CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O uso de dispositivos multi-interface, tais como smart phones, tem crescido ao mesmo tempo que as demandas por melhores serviÃos de mobilidade em redes heterogÃneas. Neste cenÃrio, a ideia da continuidade de serviÃos tornou-se um requisito crucial. Para atender essas demandas, esquemas eficientes de handover devem ser desenvolvidos com o objetivo de alcanÃar o chamado Handover Transparente, que significa a mudanÃa de domÃnios de rede de uma forma transparente e sem a descontinuidade dos serviÃos para o usuÃrio final. Atualmente, existem diferentes esquemas de handover e alguns deles podem envolver diferentes tecnologias de acesso (Handover Vertical). Entretanto, o tempo de interrupÃÃo do serviÃo ainda à um problema a ser resolvido. A principal proposta deste trabalho à uma melhoria para Handovers Verticais utilizando mobilidade IP, objetivando o tÃo desejado Handover Transparente. Neste trabalho, fez-se uso do framework MIH (Media Independent Handover) fornecido pelo padrÃo IEEE 802.21 para habilitar o handover vertical em redes heterogÃneas. AlÃm disso, propÃe-se uma extensÃo do protocolo FMIPv6 (Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6), o FaHMA (Fast Handovers using Multicast Addressing), utilizando endereÃamento multicast para gerenciar a mobilidade nesses tipos de rede. Para fazer a anÃlise de desempenho, simulaÃÃes foram utilizadas considerando-se mÃtricas tais com o atraso do handover e a perda de pacotes como os critÃrios mais importantes para avaliar a efetividade da soluÃÃo. Os resultados destas simulaÃÃes mostraram que o FaHMA obtÃm melhores resultados que o FMIPv6, inclusive em relaÃÃo aos fatores que determinam a qualidade do funcionamento de aplicaÃÃes multimÃdias em rede. / The use of multi-interface devices such as smart phones has grown at the same time as the demands for efficient mobility services in heterogeneous networks. In this scenario, the idea of service continuity has become a crucial requirement. To achieve these demands, efficient handover schemes should be developed aiming to achieve Seamless Handover, which means the change of network domains in a transparent way and without services discontinuity to the end user. Currently, there are different schemes for handover and some of them may be used between different access technologies (Vertical Handover). However, the service time disruption is still a major problem to be solved. The main purpose of this study is to propose an improvement for Vertical Handovers using IP mobility, aiming at Seamless Handover. In this work, the framework provided by the MIH (Media Independent Handover) IEEE 802.21 is used to enable vertical handover in heterogeneous networks, and propose an extension of FMIPv6 (Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6) called FaHMA (Fast Handovers using Multicast Addressing), using multicast in order to manage mobility in these types of networks. To make the performance analysis, we decided for simulations and we considerered metrics such as the handover delay and packet loss as the most important criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of our proposal. Simulation results have shown that FaHMA achieve better results than FMIPv6, including factors that determine the quality of operation in networked multimedia applications.

Addis-Abeba, qui s’étend sur 540 km2 et compte 3,1 millions d’habitants, connait aujourd’hui des transformations socio-économiques et spatiales rapides. Elle n’est pas seulement le coeur politique, commercial, économique et financier du pays mais aussi une ville internationale accueillant le siège de l’Union africaine et d’autres institutions internationales. Comme d’autres villes africaines, elle connait un rythme élevé d’urbanisation. Ce processus a impliqué la croissance du nombre d’habitants mais aussi une extension spatiale accrue. En conséquence, la demande de déplacements et la longueur des parcours ont augmenté. Le transport joue ainsi un rôle clé, pesant sur le développement socio-économique et la configuration de l’espace urbain. Tout aussi important, en tant que demande dérivée, il joue sur la capacité des citadins à accomplir leurs diverses activités. La motorisation des ménages restant faible en dépit d’une lente progression, le transport public constitue le principal moyen d’accès à une mobilité motorisée pour la majorité de la population. L’offre est constituée d’une multitude d’opérateurs formels et informels, travaillant selon un schéma artisanal. On estime à plus de 18 000 les véhicules de transport public, la plupart de faible capacité, qui parcourent chaque jour les rues d’Addis-Abeba. En dépit de son importance, le transport public souffre de capacités d’investissement insuffisantes ainsi que, jusqu’à récemment, du manque d’une politique publique claire et affirmée. Il pâtit également de l’absence d’une approche intégrée, pour sa planification, sa gestion et sa mise en oeuvre. De nombreuses villes du Nord, parfois depuis près d’un demi-siècle, ont choisi de construire un service intégré de transport public. L’intégration y est vue comme un outil viable pour offrir un transport urbain de haute qualité et « sans couture », permettant un développement urbain durable. Par contre, les villes africaines, caractérisées par une urbanisation rapide, des taux d’équipement automobile faibles, un système de transport public déficient et des contraintes financières majeures manquent de telles expériences d’intégration du transport public. Notre question est donc : « Comment les villes africaines peuvent-elles reproduire et mettre en oeuvre des politiques d’intégration du transport public ? », originellement développées dans les villes du Nord. La thèse essaie d’apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question. Elle s’appuie sur une analyse des différentes formes d’intégration du transport public. Puis elle propose un schéma de conception et de mise en oeuvre d’un système de transport public intégré, appréhendé comme un outil de mobilité urbaine durable pour Addis-Abeba. / Addis Ababa, with an area of 540 km2 and with population of 3.1 million people is experiencing a rapid pace of socio-economic and physical transformation. The city is not only the political, commercial, economic and financial hub of the country but also an international city serving as the seat of the African Union and various international organizations. Alike many African Cities, Addis Ababa has been undergoing a high rate of urbanization. This process of rapid urbanization has resulted in the increase in the size of the population and the physical expansion of the city. As a consequence, travel demand and length of the trip are increasing. Transportation plays a key role in determining the socioeconomic development and shaping the spatial development framework of the city. Equally important, transportation as derived demand is also a fundamental means for residents to fulfill their various activities. In Addis Ababa motorization, although on the increase, is low and public transportation is the most important mode of motorized mobility for the large majority of the city’s population. There are various formal and informal operators of the public transport mainly operating on individual basis. It is estimated that there are over 18,000 public transport vehicles that are daily running in Addis Ababa, most of them low capacity vehicles. Despite its importance, the public transport sector not only suffers from shortage, insufficient capital investment, and until recently lack of clear governmental policy and leadership but also from the absence of integrated approach to its operation, planning and management.Many cities in the North have embarked on integrating the provision of public transportation for nearly half a century now. In these cities, integration in public transportation has been recommended as a viable instrument for providing high quality and seamless urban transport and enhancing sustainable urban development. African cities which are characterized by their high urbanization rate, low level of private car ownership, deficient public transportation system and significant financial constraints lack public transportation integration experiences. The question is then ‘how do African cities replicate and implement public transport integration practices?’ that have been originally developed for the Cities of the North. The thesis attempts to answer this question and analyses the different forms of public transport integration. It then proposes a framework for implementing integrated public transport as a sustainable means of urban mobility in Addis Ababa.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The objective of the thesis research is to design such vertical handoff decision algorithms in order for mobile field workers and other mobile users equipped with contemporary multimode mobile devices to communicate seamlessly in the NGWN. In order to tackle this research objective, we used fuzzy logic and fuzzy inference systems to design a suitable handoff initiation algorithm that can handle imprecision and uncertainties in data and process multiple vertical handoff initiation parameters (criteria); used the fuzzy multiple attributes decision making method and context awareness to design a suitable access network selection function that can handle a tradeoff among many handoff metrics including quality of service requirements (such as network conditions and system performance), mobile terminal conditions, power requirements, application types, user preferences, and a price model; used genetic algorithms and simulated annealing to optimise the access network selection function in order to dynamically select the optimal available access network for handoff; and we focused in particular on an interesting use case: vertical handoff decision between mobile WiMAX and UMTS access networks. The implementation of our handoff decision algorithm will provide a network selection mechanism to help mobile users select the best wireless access network among all available wireless access networks, that is, one that provides always best connected services to users. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Seamless mobility is the missing ingredient needed to address the inefficient communication problems faced by the field workforces of service companies that are using field workforce automation solutions to streamline and optimise the operations of their field workforces in an increasingly competitive market place. The key enabling function for achieving seamless mobility and seamless service continuity is seamless handoffs across heterogeneous wireless access networks. A challenging issue in the multi-service next generation wireless network (NGWN) is to design intelligent and optimal vertical handoff decision algorithms, beyond traditional ones that are based on only signal strength, to determine when to perform a handoff and to provide optimal choice of access network technology among all available access networks for users equipped with multimode mobile terminals. The objective of the thesis research is to design such vertical handoff decision algorithms in order for mobile field workers and other mobile users equipped with contemporary multimode mobile devices to communicate seamlessly in the NGWN. In order to tackle this research objective, we used fuzzy logic and fuzzy inference systems to design a suitable handoff initiation algorithm that can handle imprecision and uncertainties in data and process multiple vertical handoff initiation parameters (criteria); used the fuzzy multiple attributes decision making method and context awareness to design a suitable access network selection function that can handle a tradeoff among many handoff metrics including quality of service requirements (such as network conditions and system performance), mobile terminal conditions, power requirements, application types, user preferences, and a price model; used genetic algorithms and simulated annealing to optimise the access network selection function in order to dynamically select the optimal available access network for handoff; and we focused in particular on an interesting use case: vertical handoff decision between mobile WiMAX and UMTS access networks. The implementation of our handoff decision algorithm will provide a network selection mechanism to help mobile users select the best wireless access network among all available wireless access networks, that is, one that provides always best connected services to users

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The Seamless Maritime Concept is the need to treat awareness, security, defense in a comprehensive, cohesive manner. Continuing discussion of maritime homeland security and defense capability requirements and resources allocation fails to recognize the unique requirements of the maritime domain. Enormous thought and resources have been put towards enhancing maritime homeland security and maritime homeland defense readiness. Unfortunately, the efforts to date treat "defense" and "security" disparately, ignoring the necessity to include all maritime domain partners. The Seamless Maritime Concept suggests that incremental changes to processes, boundaries, and markets have little chance to dramatically improve performance. The Seamless Maritime Concept suggests a new way of addressing the problem. The Coast Guard's motto is "Semper Paratus" or "Always Ready." It reflects the quality of the people; the people will not let any obstacle prevent them from accomplishing the mission. Admiral Loy's "dull knife" declares the desperate need to re-capitalize the Coast Guard cutter and air craft fleets. And the Coast Guard's long standing record of success all combine to demonstrate that given some resource support that the Coast Guard can get it (maritime security) done. Conversely, failure to recapitalize will drive the Coast Guard toward obsolescence and preclude an opportunity to enhance the security and defense readiness of the maritime domain. / Commander, United States Coast Guard

Os ensaios mecânicos são mundialmente empregados para caracterização e implementação de diversos materiais. Dentre a vasta gama de ensaios existentes, o ensaio de impacto convencional é consagrado no meio científico, industrial e na indústria do óleo e gás onde a sua função básica é determinar a energia total absorvida na fratura de um corpo-de-prova entalhado conforme as recomendações da norma ASTM E23. Entretanto, a energia global absorvida possui um valor de uso muito limitado e ela normalmente não é aceita como um indicador quantitativo da resistência à fratura do material. Assim, com a utilização de uma máquina de ensaios de impacto instrumentada, torna-se possível a aquisição de um maior número de informações obtidas através de um ensaio de impacto clássico, como por exemplo, o estudo detalhado da integridade estrutural de materiais utilizados na fabricação de dutos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade de um duto de aço API 5L X70 sem costura, com 11 polegadas de diâmetro externo e ½ polegada de parede, frente a uma falha dinâmica, através da tenacidade a fratura, comparando carregamento estático com dinâmico através dos resultados de J0,2 e Jm. Entretanto a tenacidade a fratura é consideravelmente afetada para altas taxas de deformação, com redução de aproximadamente 30% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Y (defeito lateral passante) e de aproximadamente 40% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Z (defeito superficial), demostrados através do JΔinit. / Mechanical testing are worldwide employed for materials characterization and implementation. Among the large group of the existing tests, the conventional impact test has been used for industry and academic fields, especially oil and gas engineering in order to evaluate the energy absorbed of a notched sample, according to the ASTM E23 standard. However, the energy absorbed has a limited use and is not usually accepted as a quantitative indicator of the fracture thougness. Thus, by using an instrumented impact test, there will be an increasing in the amount of information obtained than the traditional impact test and, thefore, a detailed study of the structural integrity of materials can be carried out for manufacturing of pipes. Hence, this study aims to characterize a pipe steel API 5L X70 seamless, with 11 inches outside diameter and ½ inche of wall, against dynamic failure through fracture toughness, comparing static loading with dynamic through the results of J0,2 and Jm. However, fracture toughness is considerably affected at high deformation rates, with a reduction of approximately 30% in X-Y notch (through thickness defect) and approximately 40% in X-Z notch (surface defect) samples, demonstrated for JΔinit.

Os ensaios mecânicos são mundialmente empregados para caracterização e implementação de diversos materiais. Dentre a vasta gama de ensaios existentes, o ensaio de impacto convencional é consagrado no meio científico, industrial e na indústria do óleo e gás onde a sua função básica é determinar a energia total absorvida na fratura de um corpo-de-prova entalhado conforme as recomendações da norma ASTM E23. Entretanto, a energia global absorvida possui um valor de uso muito limitado e ela normalmente não é aceita como um indicador quantitativo da resistência à fratura do material. Assim, com a utilização de uma máquina de ensaios de impacto instrumentada, torna-se possível a aquisição de um maior número de informações obtidas através de um ensaio de impacto clássico, como por exemplo, o estudo detalhado da integridade estrutural de materiais utilizados na fabricação de dutos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade de um duto de aço API 5L X70 sem costura, com 11 polegadas de diâmetro externo e ½ polegada de parede, frente a uma falha dinâmica, através da tenacidade a fratura, comparando carregamento estático com dinâmico através dos resultados de J0,2 e Jm. Entretanto a tenacidade a fratura é consideravelmente afetada para altas taxas de deformação, com redução de aproximadamente 30% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Y (defeito lateral passante) e de aproximadamente 40% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Z (defeito superficial), demostrados através do JΔinit. / Mechanical testing are worldwide employed for materials characterization and implementation. Among the large group of the existing tests, the conventional impact test has been used for industry and academic fields, especially oil and gas engineering in order to evaluate the energy absorbed of a notched sample, according to the ASTM E23 standard. However, the energy absorbed has a limited use and is not usually accepted as a quantitative indicator of the fracture thougness. Thus, by using an instrumented impact test, there will be an increasing in the amount of information obtained than the traditional impact test and, thefore, a detailed study of the structural integrity of materials can be carried out for manufacturing of pipes. Hence, this study aims to characterize a pipe steel API 5L X70 seamless, with 11 inches outside diameter and ½ inche of wall, against dynamic failure through fracture toughness, comparing static loading with dynamic through the results of J0,2 and Jm. However, fracture toughness is considerably affected at high deformation rates, with a reduction of approximately 30% in X-Y notch (through thickness defect) and approximately 40% in X-Z notch (surface defect) samples, demonstrated for JΔinit.

Os ensaios mecânicos são mundialmente empregados para caracterização e implementação de diversos materiais. Dentre a vasta gama de ensaios existentes, o ensaio de impacto convencional é consagrado no meio científico, industrial e na indústria do óleo e gás onde a sua função básica é determinar a energia total absorvida na fratura de um corpo-de-prova entalhado conforme as recomendações da norma ASTM E23. Entretanto, a energia global absorvida possui um valor de uso muito limitado e ela normalmente não é aceita como um indicador quantitativo da resistência à fratura do material. Assim, com a utilização de uma máquina de ensaios de impacto instrumentada, torna-se possível a aquisição de um maior número de informações obtidas através de um ensaio de impacto clássico, como por exemplo, o estudo detalhado da integridade estrutural de materiais utilizados na fabricação de dutos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade de um duto de aço API 5L X70 sem costura, com 11 polegadas de diâmetro externo e ½ polegada de parede, frente a uma falha dinâmica, através da tenacidade a fratura, comparando carregamento estático com dinâmico através dos resultados de J0,2 e Jm. Entretanto a tenacidade a fratura é consideravelmente afetada para altas taxas de deformação, com redução de aproximadamente 30% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Y (defeito lateral passante) e de aproximadamente 40% nas amostras com orientação de entalhe X-Z (defeito superficial), demostrados através do JΔinit. / Mechanical testing are worldwide employed for materials characterization and implementation. Among the large group of the existing tests, the conventional impact test has been used for industry and academic fields, especially oil and gas engineering in order to evaluate the energy absorbed of a notched sample, according to the ASTM E23 standard. However, the energy absorbed has a limited use and is not usually accepted as a quantitative indicator of the fracture thougness. Thus, by using an instrumented impact test, there will be an increasing in the amount of information obtained than the traditional impact test and, thefore, a detailed study of the structural integrity of materials can be carried out for manufacturing of pipes. Hence, this study aims to characterize a pipe steel API 5L X70 seamless, with 11 inches outside diameter and ½ inche of wall, against dynamic failure through fracture toughness, comparing static loading with dynamic through the results of J0,2 and Jm. However, fracture toughness is considerably affected at high deformation rates, with a reduction of approximately 30% in X-Y notch (through thickness defect) and approximately 40% in X-Z notch (surface defect) samples, demonstrated for JΔinit.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Mei / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T00:26:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Belloto_HumbertoJesuino_M.pdf: 5308190 bytes, checksum: 1a5267190a7db08ed3b659370b64f95a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O tubo de aço carbono com alto teor de manganês St52 (Norma DIN 1.0580) sem costura, com 8 mm de diâmetro externo e 3 mm de diâmetro interno, atualmente utilizado no sistema de combustível de motores eletrônicos a diesel com pressões de trabalho de até 1300 bar, apresentou problemas nos testes de durabilidade. O rompimento do tubo foi consequência das trincas internas originadas no processo de laminação, denominadas descontinuidades. O tubo de fabricação nacional, atualmente utilizado nos motores, foi comparado com um importado e os resultados dos testes encontrados determinaram qual deles teria maior vida à fadiga. São apresentados nesta dissertação o processo de fabricação do tubo com as suas vulnerabilidades, os testes de fadiga comparando as durabilidades dos tubos nacionais e importados, o efeito do processo de autofretagem e os ensaios metalográficos. Os resultados levaram a concluir que o tubo nacional não atende as solicitações de trabalho do motor e a solução imediata é a utilização do tubo importado. A recomendação para trabalhos futuros seria o estudo de melhoria no processo de laminação para diminuição do nível de descontinuidades internas tubos nacionais / Abstract: The carbon steel with high manganese in accordance with Din 1.0580 (St52) seamless 8 x 3 mm diameter has been used into fuel injection system of the electronic diesel king with pressure up to 1300 bar. This tube presented short life on durability tests due to inner cracks created during rolling process. The tube produced in Brazil and used nowadays in was compared with an imported one using a fatigue test. It is shown on this work the manufacturing tube process, the fatigue test applied to the national and imported tubes and the e effects. The results showed that the national tube does not meet the necessary requirements and the immediate solution is to use the imported one. It is recommended further used on the rolling process to reduce the internal roughness of the tubes produced in Brazil / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis discusses implementation of LoD terrain visualization algorithm Seamless Patches for GPU-Based Terrain Rendering as extension for Coin3D library. It presents procedures which this algorithm uses for displaying large terrain datasets. Entire terrain is composed of patches that are stored in patch hierarchy. Patch hierarchy is traversed during runtime to generate active patches based on observer's position. Each patch consists of predefined tiles and connection strips so it doesn't need to store any geometry. During render of tiles and strips, displacement shader is applied. This thesis also evaluates results achieved in sample application and suggests some modifications to further increase algorithm performance.