada vez mais patente a necessidade de se instalar e de se manter um sistema que permita que as virtudes de seus integrantes não só apareçam, mas se identifiquem com as características dos outros pólos do sistema, permitindo assim ganhos de competitividade econômica e de capacitação tecnológica e incremento dos benefícios sociais. Essa dissertação discute esses elementos, porém de uma perspectiva regional, tomando em conta o contexto de desenvolvimento do sistema de C&T no estado do Tocantins. O objetivo principal da pesquisa é compreender a organização e constituição do sistema de C&T no Tocantins, bem como suas instituições e sua dinâmica do processo de inovação, que permitem apontar alguns elementos que possam auxiliar as iniciativas relativas à constituição e ao fortalecimento do sistema de C&T no estado. O resultado dessa pesquisa sugere a busca de formas alternativas para a consolidação de um Sistema Estadual de C&T no estado, através do fortalecimento de parcerias locais e dando um enfoque maior a Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) / Abstract: At a time of transistion between technician-economic paradigms, where the transformations and the politics promote scientific and technological the development, the process of innovation and accumulation of learning becomes each more strategical time for the involved countries in the process of globalization of the economy. Thus, the innovation process passes to be understood as an interactive process between companies, companies and university, and governmental companies and institutions. Therefore, it is each clearer time the necessity of if installing and if keeping a system that allows that the virtues of its integrant ones not only appear, but if they identify with the characteristics of the other polar regions of the system, thus allowing profits of economic competitiveness and technological qualification and increment of the social benefits. This thesis argues these elements, however of a place perspective, taking in account the context of development of the system of S&T in the state of the Tocantins. The main objective of the research is to understand the organization and constitution of the system of S&T in the Tocantins, as well as its institutions and its dynamics of the innovation process, that allow to point some elements that can assist the relative initiatives to the constitution and the growth of the system of S&T in the state. The result of this research suggests the search of alternative forms for the consolidation of a state system of S&T in the state, through the growth of place partnerships and giving to a bigger approach the Research and Development (R&D) / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

This thesis conducts a critical investigation into digital literature—a genre of literary expression that is integrated with, and articulated using, digital computing systems and infrastructures. Specifically, it presents a framework for evaluating the expressive capacities of this genre as it relates to particular conceptions of knowledge-making in the contemporary technocultural environment. This framework reveals how the generation of critical knowledge concerning digital literature, as crystallised through a reader’s material engagements with specific works, enacts a ‘performative’ conception of knowing and being, in which the observable world is treated as emerging in the real time of practice—as being articulated through the entanglement of human and nonhuman agencies, rather than existing as a fixed array of passive, unchanging primitives. Digital literature is presented subsequently as a model of this greater performative vision—as a means of evaluating the structures and processes that manifest it, particularly within digital systems, and for assessing its practical and political implications for art and culture more broadly. In so doing, this thesis aims to justify the value of engaging digital literature from a standpoint that is more expressly political, contending not only that these texts are revealing of key processes shaping digital activities, artefacts, and environments, but are enacting alternative vectors of thought and practice concerning them.

This research study identifies the role of library and information centres at the major science and technology related universities and research institutes in the six GeC countries i.e. Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, in relation to the institutes/organisations research and development activities. It also had a comparative aspect in that it examined information resources and information services available in the institutes/organisations under study with users perceptions on the effectiveness and efficiency of library and information services. A survey research design utilizing questionnaires was chosen as the most appropriate and effective method for gathering the data needed with intensive interviews with academe, Deans/Directors of Library Information Centres and R&D personnel to answer the study's research questions. The different populations were queried including the Chief Executives of institutes/organisations, Deans/Directors of Library and Information Centres and selected R&D personnel associated with them. It was found that in spite of large library collections and a number of de-centralised library systems in all the universities, information services available to the R&D personnel were inadequate. The fmdings of this investigation provided the means for the development of the proposed regional and national library/information network systems for successful library and information services model presented in this study. As an alternative a GeC infonnation subsystem GCC-SIST has been recommended along with emphasis on an electronic information system.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael E. Dikeman / Vitamin A (VA) restriction during finishing has been shown to increase marbling in cattle. However, little work has been done to look at the effects that VA restriction might have on color shelf-life and sensory traits of beef. This study involved 48 calves either early-weaned at 137 + 26 d or traditionally-weaned at 199 + 26 d and supplemented with either 15,400 IU/kg dry matter of VA or restricted to no supplemental VA during the finishing phase. Cattle were harvested in two groups, and carcass data were obtained after chilling. Strip loins and shoulder clods were retrieved, vacuum packaged, and cut into steaks after 14 d of aging. Visual and instrumental color scores for 7 d of retail display, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, trained sensory panel scores, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values were obtained. The only differences associated with weaning group were that L* values were lower (P < 0.05) on d 4 to 6 for Triceps brachii (TB) steaks from traditionally-weaned calves restricted in VA than early-weaned calves supplemented with high VA. Both Longissimus lumborum (LL) and TB steaks from calves supplemented with high VA had darker, more tan (P < 0.05) color scores after 4 d of display in PVC packaging than steaks from calves restricted in VA. Also, a*, b* and saturation index values were lower (P < 0.05) in LL steaks for the high VA treatment than those from the no supplemental VA treatment. There was less lipid oxidation (P < 0.05), as reported by TBARS, in both muscles from calves restricted in VA than muscles from calves supplemented with high VA. No treatment effects were found for WBSF values for either muscle, and no differences existed in sensory panel traits of the TB steaks. Sensory panel scores were less desirable (P < 0.05) for myofibrillar tenderness and connective tissue amount in LL steaks from calves fed high VA than steaks from calves restricted in VA. Dietary VA restriction during finishing has potential to increase color shelf-life and reduce lipid oxidation, with no negative effects on cooked meat sensory attributes.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Fadi M. Aramouni / Fresh cut fruits are products with minimal processing, modified by cutting, washing, packaging and refrigeration. The objective of this review is to present an overview of the available technologies for processing fresh cut fruits and technologies that could have some potential to be used in the future due to the increased consumption of fresh cut fruits. Fresh cut products are ready to eat, have high moisture content, have lack of lethal step to eliminate microbial pathogens and have the potential for temperature abuse; all these factors make quality and safety a priority. Fresh cut products sales have increased as a consequence of increased consumption of fruits and consumer attitudes toward convenience. Fresh cut fruit differ from fresh fruits in that the tissue and cell integrity have may been disrupted resulting in consequences such as changes in ethylene production, respiration, membrane degradation, metabolite accumulation, water loss and microba spoilage. However, the response to cutting depends on other variables such as cultivars, maturity and raw material quality, shape of cut, sharpness of blade, temperature and atmospheric composition. Consequently, there are enzymatic changes that impact the shelf life and quality of these products. In addition to quality and safety the nutritional value is an important factor too because consumers demand products as close to fresh as possible. The evaluation of the nutrient losses and how to reduce them through different treatments such as the introduction of vitamins and minerals in coating treatments or other treatment has become a priority too. There is a real need to find alternatives for preservation of fresh-cut fruit in order to minimize the changes that occur in the fruit tissues as a consequence of wounding. Alternatives, combined or modified methods have been proposed such as the use of alternative antibrowning, ethylene scrubbing, heat treatments, alternative antimicrobials, alternative packaging films, vacuum impregnation, osmotic dehydration, high hydrostatic pressure, use of edible coatings, radiation, bio preservation and other technologies.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute Department of Human Nutrition / Delores H. Chambers / This study was conducted to define and compare typical sensory characteristics of high quality Italian gelati to ice creams produced in the United States. Highly trained descriptive sensory panelists evaluated gelato samples in Italy, purchased direct from local gelaterias, and ice cream samples in the U.S., purchased from grocery stores and local shops. In general, gelati gave higher overall fruity and fruit ID scores, chocolate gelati gave higher chocolate and cocoa notes, and vanilla gelati gave higher vanilla and lower vanillin intensities than most U.S. ice creams. Gelati were consistently associated with higher density, lower firmness, and slower meltdown. When compared to U.S. ice creams, Italian gelati were characterized by specific sensory properties: "true to type" flavors; high intensity flavors that were considered to be typical to that flavor category or specific fruit and are combined with a dense, smooth texture that allows for the development of flavor, body and bloom, enhancing the perception of flavors. The research conducted in this study may be useful for ice cream manufacturers and sensory scientists. This study is the first to define sensory characteristics of high quality Italian gelati and the information may be used to produce ice cream with increased consumer liking. The descriptive attributes developed can be used for the development of new or improved of ice cream products.